CHAPTER 5 PILOT PROJECT

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 5 PILOT PROJECT

2 CHAPTER 5 PILOT PROJECT 5.1 Basic Strategy of the Pilot Project Bottom-up resource management based on fishing village communities is drawing worldwide attention as an approach to artisinal fisheries resource management. Reasons for this are, (1) all attempts to conduct top-down resource management under government initiative have ended in failure after not being accepted by fishermen, and (2) bottom-up resource management is suited to underfinanced developing countries because it doesn t entail great costs or human resources. The same thing is happening in Senegal: whereas government-led efforts are not working, fishing villages such as Kayar are achieving results in resource management conducted under the initiative of fishermen. Japan has been the most successful country in bottom-up resource management, and the Study Team has know-how that other donors do not possess and is thought to be compatible with the needs of Senegal. Accordingly, the Study Team decided to apply bottom-up resource management under the initiative of fishermen by referring to the experiences of Kayar and Japan. Having said that, since resource management also requires government involvement regarding the enhancement of scientific knowledge and preparation of fishing methods, the project objective was defined as constructing a model of joint management under the initiative of fishermen. The basic strategy of the pilot project was a win-win approach aiming to establish both resource management and poverty alleviation. If it is aimed to implement resource management via closed seasons and closed zones, etc., since immediate fisheries incomes will decrease, fishermen will not want to lend their support and the project will not be feasible. In order to overcome this problem, it is important to diversify sources of income for fishermen. In the pilot project, the effectiveness of the win-win approach was recognized. Projects that require fishermen to implement resource management alone have not been very successful, however, it has been shown that projects that include measures to improve the living standard of citizens living in poverty provide an economic incentive for fishermen to play an active role in resource management. 5-1

3 5.2 Analysis of the Project Sites Nianing and Yenne were selected as the project sites because they offered the conditions required for resource management, i.e. fishermen were willing to take part in the project and there is good solidarity among existing fishermen s organizations, etc. In Nianing, it was originally estimated that two years would be required to achieve the project objectives, however, the active participation of fishermen in the project allowed the objectives to be realized in a short time. As a result, it was possible to expand the project activities to Pointe-Sarene and Mballing located next to Nianing in the second year. Features of the project sites compared to other fishing villages are as indicated below. (1) Awareness of fishermen towards resource management In villages where fishermen have low awareness about resource management, activities must begin from enlightenment. In the pilot project, in consideration of the time limitation of two years, it was decided to select fishing villages where awareness of resource management is high. Concerning the high level of awareness in Nianing and Yenne, it is thought that the good quality of education of fishermen is a major factor (fishermen are fluent in French, have high information gathering capacity and hold strong morals regarding resource management). (2) Solidarity of fishermen s organizations Not only do Nianing and Yenne possess fishermen s organizations, but the organizations themselves seem to share problems and vision, communicate information, possess leadership of officers, and have a determination to take an organized approach to resource management. In the case of Nianing, the high proportion of Serer fishermen (possessing experience of joint farming activities) contributes to the organizational strength, whereas in the case of Yenne, experience with an OFCA (Overseas Fisheries Consultants Association) artificial reef project in the past seems to have benefited solidarity. (3) Ratio of local fishermen to migratory fishermen There is a high ratio of local fishermen in Nianing and Yenne. Since behavioral patterns (types of fish species, fishing seasons, landing areas, lifestyles) and thought patterns (traditional values and codes, awareness of stock utilization, desire to participate in local activities) differ between local fishermen and migratory fishermen, it is difficult to bring together both sides. In Senegal, there are some fishing villages that have a high percentage of migratory fishermen (Saint-Louis 5-2

4 fishermen are a good example), and it is necessary to consider effective approaches to resource management in these kinds of villages too. (4) Ratio of fixed stocks to migratory stocks At Nianing and Yenne, migratory stocks (fish species) can also be caught, but landed quantities of fixed stocks are large. Since the management of fixed stocks in such species as shellfish, squid and octopus can be approached in units of fishing villages, this is an ideal target for the pilot project. However, as can be gathered from Table 5-1, fish species are mainly caught in Senegal and many fishing villages are in need of resource management. Accordingly, the target species were widened to include demersal fish, thereby creating additional case studies of resource management. (5) Size of the fishing villages Nianing and Yenne were selected because they are small and easy to conduct activities in. However, even though it is easy to conduct resource management in small villages, problems exist in that, 1) stock recovery effects cannot be expected, and 2) a sense of unfairness arises among fishermen who take part in the project. Accordingly, in the second year of the pilot project, effort was made to conduct area-wide resource management by spreading the project activities to Pointe-Sarene and Mballing located next to Nianing. As the scale of implementation of the project increased, so too did the level of attention in and impact of the project. (6) Ripple effects of the resource management model to surrounding villages Since Nianing and Yenne are located close to one another, they practice similar fisheries and also conduct mutual exchange via friendship activities, etc., there was thought to be potential for ripple effects of the resource management mode. The Study Team did not conduct enlightenment or dissemination activities in particular, however, neighboring villages expressed a desire to participate when they heard about the results of the project. (7) Existence of other projects In order to avoid confusing fishermen, fishing villages where projects by other donors are being or will be implemented were not selected. The OCFA project in Yenne shown in Table 5-1 was a Japanese project for artificial reefs, and the pilot project here represented a follow-up to this. The FENAGIE project in Nianing was an artisanal fisheries group that supported the organization of fishermen in the past, and the pilot project here developed a partnership with this group. 5-3

