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1 Coral lreefs NREM 665 1
2 2
3 (Gulko 1998) 3
4 Coral polyps 4
5 5
6 Microscopic view of zooxanthellea 6
7 (Gulko 1998) 7
8 Subsidence Theory 8
9 9
10 Reef Succession Case Study: Hawai i 998) (Gulko 19 lobata. is almost 100% Porites compressa (finger coral). 10
11 11
12 12
13 Coral Reef Zonation in Hawai i Growth form Branching Massive Finger like/columnar Plate like/laminar (Gulko 1998) 13
14 Porites rus Plate coral Porites compressa Finger coral, Pohaku puna Porites lobata Lobe coral, Pohaku puna Acropora cytherea Table coral Pocillopora meandrina Cauliflower coral, Ko a Montipora flabellata Blue rice coral Encrusting Montipora patula Blue rice coral Montipora capitata Rice coral 14
15 (Friedlander et al. 2008) 15
16 General Ecological Interactions in Corals (Gulko 1998) 16
17 Reef fish body types Body type: tapered Species: snapper Body type: compressed oval Species: butterflyfish Body type: spherical Species: puffer Body type: depressed Species: rays or flatfish Body type: angular Species: triggerfish Body type: elongated/long Species: cornetfish 17
18 Damselfish Family: Pomacentridae Herbivorous reef fish Rabbitfish Siganidae Fiercely protective, keystone spp? Redlip parrotfish, pālukaluka, Scarus rubroviolaceus Surgeonfish Acanthuridae Achilles tang, pāku iku i Acanthurus achilles Sexually dimorphic, scrape/bite off substrate/coral, extract plant material, produce sand Active, aggressive seaweed grazer 18
19 butterflyfish, lauhau Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Direct coral grazers Spotted puffer, o opu hue Arothron meleagris Triggerfish Balistidae Prefers P. meandrina Lagoon triggerfish Bite off chucks of substrate, produces deadly toxin Spectacled Parrotfish Chlorurus perspicillatus Titan (Thailand) Reef triggerfish, humuhumu nukunukuā pua ā, Rhinecanthus rectangulus 19
20 Hawaiian cleaner wrasse, Labroides phthirophagus Oh Other Hawaiian reef fish Old woman wrasse, hīnālea luahine, Thalassoma ballieui <12 cm, sets up cleaning stations, pick off parasites, dead tissue from larger fish Moorish idol, kihikihi, Zanclus cornutus Endemic, fearless, aggressive feeder Cornetfish, nūnū peke Fistularia commersonii Only spp. in family Zanclidae, sports long graceful filament extending from its back, & pointed snout used for finding food in crevices Feeds by sucking in small fish like vacuum 20
21 Territoriality in Reef Fishes (Gulko 1998) 21
22 Effects of Fish on Corals (Gulko 1998) 22
23 Seabirds and Seals (Waddell 2005) 23
24 Apex Predators NWHI (Waddell 2005) 24
25 Feeding Guilds on a Coral Reef Carnivores Benthic Animal Feeders Ambushers (hawkfish), Foragers (eels, goatfish, wrasses), Grazers (butterflyfish) Corallivores (butterflyfish, damselfish, crown-of-thorns) Molluscivores (octpus, rays, puffer, wrasse) Piscivores Ambushers (scorpionfish), Stalkers (barracuda, cornetfish), Chasers (jacks, sharks) Deposit Feeders (sea cucumbers, surgeonfish) Herbivores Browsers (angelfish), Croppers (surgeonfish), Grazers (sea urchins), Grovelers (mullet), Scrapers (sea turtles, parrotfish) Omnivores (moorish idols, triggerfish) Planktivores Strainers (manta rays, whale sharks), Pickers (butterflyfish, squirrelfish) Scavengers (crabs, lobsters, wrasses, sharks) Suspension/Filter Feeders (barnacles, featherduster worms, sponges) (Gulko 1998) 25
26 Food web (Maragos & Gulko 2002) 26
27 NWHI vs MHI biomass (Maragos & Gulko 2002) 27
28 (Gulko 1998) 28
29 Land based threats to coral reefs Plume of fine silts & clays discharging into the sea in Indonesia. ( kar water.net/w5outputs/soil_erosion_slides.htm) 29
30 Other threats ( (Photo: Reefbase/T. Heeger) 30
31 (Waddell 2005) 31
32 Natural vs human modified coral reef food web Before Fishing After Fishing Bold font = abundant Normal lfont = rare (Jackson et al. 2001) 32
33 Human Impacts on Coral Reefs (Gulko 1998) 33
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