Scaphopoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico

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2 Kraeuter, J. N Scaphopoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas. 36 Scaphopoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico John N. Kraeuter The molluscan class Scaphopoda, commonly called tusk or tooth shells, consists of a relatively poorly known group of infaunal predators. Scaphopods are rarely found in estuaries and most inhabit sands or sandy muds from the mid continental shelf through the deep sea. Because of this distribution and their lack of commercial importance, virtually nothing is known about their population dynamics, and even broad scale distributions are based on relatively few records. In many species, one or two animals may be collected at one site, and the next individuals may be at a site tens of kilometers away. Exactly how such widely dispersed, low abundance organisms reproduce is not readily apparent. No new species have been reported in the study area for many years, but the upper level taxonomy continues to evolve, and what were subgenera a few decades ago have been elevated to generic status, and even the familial level taxa are in flux. The last significant effort to depict the distribution of scaphopods in the Gulf of Mexico was the work of Henderson (1920). The information in the current checklist has been compiled from Henderson (1920), published reports since that time, and unpublished records from specimens in museums, collections of various expeditions and cruises, and other information gathered by the author. The information from the expeditions or cruises from which some of these records were derived is included in the reference section, but no attempt has been made to be exhaustive. Similarly, there are references to synonymy for some species, but no attempt was made to make this document into a complete taxonomic treatise. Please refer Scaphopoda. After Dall to the catalog of species- group names of Recent and fossil scaphopods (Steiner and Kabat 2004) for more taxonomic information. Because of their relative scarcity and deepwater habitat, there are few publications that provide anything but a mention of scaphopods. Even in the benthic infaunal literature, there are only rare mentions of their presence. I have deleted one or two species that have been indicated in some lists because they are distributed in relatively shallow water in more boreal areas and it is unlikely that they would be present in the Gulf of Mexico. Knowledge of scaphopod distribution is strongly influenced by the intensity of sampling. Distributions in the Gulf of Mexico are difficult to interpret because much of the western portion and significant areas of deep water remain relatively unexplored. In general there is one 745

3 746 ~ Scaphopoda (Mollusca) range from records throughout the range of the species; numbers in roman typeface are based on collections from the Gulf of Mexico only. Abbreviations Scaphopoda. After Henderson group of shallow- water scaphopods composed of Graptacme eborea and Paradentalium americanum, both of which may, on rare occasions, be found cast up on beaches in the northern part of the Gulf. Graptacme semistriolata, Antalis antillaris, Antalis pilsbryi, and occasionally Graptacme calamus can be found in shallow areas. Within the Siphonodentaliidae, Polyschides carolinensis, Polyschides tetraschistus, and Polyschides tetrodon could also be considered shallow water fauna. There is a deeper water fauna, some of which ranges as far north as the Carolinas (Dentalium laqueatum), but most reach their northern limits in N. Florida. This group, including the former, Dentalium obscurum, Antalis circumcincta, Fissidentalium carduum, Graptacme perlonga, and Episiphon sowerbyi, is also widely distributed in the Caribbean and south to Brazil. There is a very deepwater element consisting of Calliodentalium callipeplum, Episiphon didymium, Fissidentalium candidum, Bathoxiphus ensiculus, Petusiconcha callithrix, Gadila watsoni, Polyschides poculus, Compressidens pressus, and Compressidens ophiodon. Lastly, there are a few species that are known only from their type localities (Gadila subula and Polyschides elongates) or from a few locations near Cuba (Cadulus cucurbitus and Cadulus lunulus). The Gulf of Mexico scaphopod fauna is composed of a shallow- water Virginian / Antillean element, a slightly deeper water Caribbean group, and a deepwater assemblage. Whether these elements extend into the western Gulf of Mexico cannot be determined from the present day collections. The classification and nomenclature adopted here generally follows that in Turgeon et al. (1998). Orders and families are arranged phylogenetically; genera and species are listed alphabetically within families. In the checklist, depth data in italics indicate the known bathymetric The following abbreviations are used under the heading Habitat- Biology: ben = benthic; end = endemic solely to the Gulf of Mexico; inf = infaunal. Abbreviations used under the heading Overall geographic range include: GMx = Gulf of Mexico; N = North; NE = Northeast; SE = Southeast. Abbreviations used under the heading GMx range and within the endnotes: ne = northeast; nw = northwest; se = southeast; USBF = U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. References 1. Abbott, R. T American Seashells: The Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North America, 2nd ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. 663 pp. 2. Caetano, C. H. S., and R. S. Absalão A new species of the genus Polyschides Pilsbry and Sharp, 1898 (Mollusca, Scaphopoda, Gadilidae) from Brazilian waters. Zootaxa 871: Henderson, J. B A monograph of the East American Scaphopod mollusks. United States National Museum Bulletin 111: Joyce, E. A. Jr., and J. Williams Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises: Rationale and Pertinent Data. Florida Department of Natural Resources, Marine Research Laboratory. Vol. I, Part I. 50 pp. 5. Kraeuter, J. N A taxonomic and distributional study of the Western North Atlantic Dentaliidae (Mollusca: Scaphopoda) [PhD dissertation]. University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. 239 pp. + figs. 6. NOAA National Ocean Service National Benthic Inventory of Soft Sediment Fauna Database, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science. [Internet]. Available from http: // nbi.noaa.gov / 7. Odé, H Distribution and records of the marine Mollusca in the northwest Gulf of Mexico. A continuing monograph. Texas Conchologist 23(1): Parker, R. H., and J. R. Curray Fauna and bathymetry of banks on the continental shelf of northwest Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 40(10):

