J. Environ. Res. Develop. Journal of Environmental Research And Development Vol. 8 No. 04, April-June 2014

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1 STUDY ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF FISHER- IES AND AQUATIC WEEDS OF GOVINDGARH LAKE WITH REFERENCE TO SOME HYDRO BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS, REWA, MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA Singh Suman* and Nigam Vinodini Department of Zoology, Govt Girls College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh (INDIA) Received January 05, 2014 Accepted May 25, 2014 ABSTRACT The targeted area for this study was Govindgarh Lake, a small irrigation reservoir of district Rewa of Madhya Pradesh, India, situated 22 km South of Rewa town ( 24 24'N and 81 15'E) having 307 ha water spread area. This study was carried from 2008 to 2011 for finding physico-chemical parameters, listing of aquatic weeds along with fish faunal diversity with threatening status and biomass management of major carps. Physico-chemical profile of the reservoir presents a rather enigmatic picture with certain parameters indicating an oligotrophic regime while others pointing towards eutrophy. The water temperature varied from 31.5 C to 18.6 C, transparency cm., ph , DO mg/l, free CO mg/l, total alkalinity mg/l, Nitrate mg/l phosphate mg/l and chloride was Abundance of Vallisnaria, Potemogeton, Ipomea, Lemna, Azolla, Pistia, Hydrilla, Chara and Myriophyllum was recorded. Mean density of plankton ranged from 1030 to units 1-1. The presence of Microcystis, Anabaena, Melosira and Ceratium among the plankton is an indication that the reservoir is on its road to eutrophication. 38 texas of 26 genera of 14 family of 8 orders were recorded. Percentage composition of biomass of fishes was 35 % major carps, 20% minor carps, 18% local major carps, 10% weed fishes and 12% others. Abundance of macrophytes and high percentage of cynobacteria is indication of eutrophication of water body. Loss of species of Mystus, Tor and decline in Ompok bimaculatus, Notopterus notopterus and low percentage of harvest of indigenous major carps needs sound monitoring through continuous research programme. Key Words : Sustainable management, Fisheries, Aquatic weeds, Gobindgarh lake, Hydro biological parameters INTRODUCTION Fishery sector plays an important role in the Indian economy. With increasing human and animal population, per capita availability of cropland and inland water resources will continue to show a declining trend. Fisheries and aquaculture have emerged as one of the most promising sectors of food production and contributed substantially to the national economy of many developing countries including India. 1 Aquatic weeds are associated with both positive and negative impact on fish and fisheries. They form food for many fishes, bring nutrients into the food chain, provide shelter for fishes. But overgrowth of these plants adversely affects *Author for correspondence 919 fisheries productivity, affect plankton production, interfere with sunlight penetration, create extreme dissolved oxygen variation and interfere with fish movements and fishing operations. 2 Govindgarh lake (24 24'N and 81 15'E) is a water body of small reservoir category (307 ha) excavated in 1863 for drinking water. It is used for irrigation and for fisheries from 1963 with average fish production of 14.8 kg/ha and 25.8 kg/ha. 3 There was a drastic change in fish productivity of the lake and it was about 04 to 06 kg/ha (2006 to 2008). So this study has been taken for finding the causes of heavy manifestation of aquatic weeds, declining trends of fish productivity, status of fish faunal diversity in the Govindgarh lake. JERAD All rights reserved

2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To find out status of the fisheries in Govindgarh lake, identification of the constraints to sustainable management of fisheries and causes of heavy manifestation of aquatic weed through study of hydrobiological parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Govindgarh lake (Fig. 1 (a) to Fig. 1 (e)) is a perennial fresh water body category of small reservoir situated about 22 kms. Southward from Rewa town of district Rewa Madhya Pradesh, India (Fig.2). The morphometric features of lake are given in Table 1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Fig. 1 : Govindgarh lake, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India (a) (b) Fig. 2 : Southward view from Rewa town 920

