Success story the panga farming in the Mekong Delta, Viet Nam

Transcription

1 Success story the panga farming in the Mekong Delta, Viet Nam Philippe Cacot Cirad-Ifremer Aquaculture Research Unit «INTREPID» Tahiti Aquaculture 2010 Sustainable aquaculture on tropical islands 6-11 December 2010 Content of the presentation 1) The assets of the panga farming in Viet Nam: The favourable environment A long history Aquaculture potential of the species 2) Main characteristics of the rearing cycle 3) Forecast: issues related to the biodiversity 1

2 The lower Mekong Basin Great Lake Ton Le Sap 3000 km 2 Total surface area: 39,200 km 2 Water Population temperature millions : 29 C average (544 people/km (23-34 C) ² ) 100 km ha rice field in the Mekong delta tons paddy (5 t/ha/year) tons rice bran for feeding the animals The lower Mekong Basin during the flood(june-october) Ton Le Sap 12,000 km 2 36,700 m 3 /sec 100 km 2

3 The lower Mekong Basin during the dry season (Nov-May) Ton Le Sap 2,200 m 3 /sec 100 km Tidal fluctuations of the water flow (about 1 m of height twice a day) A long history from fishing to aquaculture 3

4 «Snakehead fish» (Channa micropeltes) The origine in Cambodia on the Ton Le Sap 4

5 A traditional family livelihood Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Pangasiidae) «Ca-tra» in Viet Nam, «Trey-pra» in Cambodia, «Pa-souai-mac-mai» in Laos, «Pa-savai» in Thailand - Originated from the Mekong River (and the Chao Phraya?), -1,300,000 tonsproduced in Viet Nam for export (1 billion $), - introduced and developed in other regions in Asia (and?). 5

6 Recent evolution of the panga volume and value (Phan et al. 2009) The Mekong Delta (Phan et al. 2009) 6

7 Location of the panga farms in the Mekong delta Type of fish farm Province grow-out nurseries hatcheries total An giang % % - 0% 3933 Can Tho 383 9% 100 2% - 0% 483 Dong Thap % % 83 95% 5020 Vinh Long 346 8% 94 2% 4 5% 444 total % % % 9880 Mostly operating as different entities (data from Phan et al. 2009) Social aspects The majority of farms gained catfish farming experience through family tradition (39%), other farmers (40%) and training (40%). Labour about 42,000 people for the farming and 210,000 in the processing sector. These sectors provide about 10% of the total livelihood opportunities to those in the Delta. Lam T. Phan, Tam M. Bui, Thuy T.T. Nguyen, Geoff J. Gooley, Brett A. Ingram, Hao V. Nguyen, Phuong T. Nguyen, Sena S. De Silva. Current status of farming practices of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmusin the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Aquaculture 296 (2009)

8 Aquaculture potential of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Hardiness Rusticité Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Market value Valeur marchande Feeding Alimentation 1 kg within 10 months Reproduction Croissance Growth Relative marks among 34 indigenous species of the Mekong River basin (Cacot and Lazard 2009) Growth over a long period 3 years 2 years 1 year (Campet et al. 2009) 8

9 Aquaculture potential of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Tolerance to low dissolved oxygen (DO) Hardiness Rusticité Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Market value Valeur marchande Feeding Alimentation Reproduction Croissance Growth (Cacot and Lazard 2009) The gas bladder of P. hypophthalmus A lung like organ which is used for the accessory air breathing Tolerance to the low DO 9

10 Water quality in a nursing pond of P. hypophthalmus mg / L Teneur Dissolved en oxygène oxygen dissous measured en étang at three de fingerlings different à depths, trois at the temperature of C profondeurs (température : 29,4-33,6 C) cm cm cm :30 9:30 12:30 15:30 18:30 21:30 0:30 3:30 Time horaire Total NH3+NH4 in all the kind of rearing structure 10,6 mg/l (0-30) Digging a pond for the panga (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) 10

11 Grow-out pond for the panga Good water quality White flesh (up to 3 USD/kg) Poor water quality Too much plankton Yellow flesh ( 2 USD/kg) Floating cages for the panga in the Mekong Delta 11

12 Pen for the grow-out of the panga Evolution of the rearing structures for the panga farming (Phan et al. 2009) 12

13 Updated figures about the panga farming Dimensions of the farms: -total area/farm: 4.09 ha (from 0.2 to 30 ha) (72% < 5 ha), - water area/farm: 2.67 ha ( ), -area/pond: 6100 m 2 (800 m 2 to 2.2 ha), -depth of the pond: 4 m (2-6 m, mostly m), -number of ponds per farm: 4 (1-17). Production yield: - stocking size: 7.8 cm (1.5-18), -stocking density: 48 fish/m 2 (18-125) and 12 fish/m 3 (5-31), -harvest at the size of 1.0 kg ( ) after about 6 7 months tons/ha/crop ( ), 300 tons or more for 75% of the farms, and 10.4 kg/m 3 ( ) -the yield depends on the pond area, depth and volume, stocking density and location of the farm. (from Phan et al. 2009) Supply of the markets with live panga Harvesting Small fish boat Fish sold alive on the local market 13