4 Kraeuter ~ Pequegnat, W. E The ecological communities of the continental slope and adjacent regimes of the northern Gulf of Mexico. U. S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service contract AA851- CT1-12 by TerEco Corp. College Station, Texas. 398 pp. + Appendices A1 C Smith, L. E Ecological catalogue and bibliography of the invertebrate fauna and environments of the Gulf of Mexico with special reference to the Mollusca. Sun Oil, Dallas, Texas. Preliminary Report, Vol. 1, Part Steiner, G., and A. R. Kabat Catalog of species- group names of Recent and fossil Scaphopoda (Mollusca). Zoosystema 26(4): Turgeon, D., J. F. Quinn Jr., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, F. G. Hochberg, W. G. Lyons, P. M. Mikkelsen, R. J. Neves, C. F. E. Roper, G. Rosenberg, B. Roth, A. Scheltema, F. G. Thompson, M. Vecchione, and J. D. Williams Common and Scientific Names of Aquatic Invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks, 2nd ed. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 26, Bethesda, Maryland. 526 pp. 13. Turner, R. D Scaphopods of the Atlantis dredgings in the Western Atlantic with a catalogue of the scaphopod types in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Deep Sea Research 3(Supplement): Submitted: March 2005 Accepted: March 2005

5 748 ~ Scaphopoda (Mollusca) Taxonomic summary for scaphopods of the Gulf of Mexico. Orders/Families Total species Endemic species Nonindigenous species Dentaliida Dentaliidae Calliodentallidae Fustiariidae Gadilinidae Gadilida Entalinidae Wemersonellidae Gadilidae Total Checklist of scaphopods (Mollusca: Scaphopoda) from the Gulf of Mexico. Taxon Habitat- Biology Depth (m) Overall geographic range GMx range References / Endnotes Order: Dentaliida Family: Dentaliidae Antalis antillaris (d Orbigny, 1846) ben, inf Bahamas to SE Brazil se 4, 5 Antalis cerata (Dall, 1881) ben, inf 1472 Florida to Uruguay se 5, 6, 11 Antalis circumcincta (Watson, 1879) ben, inf Cape Fear to NE Brazil ne, nw 4, 9, 10 Antalis pilsbryi (Rehder, 1942) ben, inf 0 12 Florida to Brazil ne, se 5, 10, 11 Antalis taphria (Dall, 1889) ben, inf Cape Hatteras to Cuba ne, nw, se 4, 5, 11 1 Dentalium laqueatum Verrill, 1885 ben, inf Cape Hatteras to Guyana ne 4, 5, 8 1 Dentalium obscurum Dall, 1889 ben, inf Cuba to Barbados se 9 2 Fissidentalium candidum (Jeffreys, 1877) ben, inf Greenland to Brazil se 11 3 Fissidentalium carduum (Dall, 1889) ben, inf N Carolina to Grenada ne 5, 6, 11 Graptacme calamus (Dall, 1889) ben, inf 1 85 Cape Hatteras to NE se 5, 6, 11 Brazil Graptacme eborea (Conrad, 1846) ben, inf N Carolina to SE Brazil ne, se 1, 4, 5, 7 1 Graptacme perlonga (Dall, 1881) ben, inf Cape Hatteras to NE ne 5, 9 Brazil Graptacme semistriolata (Guilding, 1834) ben, inf Bermuda to SE Brazil ne, se 4, 5, 9, 10 1 Paradentalium americanum (Chenu, 1843) ben, inf 1 95 Florida to S Brazil ne, nw, se 5, 8, 11 Family: Calliodentallidae Calliodentalium callipeplum (Dall, 1889) ben, inf 309 Florida to Grenada ne 11 4, 5 Family: Fustiariidae Fustiaria stenoschiza (Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897) ben, inf Florida to Barbados se 3, 11 Family: Gadilinidae Episiphon didymus (Watson, 1879) ben, inf N Carolina to Barbados ne, se 5, 9 Episiphon sowerbyi (Guilding, 1834) ben, inf 2 22 Virginia to SE Brazil ne, se 4, 5, 9, 11 Order: Gadilida Family: Entalinidae Bathoxiphus ensiculus (Jeffreys, 1877) ben, inf Greenland to Caribbean se 5, 9 Petusiconcha callithrix (Dall, 1889) ben, inf Cape Fear to SE Brazil ne 5, 9 Family: Wemersonellidae Compressidens ophiodon (Dall, 1881) ben, inf 402 Florida to Cuba se 3, 11 Compressidens pressus (Sharp & Pilsbry in Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897) ben, inf N Carolina to NE Brazil ne, se 9