3 Water samples were collected periodically for a period of three years ( to ) from selected sampling stations of the lake at standard depth and distance using standard collection techniques and was examined for various parameters following the standard methods. 4-6 The qualitative analysis and estimation of planktons was carried out by using a Sedgwick Rafter cell under microscope after filtration of 10 litre water by passing through net of 30 no. mesh size collected from selected sites and identified according to Adoni 4 and Edmondson. 7 For benthic macro invertebrates, samples were collected from selected sampling stations and for identification, abundance and dominance, Table 1 : Morphometric features of lake Particulars Area Reservoir area 307 ha Catchment area sq km Maximum water level m Minimum water level m River bed level 70 Mean depth 6.12 m Gross capacity 8.69 million cubic m Live capacity 8.69 million m 3 Source of water Rain water from surface run off from the catchment area Activities permitted Irrigation, fisheries, boating and drinking/bathing purpose 921 procedure was followed according to Santhanam et.al. 8. The macrophyte vegetation was studied using a belt transect quadrants of 50x50 cm size for collection of plants and identified according to Edmondson. 7 For fish faunal diversity, fishes were collected from lake at selected sites and identified according to Jayram. 9 For findings of fisheries (fish seed stocking, growth increment, harvesting) procedure was followed according to Shrivastava et.al. 13 and Vaas. 1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The physico-chemical characteristics of the lake water have been presented in Table 2 and Fig. 3. Table 2 : Physico-chemical characteristics of Govindgarh reservoir ( to ) Parameters Mean Mean Mean Mean of three years Water temperature C Transparency (cm) Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) Free CO 2 (mg l -1 ) ph Total alkalinity (mg l -1 ) Phosphate (mg l -1 ) Nitrate (mg l -1 ) Chloride (mg l -1 ) Silicate (mg l -1 )

4 Value Mean Mean Mean Mean of three years Fig. 3 : Grapgical representation of Physico-chemical parameters( ) Mean depth of the lake was 6.12 m maximum in monsoon (Aug.-Sep.) and minimum m in summer (May-June). In reference to capture cum culture fisheries, it is a suitable range of depth of water body of small reservoir category for primary as well as secondary productivity. Similar findings were suggested by many including Shrivastava et al. 10 Mean temperature recorded for three years was o C which fluctuated in the range of to o C. It was very suitable from productivity point of view. ph value was 7.86 at bottom and 8.30 at surface in summer, 8.2 in monsoon and 8.8 with wide fluctuation in winter season. Range of DO varied between in summer, 8.34 to 9.10 in monsoon and 7.94 to 8.48 in winter in surface and bottom layer. The bacterial decomposition of organic matter at the bottom is well reflected by the high rate of oxygen consumption. A corresponding increase in oxygen at the trophogenic upper zone gives clues of the high rate of photosynthesis. 11 Free carbon-di-oxide was in between mg/l in the hyoplimnion zone. Epilimnion was mostly devoid of free carbon-di-oxide, probably due to abundance of micro and macro vegetation in the lake. It was maximum 2.86 to 3.80 in winter and minimum 0.84 to 1.86 in summer probably due to photosynthetic activity of vegetation of the lake. Value of alkalinity was maximum to mg /l in the monsoon probably due to Parameters 922 influx of water from catchment area and minimum to mg/l in winter probably due to settling of salt components in the bottom of the lake. Nitrate was maximum in summer 2.14 to 2.32 mg/l and minimum 1.35 to 1.58 mg/l in winter probably due to utilisation in post monsoon by abundant phytoplankton and profuse macrophytes of the lake. Nitrate nitrogen in water in Indian reservoirs is mostly in traces and seldom exceeds 0.5 mg 1-1. Higher concentration was due to municipal discharge and residual of fertilizers. Phosphate was maximum 1.86 to 2.35 mg/l in monsoon, minimum 0.75 to 1.13 mg/l in post monsoon and 1.23 to 1.92 mg/l in winter. Minimum in post monsoon was probably due to abundance of planktons. Phosphate very seldom exceeds 0.1 mg/1 in reservoirs free from pollution. 2 Chloride was maximum to mg/l in summer and minimum to mg/l in monsoon. High concentration was due to entry of sewage and detergent through utilisation of water of lake by local people. Range of silicate was 10.08mg/l mg/l in whole study period probably due to rocky terrain of surface runoff water of lake. Plankton A total of 23 species of phytoplankton and 14 species of zooplankton were recorded with abundance and percentage composition 80-82% of phytoplankton having dominance of Bacillariophyceae (47.91%) followed by

5 923 Table 3 : Percentage composition of different groups of phytoplankton in Govindgarh lake ( to ) Plankton July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March Apr. May June Total Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Bacillariophyceae Cynophyceae Dinophyceae Chlorophyceae 2.Bacillariophyceae 3Cynophyceae 4Dinophyceae Fig. 4 : % value of phytoplankton to Table 4 : Percentage composition of different groups of zooplankton in Govindgarh lake ( to ) Plankton July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan Feb March Apr. May June Total Zooplankton Cladocera Copepoda Rotifera Protozoa J. Environ. Res. Develop. 923