5 (8) Distance from Dakar Nianing and Yenne are located close to Dakar, where government agencies are concentrated. Although fishermen play the main role in bottom-up resource management, since it is necessary for fishermen to hold frequent talks with the government and donors, access to the fishing villages is an important point. In the case of remote areas, regional branches of the DPM can be utilized, however, administrative and research support for resource management becomes weak. (9) Market access Market access is an important requirement in order for fishermen to conduct economic activities. In Nianing, joint shipping of shellfish, octopus, squid and sole is carried out in order to make up for reduced income arising from resource management, however, this is only possible because a fisheries company is located nearby. In districts (Saloum Delta, etc.) that are not blessed with such conditions, it is necessary to consider other alternative means of livelihood. (10) Fisheries infrastructure Fisheries infrastructure has both positive and negative aspects. Where fisheries infrastructure exists, landed quantities increase, middlepersons gather and a sellers market is formed. On the down side, higher concentration of landing fishermen means that resource management is difficult. If resource management can be successfully implemented in Nianing, which has no fisheries infrastructure, other fishing villages that face similar conditions can utilize this knowhow. To sum up, the features of the selected project sites can be described as follows: (1) there is high awareness of resource management; (2) solidarity of fishermen s organizations is strong; (3) there is a high ratio of local fishermen; (4) there is a high ratio of fixed stocks; (5) the fishing villages are compact in size; (6) fishing villages possessing similar conditions are located nearby; (7) there is no overlapping of projects by other donors; (8) access from government agencies is good; (9) market access is good; and (10) fisheries infrastructure is under-developed. These are thought to be the conditions required to commence basic resource management in a country such as Senegal, where resource management is not well developed. 5-4

6 Table 5-1 Current Condition of Artisinal Fishing Villages in Senegal Village St. Louis Resource management Activities Operating restrictions Fishermen s Organizations CNPS Unions locale GIE interprofession Local/Migratory Fishermen 100local fishermen, but they are not there for half the year. Type of Stocks Pelagic fish, demersal fish Fishing Boats Adjacent Villages Other Projects Distance from Dakar Market Access 1,611 WWF/OCEANIUM 264 km Very poor Mouit km Very poor Lompoul Union locale Saint-Louis fishermen Demersal fish km Poor Fass-Boye Union locale Saint-Louis fishermen Kayar Catch restrictions Operating restrictions CNPS, Mbalmi GIE interprofession Comité de pêche Local fishermen Saint-Louis fishermen Hann Union locale Local fishermen Yoff Union locale Local fishermen Ouakam Fishing ground division Pelagic fish, demersal fish Pelagic fish, demersal fish Pelagic fish, demersal fish Pelagic fish, demersal fish 137 Mboro 136 km Very poor 551 WWF/OCEANIUM DPM 167 FENAGIE/Swiss In a city Very good 348 In a city Very good APO, Union locale Local fishermen Demersal fish 99 Soumbedioune FENAGIE In a city Very good Thiaroye Union locale Local fishermen Rufisque Bargny Yenne Union locale Artificial reefs UPR Union locale Artificial reefs Comité de récif CNPS Artificial reefs Union locale Comité de récif Local fishermen Local fishermen Ngaparou CNPS Local fishermen Mbour Joal Nianing Coastal beautification CNPS Unions locale GIE interprofession CNPS Unions locale GIE interprofession Union locale Pelagic fish, demersal fish Pelagic fish Demersal fish Pelagic fish Demersal fish km Very good 295 FENAGIE/Swiss OFCA,OCEANIUM Fisheries Infrastructure Facilities supplied by JICA 58 km Good Facilities supplied by JICA 28 km Good Comment Village is too large to conduct resource management As a riverside fishing village, conditions are too different from other villages. Local fishermen are too few. Local fishermen are too few. Roads are unpaved. Resource management is already in progress. Fishermen have low awareness and organizational capacity. A fishing boat registration project was implemented in the past. Fishermen have low awareness and organizational capacity. Problems exist with use of dynamite in fishing. Fishermen have low awareness and organizational capacity. A fishing boat registration project was implemented in the past. 134 Miname OFCA 33 km Good The village has experience of fish reefs. Local fishermen Demersal fish 318 Sendou OFCA 38 km Good Local fishermen Saint-Louis fishermen Local fishermen Saint-Louis fishermen Local fishermen Demersal fish, octopus Pelagic fish, demersal fish, octopus, shellfish Pelagic fish, demersal fish Octopus, shellfish Demersal fish, octopus, shellfish 103 Sali-Portudal 75 km Poor 718 DPM FENAGIE 83 km Good 579 FENAGIE 114 km Good 117 Mbaling Pointe-Sarene FENAGIE 90 km Good Djifère Migratory fishermen Demersal fish 257 Dionouar 130 km Good Market facilities Market facilities Market facilities The village has experience of fish reefs. Fishermen s organizations are active. Fishermen have low awareness and organizational capacity. Village is too large to conduct resource management Village is too large to conduct resource management Village is too large to conduct resource management More of a camp community rather than a village

7 Village Resource management Activities Fishermen s Organizations Local/Migratory Fishermen Missirah Union locale Local fishermen Niodior Local fishermen Type of Stocks Pelagic fish Demersal fish Pelagic fish Demersal fish Fishing Boats Kafountine 56 Ziguinchor 497 Elinkine 51 Diogue 148 Adjacent Villages Other Projects Distance from Dakar Market Access km Very poor 64 UICN, JICA 143 km boat Very poor Fisheries Infrastructure Facilities supplied by JICA Roads are unpaved. Comment Fishermen are getting themselves organized. The project cannot be implemented in areas where Japanese Study Team members are prohibited from entry. The project cannot be implemented in areas where Japanese Study Team members are prohibited from entry. The project cannot be implemented in areas where Japanese Study Team members are prohibited from entry. The project cannot be implemented in areas where Japanese Study Team members are prohibited from entry. Note CNPS: Collectif National des Pêcheurs du Sénégal (Senegal Federation of Fishermen), Union locale: village organization of FENAGIE, FENAGIE: Fédération nationale des GIEsNational Federation of fishermen s groups, GIE: Groupement d Interet EconomiqueUPR: Union des Pêcheurs de RufisqueRufisque Fishermen s Union, APO: Association des Pêcheurs d OuakamOuakam Fishermen s Association, Comité de pêche: Kayar Fisheries Commission, Mbalmi: Kayar Roundhaul Fisher Association, Comité de récif: artificial reef management committee