6 Kraeuter ~ 749 Checklist of scaphopods (Mollusca: Scaphopoda) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) Taxon Habitat- Biology Depth (m) Overall geographic range GMx range References / Endnotes Family: Gadilidae Cadulus cucurbitus Dall, 1881 ben, end, inf 567 Cuba se 3, 11 Cadulus lunulus Dall, 1881 ben, end, inf 1472 Cuba se 3, 11 Cadulus parvus Henderson, 1920 ben, inf Florida Keys and Caribbean se 3 Cadulus transitorius Henderson, 1920 ben, inf Florida to Brazil ne 3 Gadila aequalis (Dall, 1881) ben, end, inf 628 Florida Keys se 3, 11 Gadila agassizii (Dall, 1881) ben, inf Virginia to Florida Keys ne 6, 11 Gadila amianta (Dall, 1889) ben, inf Caribbean se 3, 11 Gadila arctus (Henderson, 1920) ben, end, inf 110 West Florida ne 3, 11 Gadila mayori (Henderson, 1920) ben, inf Eastern GMx ne, se 7, 8, 11 Gadila pandionis (Verrill & Smith in Smith, ben, inf Massachusetts to Florida se, ne 3, ) Keys Gadila subula (Henderson, 1920) ben, end, inf 847 Cuba se 3 6 Gadila watsoni (Dall, 1881) ben, inf Cape Hatteras to Cuba se 3, 11 Polyschides carolinensis (Bush in Verril, 1885) ben, inf Cape Hatteras to Florida se, ne 3, 7, 11, 13 Keys Polyschides elongatus (Henderson, 1920) ben, end, inf 124 Northern GMx ne, nw 12 7 Polyschides foweyensis (Henderson, 1920) ben, end, inf Florida Keys se 3, 11 Polyschides miamiensis (Henderson, 1920) ben, inf N Carolina to Florida se 3, 11 Keys Polyschides poculus (Dall, 1889) ben, inf GMx to Caribbean se 10 Polyschides tetraschistum (Watson, 1879) ben, inf Cape Hatteras to Uruguay se 2, 6, 11 Polyschides tetrodon (Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897) ben, inf N Carolina to Bahamas ne 2, 6, 11 1 MAFLA (Mississippi- Alabama- Florida) Collections, made by the Bureau of Land Management in 1975 and Identification needs verification. 3 New record for GMx: University of Miami, R / V Pillsbury Cruises ( ) stations 586 and 634 off Cuba and Yucatán, Mexico, identified by J. N. Kraeuter. 4 Possibly occurring at depths up to 3800 m. 5 Houston Museum of Natural Science, Malacological Collection (HMNS.MAL 46883). 6 Known only from type locality: off Bahia Honda, Cuba, R / V Albatross USFB station 2352, N, W, 847 m. 7 Known only from type locality: off mouth of Mississippi River, R / V Albatross USFB station 2378, N, W, 124 m.