6 Chlorophyceae ( %), Cynophyceae (12.01%) and Dinophyceae ( 02.12%) as shown in Table 3 and Fig. 4. Zooplankton was % including Protozoa (03.91%), Rotifera (39.847%), Copepoda (31.78%) and Cladocera (24.45 %) as shown in Table 4 and Fig. 5. Primary productivity of the lake was in mean range of 922 to 1031gC/m 2 /year and range of carbon assimilation was gC/m 2 /day. Gross primary productivity assessed in water was gc/m 3 /hr in March and gC/m 2 /hr in December. Dominance of cynophyceae in March-April was observed. Phosphate and nitrate concentration during July-August seems to have favoured the abundance of phytoplankton in September. The peak of zooplankton in February and December clearly followed the phytoplankton abundance in January and September The primary production also exhibits seasonality. 2 Year-wise composition of plankton during 2008 to 2011 is shown in Table 5 and Fig Cladocera 2. Copepoda 3. Rotifera 4. Protozoa Fig. 5 : Composition of plankton (Govindgarh) to Table 5 : Composition of plankton (Govindgarh) to Groups Count per litre Percentage Range Mean Chlorophyceae Bacillariophyceae Cyanophyceae Dinophyceae Phytoplankton Protozoa Cladocera Copepoda Rotifera Zooplankton Total % Permanent algal blooms were recorded which is due to presence of Microcystis spp. Anabaena spiroides, Oscillatoria spp., Spirulina gomontii. Blooms of volvocales are indicative of entry of urea due to surface run off from agricultural fields of catchment area. These findings are supported by study of Datta Munshi. 11 Abundance of Eudorina 924 and Anabaena spiroides indicate the entry of superphosphate in water of the lake. Similar type of cause of eutrophication in the lake was found by Helen. 17 Mean density of plankton ranged from 1030 to units. Abundance of Microcystis, Anabaena, Melosira and Ceratium among the plankton is an indication that the lake is on its road to

7 eutrophication. A good standing crop of plankton, despite a low ionic concentration Planktons Zooplankton Cladocera Copepoda Rotifera Protozoa Phytoplankton Dinophyceae Cyanophyceae Bacillariophyceae Chlorophyceae 925 and available nutrients is not uncommon in tropical lakes. 17 Fig. 6 : Graphical representation of plankton ( ) Macrophytes In the lake total 39 species of 34 genera of 34 families of 9 orders were recorded which include 9 floating submerged,16 submerged anchored,5 floating leaved anchored and 9 emergent anchored (Table 6). In this study abundance of aquatic weeds were recorded with higher composition of Chara, Hydrilla,Nitella,Potomageton, Myriophyllum Azolla, Vallisnaria,Typha,Salvinia eichornia and Pistia, Nymphia,Nymphoides cristetum. The problematic submerged plants were Myriophyllum spicatum, Hydrilla verticillata, Ceratophyllum demersum, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton pectinatus Pistia, Eichornia, Chara, Lemna, Wolffia. Presence of Nymphoides cristetum, potamogeton pectinetus and high percentage of Azolla pinnata indicates eutrophication and abundance of Chara vulgaris indicate pollution of the water. Aquatic weeds being producer act as bio indicator for the water body and play significant role in biogeochemical cycling of nutrients. 15 Submerged macrophytes have major effects on productivity and biogeochemical cycles in fresh water. There is a negative relationship between abundance of submerged plants and planktonic algal biomass. 11 Productivity of the epiphyte complex may reach up to 93% of host macrophyte productivity. 15 Excessive growth % Value % Value of % Value of % Value of of macrophytes causes anaerobic conditions in the bottom of the lake. Problems are further confounded due to matted floating vegetation which prevents light penetration. Instances of fish mortality in summer under such circumstances are reported from Nizamsagar. 16 Macro invertebrate Organisms occurring at the bottom of reservoir are considered to be one of the important foods of fishes specially bottom dwelling fishes represented by Annelids, Molluscs and larvae of Odnata mayflies, crayfish, and isopods. Here Chaoborus sp, 145, Chiromonous sp.396, Oligochaetes sp. 289 and Molluscs sp.1067 (Total, 1897um 2 ) were recorded indicating medium productive nature of the lake. 2 In Bachhra reservoir, the standing crop of benthos registered a steady growth from 490 to 1894 individuals m -2 during the last 10 years. 364um -2 to 4290um -2 was recorded as its value by Manoharan et al. 17 in 2006 from different reservoirs of Tamil Nadu. Abundance and distribution of gastropods, lemellibranchs and insects are governed by complex extrinsic and intrinsic factors in reference to physicochemical and biological parameters. 17, 18 Ichthyofauna Govindgarh lake harbours 38 species of fishes belonging to 26 genera, 14 families and 8 orders. Order cypriniformes was found to be a major order with 22 species (55.0%).