8 5.3 Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing Outline of the Pilot Project In the first year, the project was implemented in Nianing. Since catches of octopus and cymbium (large spiral shellfish) in Nianing have been small in recent years, in the kickoff workshop some residents were heard to say, Stocks will become exhausted if we carry on like this. We need to regulate the fishery in order to preserve it for our children and grandchildren. At this time, the fishermen decided to implement autonomous management measures such as the setting of closed seasons and release of shellfish fry in order to restore stocks. However, since implementing resource management alone would lead fishing households into bankruptcy, the fishermen also decided to augment household incomes through generating revenue from the joint shipping of octopus and cymbium. Meanwhile, since resource management cannot only be implemented by fishermen but also requires government involvement, it is important to build joint management between fishermen and the government. Accordingly, the local government established an ordinance concerning autonomous management. Also, CRODT decided to provide biological information regarding important stocks to the fishermen. In the second year, participation was expanded to neighboring Pointe-Sarene and Mballing that share the same resources and fishing grounds. The three villages jointly set closed seasons for octopus and cymbium and reduced the use of gillnets targeting demersal fish (mainly sole). Moreover, in collaboration with a local NGO, the villages made preparations for the setting of marine protection zones. Regarding resource management compensation measures, since the treatment of large amounts of waste shells is a problem in the three villages, they decided to carry out recycling. Specific measures comprised, (1) small-scale poultry farming making use of shells, (2) octopus spawning reefs (pots) making use of shells, and (3) development of building materials made from shells. In Pointe- Sarene and Mballing, fueling facilities were constructed. Figure 5-1 shows the list of activities in the pilot project. 5-7

9 Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing Project objective: To build a model of joint management between the government and fishermen Activities by residents Resource management Compensation Octopus and cymbium closed seasons Octopus spawning reefs Joint shipping Restriction of gillnets Restriction of seine nets Refueling equipment Release of cymbium fry Maintenance of fisheries statistics Poultry farming Government support Support by JICA Technical advice Supply of equipment Provision of scientific information Establishment of ordinance Figure 5-1 List of Project Activities 5-8

10 5.3.2 Cooperation Period February 2004 ~ February 2006 (2 years) Cooperation Contents (1) Overall goal 1) To disseminate a model of joint management to other fishing villages 2) To reflect the project achievements in national plans (2) Project purpose To have the model of joint management between the government and fishermen recognized among fisheries-related persons (3) Outputs 1) Demonstration of autonomous management by fishermen 2) Clarification of the roles of the government and fishermen in resource management 3) Maintenance of the living standard of local residents 4) Revitalization of local economic activities 5) Registration of fishermen and fishing boats, and utilization of fisheries statistics in resource management (4) Inputs Japanese side: Three consultants (resource management/fisheries technology, fishermen s organization/participatory development, socioeconomy/fisheries economy) Supply of facilities and equipment (cymbium storage shed, fish boxes, notice boards, personal computers, crusher machines, spawning reefs, fueling equipment) Vehicles Acceptance of two counterparts to training in Japan Senegalese side: Three counterparts (2 from DPM, 1 from CRODT) One DPM branch member (a counterpart for practical purposes) One CRODT technician (biological survey) One employee of FENAGIE-PECHE (artisinal fisheries group) (technical support) 5-9

11 (5) Cost of above facilities and equipments Cymbium storage shed 10,000 thousand FCFA (US$20,000) (Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing) Fish boxes 6,916 thousand FCFA (US$13,800) (Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing) Notice boards 1,348 thousand FCFA (US$2,700) (Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing) Computer set (Nianing) 870 thousand FCFA (US$1,700) Crusher machine (Nianing) 1,500 thousand FCFA (US$3,000) Octopus spawning reefs 1,656 thousand FCFA (US$3,300) (Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing) Fueling stations (Pointe-Sarene and Mballing) 12,000 thousand FCFA (US$24,000) Poultry farming (Nianing) *Loan 2,000 thousand FCFA (US$4,000) Total 36,290 thousand FCFA (US$72,500) Flow of Pilot Project Activities Figure 5-2 shows the flow of main project activities Pilot Project Outputs The anticipated outputs described in and the actual outputs over the two years are indicated below. Output 1) Demonstration of autonomous management by fishermen, the main point concerns how far the fishermen planned and executed resource management themselves. All resource management activities were planned as a result of discussion between the fishermen. Concerning participation in the octopus closed season (September 15 ~ October 15), 141 fishing boats (100%) from Nianing took part in In 2005, 371 fishing boats (100%) from Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing observed the autonomous management rules. Regarding the closed season for cymbium (January 20 ~ February 20), only Nianing took part in 2005, when the closed season was observed by 53 fishing boats (75%) at the start but eventually 70 fishing boats (almost 100%) at the end. In 2006, 240 fishing boats (almost 100%) from the three villages implemented the closed season. 5-10

12 Approximately 200 octopus spawning reefs (pots) were set to coincide with the closed season from September to October in the three villages, and spawning was confirmed in many of the pots. Since it is considered effective for stock recovery to combine closed seasons with spawning reefs for octopus, it is hoped that this activity be expanded more in future (see the next figure). Concerning the release of cymbium fry, approximately 5,000 shells were released over the two years. When these shells were recaptured five months later, body growth was confirmed and the fishermen realized effectiveness of the activity at first hand. Accordingly, it is anticipated that cymbium stocks can be restored through increasing the number of released shells. Regarding the resource management of demersal fish (sole), it was agreed to reduce the quantity of gillnets by 30%. Although this activity has only just started, there is a strong willingness among fishermen to observe the rules. The effort to protect fry through setting closed zones and regulating the use of seine nets in waters just off the three villages is being conducted in a joint effort with the local NGO OCEANIUM. This activity is still at the stage of discussion with fishermen. 5-11