14 Fish boat 12 m lenght x 3 m width, m 3 water, 10 tons capacity Water level Empty boat Boat being filled Aquaculture potential of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Hardiness Rusticité Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Market value Valeur marchande Feeding Alimentation High fecundity Reproduction Croissance Growth (Cacot and Lazard 2009) 14

15 Hormonal treatment of of Pangasius hypophthalmus to induce the ovulation or the production of sperm; two treatments can be used: 1) HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin), mostly in Viet Nam, 2) GnRHa (agonist of the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) combined with Domperinde, mostly in Thailand. Stripping the ova of panga (Pangasianodon hyopohthalmus) 5.7 ±0.5 kg female body weight (BW) ± ova per female ± ova/kg BW Up to 4 reproductions/female/year 15

16 Hardy broodstock Tank for the reproduction Eggs incubators Packing the larvae Larvae of panga P. hypophthalmus Day 0 Day 5 Day 20 Heavy cannibalism like behaviour from day 3 to day 5 95% mortality at day 7 in standard conditions in tanks, no reliable protocol for mass production in tank, the nursing is done in pond. 16

17 Nursing of panga in pond Up to 600 larvae stocked/m 2, up to 600,000 larvae/pond 1000 m 2 15% survival rate up to 150,000 fingerlings/pond 1000 m 2 potential for 150 tons. Production of zooplancton (Moina sp) as live feed NPK Per tank (15 m 2 ) 0.8 kg stocked 3 kg harvested Lime Urea Chicken feed Step 1:green water production (2-3 days) Step 2:development of moinas (2-3 days) 17

18 Aquaculture potential of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Hardiness Rusticité Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Market value Valeur marchande Omnivorous Feeding Alimentation Reproduction Croissance Growth (Cacot and Lazard 2009) Preparation of the farm-made feed The rice bran is boiled over 1-2 h and then the other ingredients are added and mixed during 0.5 h. Possible use of a machine for the mixing (left) The envelop of the paddy rice is used as fuel for the cooking. After cooking the paste is spread, divided and cooled down during h. Balls are made either by hand or with a machine. Premix can be added at this stage. 18

19 Feeding with extruded pellets The industrial extruded pellets Toasting of the rice bran Stock of rice bran 19

20 Figures about the panga feeding Home made feed Industrial extruded pellets Year of first use 1960? 1998 (Proconco Co.) Farms occurrence 37% 97% Protein content 21.6% (17-26%) 25.8% (20-30%) Feeding rate 1-10% 1-18% FCR 2.25 (1.3-3) 1.69 (1-3) FCR: Food Conversion Ratio Feeding is done 2 to 6 times per day, The production cycle with the farm-made feed is usually 4 8 weeks longer, Both feeds can be alternately used. (from Phan et al. 2009) Main ingredients used in farm-made feeds % dry weight Ingredient mean range broken rice rice bran fish meal "trashfish" soybean oilcake soybean meal (full fat) (data from Phan et al. 2009) Total : others :

21 Aquaculture potential of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Hardiness Rusticité Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Market value Valeur marchande $US/kg Feeding Alimentation Reproduction Croissance Growth (Cacot and Lazard 2009) 21

22 Filleting the panga Filleting Fishes are sticked Remaining carcass Dressing of the fillet Processing yield of the panga filetting 100 kg whole fish P. conchophilus Carcass Process (1) Fish meal skin 45,5 kg fillet with skin 41 kg fillet If poor quality Local markets Process (2) By products Fish oil Animal feeding 27,5 kg dressed fillet freezing Export Quantity of fish to produce 1 kg of fillet : P. hypophthalmus: kg P. conchophilus: kg P. bocourti: kg (1) : Boiling oil extraction drying of the remnants drying (2) : Preparation of fish balls, sausage, nems. Possible mixture with the tofu. 22

23 Fish health Mortality: 7% (0 30%) in the first week following stocking, up to 30% during the early to mid months of the production cycle, <10% in latermonths. 3% farms reported a level of mortality >30%. 15 different reported symptoms and/or diseases, including: Bacillary necrosis of Pangasiusspp (BNP) (Edwardsiellosis) (98% of farms), parasites (88%), redspot in flesh (61%), spot disease (58%), white gills (30%) and slimy disease (28%) being the more common diseases, BNP, parasites and white gills being the more severe diseases. (from Phan et al. 2009) Common diseases found in catfish in the production cycle Onset of the wet season (Phan et al. 2009) 23

24 Content of the presentation 1) The assets of the panga farming in Viet Nam: The favourable environment A long history Aquaculture potential of the species 2) Main characteristics of the rearing cycle 3) Forecast: issues related to the biodiversity Giant catfish Pangasianodon gigas Photos from Mr. Udomchai Arpakulanu, Thailand DoF 24

25 Strong potential of Pangasius krempfifor the coastal aquaculture Juveniles in the estuary «Ban» fruit consummed by P. krempfi Make use, as much as possible, of the local fish diversity for aquaculture: indigenous species will surely match your expectations. Moreover, this approach can contribute to the conservation of the biodiversity. Thank you Fish market in Pakse, Laos 25