8 Table 6 : Composition, systematic position and dominance of macrophytes in the lake Name of species Common name Family Dominance I. Floating hydrophytes 1. Azolla pinnata (willd) Water velvet Salviniaceae Trapa natans (Linn) Water chestnut Trapaceae Spirodella Great duck weed Lemnaceae Lemna minor Lesser duck weed Lemnaceae Wolffia Water meal Lemnaceae Jussiaea repens (Linn) Primrose willow Onagraceae Pistia Water lettuce Araceae Eichornia crassipes Water hyacinth Pontederiaceae Cruptocoryne Water trumpet Araceae ++ II. Submerged anchored hydrophytes 10. Chara vulgaris Stone worts Characeae Hydrilla verticellata (Linn) Choie Hydrocharitaceae Hydrocharis cellulose Isoetes Quillwort Myriophyllum heterophyllum (Michx) Water mifoil Haloragaceae Ceratophyllum demersum (Linn) Najas minor (Linn) Bushy pond weed Najadaceae Nitella sp. Stone worts Characeae Ottelia alismoides (Pers) - Hydrocharitaceae Potamogeton crispus (Linn) Pond weed Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton natans (Linn) Pond weed Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton pectinatus (Linn) Pond weed Potamogetonaceae Vallisnaria spiralis (Linn) Tape grass Hydrocharitaceae Utriculareia flexuosa Bladderwort Lentibulariaceae Hydrocharis Frog bit Hydrocharitaceae III. Floating leaved anchored hydrophytes 25. Salvinia natanus (Hoffim) Water fern Pteridophytes Salvinia cuculatta (Roxb.) Water fern Pteridophytes Nymphea stellata (Wlld) Water lilly Nymphaeaceae Nymphoides indicum Floating heart Nymphaeaceae Nymphoides cristatum (Roxb) Floating heart Gentianaceae + IV. Emergent anchored hydrophytes 30. Cyperus rotundus (Linn) Sedge Cyperaceae Ipomoea aquatica (Forsk) Water spinach Convolvulaceae Ipomoea fistulosa Water spinach Convolvulaceae Marsilea quadrifolia (Linn) Paper wort Marsileaceae Polygonum glabrum (Willd) Smart weed Polygonaceae Scirpus articulatus (Linn) Bulrush Cyperaceae Typha cattail Elephant grass Typhaceae Sagittaria sagittifolia Arrowhead Alismataceae Monochoria - Pontederiaceae Renunculus - Renunculuceae + Abbreviation- + = Rare, ++ = Occasional, +++ = Abundant, ++++ = Very abundant 926