13 Kickoff Workshop February 2004 Start of the Resource management Committee February 2004 With participation from citizens and government officials, opinions were exchanged concerning the current conditions and problems of villages, planning of the project, organizational setup for resource management, and role of the Government of Senegal. A resource management committee consisting of fishermen, middlepersons and women engaged in processing was organized. Start of the octopus biological survey February 2004 Biological survey of octopus was conducted for one year in the villages, in order to clarify the spawning season and secure reference data for setting the closed season. Start of joint shipping of cymbium March 2004 The Study Team coordinated between the resource management committee and the fisheries company. Residents assembly on the octopus closed season July 2004 The closed season for octopus (September 15 ~ October 15) was decided in a majority vote by residents. Tour of Nianing by the Minister of Ocean Fisheries October 2004 The Minister of Ocean Fisheries visited Nianing and praised the autonomous resource management activities of the fishermen. Residents assembly on the cymbium closed season December 2004 The closed season for cymbium (January 20 ~February 20) was decided in a majority vote by residents. Decision on project participation by Mballing and Pointe-Sarene April 2005 Following on from octopus and cymbium, resource management was expanded to demersal fish too. Setting of octopus spawning reefs August 2005 Spawning of octopuses was confirmed, thereby indicating the potential for stock propagation. Start of poultry farming and completion of fueling equipment October 2005 Diversification of income sources, necessary for resource management, was realized. Figure 5-2 Main Flow of Project Activities 5-12

14 Octopus closed season and spawning reefs (pots) An octopus pot hauled from waters at a depth of 12 m off the coast of Nianing in Senegal. Inside can be seen a mother octopus and eggs (white granules) (October 11, 2005) 1. Resident participation in resource management At first the fishermen wanted the closed season and spawning reefs to be set for the octopus spawning season of September~October. And just as they said, the octopuses spawned in September and October. It may be said that this confirmed the importance of utilizing the experiential know-how of fishermen in resource management. Moreover, it is thought that the fishermen adhered to the closed season because they themselves compiled the rules 2. Construction of the joint management model CRODT and the fishermen jointly conducted a yearlong survey of the spawning season and thereby obtained scientific backing for the opinion of the fishermen (the survey findings showed the spawning season to be September). Concerning administrative involvement in resource management, the prefectural government passed an ordinance prior to the closed season. For Senegal, which faces numerous financial and technical limitations, this may be said to be the feasible model of joint management at the current time. Output 2), Clarification of the roles of the government and fishermen in resource management, in light of the project concept of constructing a model of bottom-up joint management, it was important that the government and fishermen respectively compiled and executed appropriate action plans. Both sides confirmed that, 1) the role of the government was to provide scientific information to fishermen and take the legal measures necessary for resource management, and 2) the role of the fishermen was to establish autonomous management rules pertaining to local fisheries stocks and to take an organized 5-13

15 approach to resource management. The fishermen were allowed to take the lead in resource management, while the government and donors only gave backup when it was needed. Output 3), Maintenance of the living standard of local residents, the change in the living standard of residents resulting from the project can be gauged by calculating the economic impact of resource management activities and lifestyle improvement activities (compensation). In Nianing, as a result of calculating losses arising from resource management and gains arising from joint shipment, it was found that the gains exceeded losses (details are given later). This was the main reason why the project gained the backing of residents, and newspapers in Senegal had the following to say about the project: The joint shipment of cymbium generates a major increase in income and provides compensation for the closed season. Ever since the Japanese project started, the price of cymbium is stable and revenue has increased by 50%. Residents have been freed from harsh labor conditions and are now able to spend more time with their families. Thanks to the installation of refueling equipment in Pointe Sarene and Mbaling, residents no longer need to travel to purchase gasoline and they now have more time to spend on economic activities such as fishing and farming (see the next section). Refueling Equipment Truck bringing gasoline to Pointe-Sarene (November 7, 2005) 1. Reason for selecting refueling equipment The question of how to compensate or find alternative income for fishermen, who are disadvantaged by resource management, is a difficult one. Aquaculture and eco-tourism require time before they can be fruitful; neither is it possible to give money in compensation. The fishermen came up with the idea of refueling equipment. Reasons for this are: (1) resolving the greatest problem facing fishermen will provide an incentive for resource management, (2) since gasoline tanks and pumps can be rented, this measure can be repeated at other villages too, and (3) residents offered to bear the cost of purchasing gasoline. The project paid for the construction work (approximately 1,350,000 yen) to lay the foundations, etc. for the refueling equipment. 5-14