9 Out of 38 species of fish, 2 species of fish are under endangered, 5 species of fish under vulnerable, 22 species under lower risk near threatened, 3 species under lower risk least concern and 4 species were reported to be data deficient as given below and % composition of fishes given in Fig. 7. Order : Clupeiformes Family : Clupeidae 1. Gadusiachapra (Ham) 2. Notoperus notoperus Order : Cypriniformes Family : Cobitidae 3. Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Ham.) 4. Noemacheilus botia Family : Cyprinidae 5. Amblypharyngodon mola(ham) 6. Rasbora deniconius 7. Catla catla 8. Labeo rohita (Ham.) 9. Labeo calbasu(ham.) 10. Labeo gonius(ham.) 11. Labeo bata(ham.) 12. Labeo boggut (Ham.) 13. Labeo dero 14. Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) 15. Cirrhinus reba(ham.) 16. Puntius sarana (Ham.) 17. Puntius sophore 18. Puntius ticto 19. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 20. Cyprinus carpiovar. communis 21. Ctenopharyngodon idella 22. Salmostoma bacaila 23. Salmostoma clupeoides Family : Bagridae 24. Mystus cavasius 25. Aorichthys seenghala Family : Claridae 26. Clariuas batrachus (Linn) Family : Heteropneustidae 27. Heteropneostus fossilis (Bloch) Family : Siluridae 28. Wallago attu 29. Ompok bimaculatus Order : Beloniformes Family : Belonidae 30. Xenentodon cancila (Ham) Order : Cyprinidontiformes Family : Poecilidae 31. Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) Order : Symbranchiformes Family : Symbrnchidae 32. Amphipnous cuchia Order : Mastacembeliformes Family : Mastacembelidae 33. Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) Order : Perciformes Family : Chandidae 34. Chanda nama (Ham.) Family : Gobiidae 35. Glossogibius giuris (Ham.) Family : Nandidae 36. Nundus nandus Order : Channiformes Family : Channidae 37. Channa striatus (Bloch.) 38. Chunna punctatus (Bloch.) Clupeiformes Cypriniformes Beloniformes Cyprinidontiformes Symbranchiformes 27 Mastacembeliformes Perciformes Channaformes Fig. 7 : Graphical representation of ichthyofaunal diversity of the lake 927

10 Hypopthalmichthis molitrix and Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharngodon idella are exotic species used for culture fisheries. Most of the fishes from the lake were commercially important. In harvested fishes from water resources of reservoir category, 40 of the 60 species of fish contribute to the commercial fisheries. 19 Increase in variety and percentage of biomass of weed fishes was recorded. Here loss of Tor tor was recorded which contributed 90% in past 5 and threatening status for N. notopterus, O. bimaculatus and Mystus spp. was observed. The trophic state of the water body also plays an important role in Year Fish species Table 7 : Carp seed stocking and yield Fingerlings released (nos) Fingerlings survived (nos) 928 determining what species and what biomass of fish will be present. 20 Stocking and harvesting of fishes The fisheries department have regularly stocked the lake with fingerlings of major carps (Catla, Rohu, Mrigla, Common carp) and at present fingerlings of Silver carp and Grass carp have also been stocked. Regarding sustainable fisheries in the lake, fingerlings of major carps have been used for culture fisheries (2.10 lakh, 2.15 lakh and 2.85 lakh for three consequent years to ). Stocking in Govindgarh lake is very low (Table 7). Annual catch in Kg Fishes remains in the Basin Catla, Rohu, Mrigal Grass carp Common carp Fish population no. Fish landing weight Kg Silver carp Catla, Rohu, Mrigal Grass carp Common carp Silver carp Catla Rohu Mrigal Grass carp Common carp Silver carp (Data from Department of fisheries District Rewa) Probably it was reflected in the fish yield output (Table 7). The weights of harvested fishes were in the mean range of kg for Catla, kg for Rohu 1.8kg -7.2kg for Mrigal, for common carp kg for silver carp and kg for grass carp. A perusal of fish catch statistics of the lake from to reveals sharp decline in

11 fish yield. It was kg, kg and kg respectively on an average of kg/ ha (Table 8, Fig. 8 to Fig. 10). A drastic decline in fish yield from the lake (26.52kg/ha kg/ha till 2005 and 4.00 to 6.00kg/ha in to ) was recorded. The previous record of fish catch statistics of Govindgarh reservoir from to and to (Fig. 11 and Fig. 12) Year reveals fluctuations in yield rates, varying from 0.4 to 26.4 kg /ha at an average of kg /ha. But it was increased after systematic entry of fish seeds of major carps in lake on an average of 1,15,000 to1,25,000 nos. for duration of to (Fig. 13 to Fig. 14. Indian major carps, Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala and Tor tor constitute 90% of the catch in previous years. 5 Table 8 : Harvesting in Govindgarh Lake ( to ) Total (in Kg) Major Carp (in Kg) Local Major (in Kg) Local Minor (in Kg) Major carp fingerling Stocking (in lac) Grass carp fingerling Stocking (in lac) Total St fry Total Yield Per ha Years Local Minor Local Major Major Carp Total yield in kg Yield in kg Fig. 8 : Graphical representation of Fishes from the lake ( ) Years Total Catch (kg) Total catch (kg) Fig. 9 : Fish catch (kg) of the lake ( ) 929