16 2. Maintenance of refueling equipment The resource management committee (one leader, one equipment operator, one accountant) maintains the equipment under the supervision of the DPM. The equipment operator has experience of maintaining refueling equipment and received training at Fenagie-Peche (Bargny) before the equipment was installed. Gasoline is sold between and 19.00, and fishermen purchase between 5-10 liters each time. Between 40~80 fishermen come to buy gasoline every day and they also come from other villages. The price is 10 Fcfa higher than the market price, however, it still works out cheaper than traveling long distances to buy. The commission of the committee is used for operator salaries, equipment maintenance (repair costs, field repair costs), support for resource management activities and community activities, and the remainder is saved. 3. Potential for dissemination to other fishing villages Many fishing villages in Senegal do not possess refueling equipment, so it is thought that such equipment has high potential as a means of complementing fishermen s incomes. There are signs that other donors want to copy this project too. In GIRMaC by the World Bank, it is planned to install refueling equipment in exchange for conducting resource management in Ngaprou and Funjeune. Output 4), Revitalization of local economic activities, the level of participation in the project by local companies was checked. Joint shipments of cymbium were started in March 2004, when direct dealings were commenced with a South Korean affiliated company. When this company does not want to purchase, the shipments are switched to a Chinese affiliated company. Octopus, cuttlefish and sole are shipped to a Japanese affiliated company, and some of the fish landed in Nianing are exported to Europe and Japan, etc. Quantities of dealings with these companies are given in detail in the later section on economic impacts. Output 5), Registration of fishermen and fishing boats, and utilization of fisheries statistics in resource management, personal computers have been installed in Nianing and the fishermen have completed training with a view to compiling a ledger on the joint consolidation and shipping of catches. When this system is completed, more accurate fisheries data than at present will be obtained for reflection in future resource management. As can be gathered, the project was a success in terms of realizing joint resource management under the initiative of fishermen, and as a result the term bottom-up came to be heard frequently among fisheries officials. The project activities were reported in the local press, television and radio, and the 5-15

17 Minister of Maritime Economy stated that the activities of the fishermen of Nianing would be acclaimed. As a result, fishermen in other villages have started showing an interest in Japanese projects. The issue in future will be to disseminate the joint management model that was constructed in the project. The World Bank, which has instigated similar projects in other fishing villages, has made a request to the Study Team for technical support. Moreover, members of the Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers will be dispatched to the Mbour branch of the DPM in order to disseminate the co-management model during fiscal Analysis of Success Factors The biggest factor in the success of the pilot project was the active participation of residents. Leaving the question of why residents actively participated in the project to the residents assessment (given later), the reasons for success as viewed by the Study Team are as follows. (1) Fishermen were made the focal point of the project and were given the responsibility and authority for resource management. Most attempts at resource management in the past were based on government leadership and planning. In this case, the concept of fishermen playing the lead role and government merely acting as a supporter was thoroughly enforced, and fishermen were given the responsibility and authority to make decisions on resource management. (2) Rather than imposing the ideas of the government and donors, the experiential know-how and technology of fishermen were emphasized. The reason why numerous resource management projects have failed throughout the world is because governments and donors have designed projects and imposed them on fishermen. The principle of this project was to emphasize fishermen s initiative and utilize the know-how and technology of fishermen as much as possible. On that basis, cooperation was sought from the government and activities on the ground were linked to administrative activity and scientific know-how. (3) Economic unease over resource management was removed through implementing lifestyle improvement activities such as joint shipping, etc. Projects that only strive to impose resource management end in failure due to resistance from fishermen. In this project, lifestyle improvement activities such as joint shipping, etc. were implemented simultaneously with the resource management activities. Upon referring to the 5-16

18 experiences gained at Kayar, fish prices were raised through improving the quality of octopus and cymbium and implementing joint shipments. The economic effect of fueling facilities also made a major contribution to the resource management activities by fishermen. (4) The local government supported resource management through establishing an ordinance, etc. Because the local government gave its seal of approval to the autonomous resource management activities, this fostered a greater sense of responsibility and tension among fishermen and made them more willing to follow the rules. This was also an opportunity for the local government to understand bottom-up resource management and fostered a greater awareness of participation in the project. The ideal type of resource management is joint management by fishermen and local government. (5) CRODT and the fishermen jointly conducted biological surveys that clarified the spawning periods, etc. of target species. The biological surveys in the villages responded to the needs of fishermen to understand the ecosystems and life histories of stocks. Clarifying spawning periods and so on provided scientific backup for the resource management. It is important for CRODT to function primarily as a research agency and advance this kind of work that directly benefits the fishermen. (6) Equipment and materials necessary for efficiently and effectively implementing resource management activities and lifestyle improvement activities were supplied. The equipment and materials supplied for resource management activities comprised notice boards for encouraging resident participation, T-shirts, name badges, tools for releasing cymbium fry and octopus spawning reefs, while the equipment and materials supplied for lifestyle improvement activities comprised cymbium storage sheds, insulated fish boxes and fueling equipment. In order to limit the initial investment and operating costs, local resources were effectively utilized. Poultry farming equipment was procured through the self-efforts of the residents. (7) The Study Team visited the fishing villages on numerous occasions in order to discuss resource management and compensation with residents. In Senegal, it is very rare for government officials or donors to visit fishing villages. If officials do not visit the villages, they cannot understand the needs of fishermen, and the thinking of government and donors cannot be transmitted to the fishermen. In the project, close communications were maintained and relationships of trust were established with fishermen. The fishermen said that Japan was the first donor ever to have worked so closely with them. 5-17

19 (8) The DPM branch officials devotedly supported the fishermen in both technical and mental terms. The DPM Mbour branch officers visited the three villages and gave support to the fishermen almost every day. They provided counseling on resource management, participated in residents assemblies, conducted negotiations in dealings with the fisheries companies, made preparations for the ordinance and coordinated work with government officials, etc. The fishermen trusted the branch officers and built up the joint management setup together with them. Without the efforts of the branch officers, the project goals could not have been achieved. (9) Employees of FENAGIE-PECHE played an important role as project participants, mainly in terms of the operation of fishermen s organizations. The project was implemented in collaboration with FENAGIE-PECHE, which is well versed in organizing fishermen and implementing the participatory approach that is essential to resource management. When the fishermen s organizations were being established, it provided a code of conduct, while during the project it passed on know-how on organizational running to the fishermen. The objective advice of this agency, which is neither the government nor the fishermen, was helpful to the Study Team too. (10) The motivation of fishermen was raised through media coverage of the project. The day after journalists were invited to Nianing to cover the project, it was introduced in local newspapers and on TV and radio, and the project at once gained nationwide attention. The favorable media coverage encouraged the fishermen to continue the project activities, and the project became the pride and joy of the fishermen. The visit to Nianing by the Minister of Ocean Fisheries was also triggered by the newspaper coverage Residents Hearing Survey A hearing survey of residents in Nianing was implemented 20 months after the start of the pilot project. The aim of this was to clarify the factors behind the active participation of residents in the project and so on. An outline of the survey is given below. Survey objective Survey method : To clarify the assessment of the project by residents, changes in the lifestyle of residents before and after the project, and awareness of residents towards resource management. : Hearing interviews with residents Survey period : November 21 ~ November 27, 2005 Survey site : All of Nianing Village 5-18

20 Number of samples Sampling method Survey items : 100 people : Random sampling from fishermen, middlepersons, women engaged in processing and important village figures, etc. : 20 items were set: Sex, Occupation, Impressions of the pilot project, Fluctuation in income, Changes in the village, Performance of the resource management committee, Confirmation of membership, Octopus closed season, Cymbium closed season, Continuation of the octopus and cymbium closed seasons, Octopus spawning reefs, Reduction of bottom gillnets, Marine protection zones, Release of cymbium fry, Joint shipping, Poultry farming, Joint resource management with neighboring villages, Administrative response to resource management, Continuation of the pilot project, and Residents ideas on resource management. Survey implementer : Resource management committee The results are summarized below: Sex? Out of 100 respondents, 77 were men and 23 were women. Occupation? Out of 100 respondents, 54 were fishermen, 22 were women engaged in processing, 16 were middlepersons, and 8 were important figures, etc. Most of the fishermen conducted bottom gillnet fishing for cymbium, cuttlefish and sole, etc. (and also octopus between June and October). What are your impressions of the pilot project? Out of 100 respondents, 89 thought the pilot project was good, 5 thought it was bad, and 6 didn t know or gave no answer. The ratio of people who thought the project was good was 91% among fishermen, 75% among middlepersons, 91% among women engaged in processing and 100% among important village figures, etc. As to why the pilot project was good, the following reasons were given: It will lead to village in the direction of development. It teaches about resource management methods. It enables sustainable fisheries. The resource management committee purchases catches at a high price. 5-19

21 Thanks to joint shipping, it is no longer necessary too travel far to sell catches. There is more competition between middlepersons and this has raised fish prices. Villagers have come to work together. The village has been revitalized. The Minister of Maritime Economy came to the village and said congratulations. The village became famous thanks to coverage in the press, TV and radio. The village has become a model for other fishing villages in Senegal. It was shown that the Government of Senegal is interested in artisinal fisheries. Reasons given for the project being bad were as follows: There is little information provided from the project. There are too few residents assemblies. Has your income changed compared with before the project? Out of 100 respondents, 81 responded that income had increased, nobody responded that income had decreased, and 19 responded that there was no change or they didn t know. The ratio of people who experienced increased income was 89% among fishermen, 50% among middlepersons, 91% among women engaged in processing, and 63% among important village figures, etc. As to why incomes increased, the following reasons were given: Although this year was a bad catch, income increased thanks to the joint shipping. The margin for middlepersons has decreased, while that for fishermen has increased. Until now the purchase prices set by the fisheries companies were a mystery. That was because the middlepersons hid information. Thanks to the resource management committee, excessive intermediate exploitation has been corrected. Thanks to the cymbium storage shed, catches are selling well. Needless peddling has been removed. I previously conducted farming, but I started fisheries and my standard of living has stabilized. I am now able to save money. As to why incomes remained the same, the following reasons were given: Fish prices have increased but the number of fish has gone down. Income would have increased if there were no closed season. Has your village changed compared with before the project? Out of 100 respondents, 86 replied that the village had changed, 12 that it hadn t, and 2 didn t know. The following changes were given: 5-20

22 Joint shipping of cymbium, octopus, sole and cuttlefish has been started. A storage shed for cymbium has been built. All economic activities are now carried out within the village. Before, catches were sold in bigger towns. The number of unemployed people has decreased. Residents awareness towards resource management has changed. Residents have come to compile and adhere to rules. Communication between residents has increased and mutual understanding has deepened. People have started talking about the village s future. The coast has become cleaner and more hygienic. Fishing boats from Mbour land their catches in Nianing (because of the good beach prices). More people work on the beach and the atmosphere is livelier. Weddings and other ceremonial occasions are more flamboyant. The press comes to report on activities in the village. What do you think about the resource management committee? The resource management committee was established at the start of the pilot project. Representatives of fishermen and middlepersons were appointed as the secretariat, and the committee leads resource management and economic activities in the village. Out of 100 respondents, 83 thought the committee was a good thing, 8 thought it was bad, and 9 didn t know or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the committee was a good thing was 89% among fishermen, 63% among middlepersons, 77% among women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc. Concerning why the resource management committee is good, the following reasons were given: The committee members are working very hard for development of the village. Thanks to the committee, the village has succeeded in making commodities out of catches. The committee informs the purchase prices of fisheries companies. The committee provides leadership and guides the fishermen. The committee conducts active enlightenment activities in order to protect stocks. What was impossible by individuals has been made possible together. The committee provided funds to purchase fishing nets. The committee contributes to the social activities (ceremonial occasions, mosque construction, etc.) in the village. Reasons given for why the committee is bad were as follows: Information provision on the project is insufficient. Renewal of the secretariat is necessary. The organization is disorganized and lacks transparency. 5-21