12 Years Yield per ha Yield per ha Fig. 10 : Fish yield (ha) of the lake ( ) Table 9 : Stocking and fish landings Govindgarh lake ( ) Year Total catch (kg) Yield (kg /ha) Stocking of fingerlings (No./ha) Years Average Total catch (kg) Total Catch (kg) Data from Dist. Fisheries Dept. Rewa Fig. 11 : Fish catch statistics of the lake ( ) 930

13 Years Average Yield per ha Yield per ha Data from Dist. Fisheries Dept. Rewa Fig. 12 : Fish Yield per ha. ( ) Years Total Catch (kg) Total catch (kg) Data from Dist. Fisheries Dept. Rewa Fig. 13 : Graphical representation of Fish catch ( ) Years Yield per ha Yield per ha Data from Dist. Fisheries Dept. Rewa Fig. 14 : Fish yield per ha.( ) 931

14 Probably heavy manifestation of aquatic weeds in the lake is the basic cause of decline in the harvest of fishes as it causes disturbances in use of crafts and gears, conceals the fish species, increases the percentage of weed fishes and carnivorous species which affect the fingerlings of major carps. 6 Submerged weeds provide shelter for minnows and weed fishes 21, 22 which compete with major carps for food. A major deleterious effect of weeds is that they cause physical obstruction to a variety of fishing gears, conceal the fish species and increase the percentage of weed fishes and 18, 23 carnivorous species. CONCLUSION The findings of physico-chemical profile of the Govindgarh lake present a rather enigmatic picture, with certain parameters indicating an oligotrophic regime while others pointing towards eutrophy. ph values, transparency, dissolved oxygen and alkalinity indicate the lake propensity towards productivity. However, though nutrient level was favourable but profuse manifestation of macrophytes suggest an unfavourable environment for a high rate of primary productivity. It was observed that profuse macrophytes have caused imbalance in planktons for fishes and flow of fingerlings of major carps in monsoon due to removal of weir in 2004 caused drastic decline in fish yield from the lake 26.52kg/ha kg/ha till 2005 and 4to 6kg/ha in 2006 to RECOMMENDATIONS After the study, it is felt that there is the need of Continuous systematic monitoring of water resource to collect the base line data on physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the lake through research project. Qualitative and quantitative fishing efforts should become inevitable in wake of physiographical changes. Removal of the weeds is urgently needed. Aquaculture engineering and agri-business management may prove beneficial. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are grateful to Dr. Vinod Kumar Srivastava, Principal, GDC, Rewa who encouraged doing this task. They also grate- 932 fully acknowledge the assistance of Sh. L. S. Chandel of the Department of Fisheries, district Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India for providing datas and of co-operative societies of fish farmers of Govindgarh lake. The authors are also grateful to Dr. Shubhi Mathur, Scientist, District Pollution Board, Rewa (Madhya Pradesh) for providing necessary help. REFERENCES 1. Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles: India. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2011). 2. Vaas K.K., On enhancing fisheries of lakes and wetlands in relation to their ecological attributes, J. Fish. Chim., 29 (1), 37-44, (2009). 3. Mathew P.M., Limnology and productivity of Govindgarh lake, Rewa (Madhya Pradesh), J. Inland Fish. Soc. India, 7(1), 17-24, (1985). 4. Adoni A.D., Work book on Limnology. Indian Mab Committee, Department of Environment, Govt. of India, 216, (1985). 5. Trivedi R.K. and P.K. Goel, Chem. and boil. meth. for water poll. stud., Environmental Publications, Karad, India, 250, (1986). 6. APHA, Standard methods for examination of water and waste water. 21 th Edn., American Public Health Association Inc., New York, 10-12, (2005). 7. Edmondson W.T., Fresh Water Biology, 2 nd Edn., John Wiley and Sons. Inc., Newyork, 1-10, (1992). 8. Santhanam R. P. Velayutham and G. Jagatheesan. A manual of freshwater Ecology, Daya Publishing House Delhi. 133 (1989). 9. Jayaram K.C., The fresh water fishes of the Indian region, Narendra Publishing House, Delhi, 551 (1999). 10. Shrivastava A.K., A.K. Das, B.L.Pandey and Nath, Phytoplankton primary production and fish production potential of Tawa reservoir CIFRI. Hoshangabad Centre (M.P.). J. Inland Fish. Soc. India, 32(2), 23-29, (2002). 11. Datta Munshi J. and J. S. Datta Munshi, Lakes and reservoir. In: Fundamentals of Freshwater Biol., Narendra Pub. House. Delhi, 222, (2006).

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