23 The committee didn t provide me with nets or credit. Are you a member of the resource management committee? Out of 100 respondents, 66 responded in the affirmative, 33 responded in the negative and 1 gave no response. Reasons given for membership were as follows: Because I want the village to grow. Because it will be to the advantage of my family and the village. Because I am worried about the depletion of fisheries stocks. Because I agree with the objectives of the project. Because I want to protect funds for future generations. Because I want the ocean to get over its malaise. Because we can achieve great things if we move together as an organization. Reasons given for not becoming members were as follows: I like to work alone. I have my own personal marketing route. I ll become a member if they give me a name badge. What do you think about the octopus closed season? Residents were asked about what they thought of the octopus closed season that was implemented in 2004 and Out of 100 respondents, 86 thought that the closed season was good, 11 thought it was bad, and 3 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the closed season was a good thing was 81% among fishermen, 75% among middlepersons, 100% among women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc. Concerning why the octopus closed season is a good thing, the following reasons were given: Octopuses were larger after the closed season. If octopuses become larger, their economic value also increases. Octopus spawning becomes possible and stocks increase. Fisheries can be passed on to children and grandchildren. Because the closed season was a success. All fishermen in Senegal should observe the closed season. I understand that the closed season is a good thing, but without compensation living would be tough. It is our duty to protect fisheries stocks. Because all the residents agreed at the public assemblies. 5-22

24 Because closed season is implemented in Mauritania too. Reasons given for why the octopus closed season is bad were as follows: Timing of the closed season should be rethought. The effects of the closed season are doubtful. The ocean must not be closed off. What do you think about the cymbium closed season? Residents were asked about what they thought of the cymbium closed season that was implemented in Out of 100 respondents, 89 thought that the closed season was good, 9 thought it was bad, and 2 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the closed season was a good thing was 91% among fishermen, 75% among middlepersons, 91% among women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc. Concerning why the cymbium closed season is a good thing, the following reasons were given: Because the numbers of cymbium increase. The most important resource in Nianing must be protected. I agreed because the closed season coincides with the spawning season. Not many cymbium can be caught in this period anyway. The cymbium are buried under the sand. I know that the mother shells contain cymbium fry during this period. If we kill the young, only the old will remain and stocks will disappear. If many cymbium can be caught after the closed season, we can save money. In order to raise the stock recovery effect, all fishermen must take part. I am in agreement, but this measure should be implemented in the sea from Mbour to Joal. The effects of the closed season will appear in a few years from now. Reasons given for why the cymbium closed season is bad were as follows: My livelihood depends on cymbium. I only have nets for catching cymbium. We will no longer be able to process cymbium. Continuation of the octopus and cymbium closed seasons? Out of 100 respondents, 87 thought that the octopus and cymbium closed seasons should be continued, 5 thought not, and 8 didn t know or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the closed seasons should be continued was 87% among fishermen, 81% among middlepersons, 86% among women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc. 5-23

25 Concerning why the octopus and cymbium closed seasons should be continued, the following reasons were given: Because sustainable fisheries will be made possible. I agree so long as there are corresponding compensation measures during the closed seasons. The closed seasons should be set for periods when people can easily take part. We must continue, and we probably can. I want this to be implemented every year. The ocean becomes regenerated. Because it will take time for the fish stocks to increase. We should learn from Mauritania, which has a 3-month closed season. Reasons given for why the octopus and cymbium closed seasons should not be continued were as follows: I will agree provided that alternative fisheries are enabled. I will agree if information on the spawning season is given. What do you think about the octopus spawning reefs? Residents were asked about what they thought of the octopus spawning reefs that were implemented in Out of 100 respondents, 90 thought that the octopus spawning reefs were good, nobody thought they were bad, and 10 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the octopus spawning reefs were good was 94% among fishermen, 81% among middlepersons, 82% among women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc. Concerning why the octopus spawning reefs were good, the following reasons were given: Because they aid the spawning of octopuses and stocks increase. Because the pots are small, they are not hindered by fishing lines or nets. Because octopuses spawned eggs. I saw octopus eggs for the first time in my life. Because seashells were used as the raw material for pots. The reefs should be disseminated through all Senegal. If we had known about this four years ago, stocks of octopus would never have decreased. The number of pots should be increased. What do you think about the reduction of bottom gillnets? Residents were asked about what they thought of the reduction in bottom gillnets that was stated in October

26 Out of 100 respondents, 47 thought that reducing bottom gillnets was good, 34 thought it was bad, and 19 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the reduction of bottom gillnets was good was 46% among fishermen, 44% among middlepersons, 45% among women engaged in processing, and 63% among important village figures, etc. Concerning why the reduction in bottom gillnets was good, the following reasons were given: Management of demersal fish stocks can be realized with a small effort. This is connected to protection of sole and cymbium. The number of nets should be restored to what it was before. Regulations on fishing gear are working well in Kayar. Reasons given for why the reduction in bottom gillnets is bad were as follows: Fishermen will become poor. Fishermen want to increase the number of nets. The number of nets goes down as nets become damaged. If the number of fish increases, I won t mind reducing my nets. We should reduce catch sizes rather than the number of nets. It would be better to increase the mesh size of nets. It would take around 5 years for all fishermen to give their agreement. What do you think about the marine protection zone? Residents were asked about what they thought of the setting of the marine protection zone currently being prepared. Out of 100 respondents, 97 thought that the marine protection zone was good, 1 thought it was bad, and 2 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the marine protection zone is good was 98% among fishermen, 94% among middlepersons, 95% among women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc. Concerning why the marine protection zone is good, the following reasons were given: This will aid the propagation of fish. If small-size fish are protected, fish stocks will increase. Seine net fishermen catch small-size fish. It is not good to draw nets on sandy beaches in front of hotels. Reasons given for why the marine protection zone is a bad thing were as follows: Fishing grounds will become more restricted. What do you think about the release of cymbium fry? Residents were asked about what they thought of the release of cymbium fry that was implemented in

27 Out of 100 respondents, 99 thought that the marine protection zone was good and 1 thought it was bad. The ratio of people who thought the release of cymbium fry was good was 98% among fishermen, 100% among middlepersons, 100% among women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc. Concerning why the release of cymbium fry was good, the following reasons were given: Stocks will not increase if shellfish fry are killed. Young shellfish reach commodity size in two months after release. If cymbium disappear, it will no longer be possible to conduct joint shipping. Women and children can also take part. Women can benefit two times: once when they sell young shells to the committee, and once more when they sell grown shells to the committee. It is possible to recapture grown cymbium and confirm the release effect. Reasons given for why the release of cymbium fry is bad were as follows: Young shellfish are possibly dying after being released. What do you think about the joint shipping? Residents were asked about what they thought of the joint shipping that was started in Out of 100 respondents, 92 thought that the marine protection zone was good, 1 thought it was bad, and 7 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the release of cymbium fry was good was 98% among fishermen, 63% among middlepersons, 95% among women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc. Concerning why the joint shipping was good, the following reasons were given: Fish prices rise and fishermen s livelihoods are improved. This provides compensation for resource management. It would be even better if there were collaboration with middlepersons. It is necessary for the closed season to be successful. Women are freed from harsh labor. Prices of caught fish went up. Reasons given for why joint shipping is bad were as follows: Project support for middlepersons is inadequate. What do you think about the poultry farming? Residents were asked about what they thought of the poultry farming that was started in Out of 100 respondents, 82 thought that the marine protection zone was good, 1 thought it was bad, and 17 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the release of 5-26

28 cymbium fry is good was 78% among fishermen, 81% among middlepersons, 86% among women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc. Concerning why poultry farming was good, the following reasons were given: The fish catch effort is reduced. It is a good method of resting the ocean. It leads to the creation of employment in the village. The village requires poultry meat and eggs. Frozen meat does not taste good. The scale of poultry farming should be increased. In addition to poultry farming, I want to start vegetable cultivation and dress making. In addition to poultry, sheep and cattle would also be good. Women should be involved more. Reasons given for why poultry farming is bad were as follows: It is strange for fishermen to keep chickens What do you think about the joint resource management with neighboring villages? Residents were asked about what they thought of joint resource management with neighboring villages (Pointe-Sarene and Mballin). Out of 100 respondents, 97 thought that the marine protection zone was good, 1 thought it was bad, and 2 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought joint resource management was good was 96% among fishermen, 94% among middlepersons, 91% among women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc. Concerning why joint resource management with neighboring villages was good, the following reasons were given: Because the three villages utilize the same resources in the same fishing grounds. We have to think of them, and they have to think of us. If the three villages cooperate, stocks will recover faster. Fishermen who were dubious about the closed seasons may come to agree with the project. We want to share the benefits of the product with our brothers and sisters and relatives in neighboring villages. We should increase the number of participating villages from 3 to 5 or 10. The more participants there are, the more the nation will advance. A major impact will be imparted to villages that do not practice resource management. The fishermen of Nianing will lose their sense of unfairness. Exchange will deepen in fields other than fisheries. 5-27

29 Reasons given for why joint resource management with neighboring villages is not good were as follows: It is difficult to work with other villages. Administrative handling of resource management? Out of 100 respondents, 33 thought the administrative handling of resource management was good, 49 thought it was bad, and 18 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought it was good was 31% among fishermen, 25% among middlepersons, 36% among women engaged in processing, and 50% among important village figures, etc. Concerning why the administrative handling of resource management was good, the following reasons were given: Administration plays an important role in this project. Administration has supported the resource management activities through establishing an ordinance and so on. CRODT came to the village to implement the octopus biological survey. Joint management cannot be performed without administration. From now on, fishermen and administration must work together. The administrative side listed to the views of women in this project. Reasons given for why the administrative handling of resource management is bad were as follows: Administrative projects do not last a long time. Administrative officials do not come to the village. They are all talk and no action. Administration is interested in education and medical care rather than fisheries. Prices of outboard motors and gasoline are too high. Do you think the pilot project activities will continue? Out of 100 respondents, 93 replied that the pilot project activities will continue and 5 that they will not, and 2 said neither or gave no response. Concerning why the pilot project activities will continue, the following reasons were given: Because the project fits with the interest and benefit of villagers. Because compensation is provided for resource management Residents have a high awareness of resource management Residents are cooperating for the sake of the project. Residents are aware of the depletion in stocks and realize that something must be done. The project activities would be even more effective if responsibility was give to women. 5-28

30 Because the results of the project have been positive. Japan has paved the way to sustainable fisheries. Fisheries have changed for the better. Continuation is desirable, but the resource management committee must provide information to residents. Reasons given for why the pilot project activities will not continue were as follows: It will only continue if fishermen adhere to resource management rules. It all depends on how well the resource management committee works. Residents ideas on resource management. Upon asking residents about the types of resource management they want to try, the following responses were given: Rather than just octopus and cymbium, resource management should be conducted with respect to all fisheries. Regulation of roundhaul nets and seine nets (because they kill young fish) Closed seasons of 1 month are too short. They should be set at 3 months. Widening of net mesh sizes Prohibition of plastic dumping at sea Return to traditional fishing methods Fisheries companies should stop purchasing during closed seasons. Closed seasons for prawns, sole and cuttlefish. Artificial reefs Prohibition of dynamite fishing Surveillance of industrial fishing boats Banning of monofilament nets Raise the price of gasoline Improve fish quality and sell at higher prices. Find other work in order to give the ocean a rest. Investment in agriculture Aqua farming Domestic livestock such as ducks, etc. Operation of hotels and restaurants The results of and observations on the hearing survey are summarized into the following points. (1) The hearing survey targeted not only the fishermen, who benefit most from the project, but also middlepersons who are in economic competition with the fishermen, women whose lifestyles 5-29

31 have been completely changed as a result of the joint shipping of cymbium, and persons who are not members of the resource management committee. In terms of the balance of surveyed persons, there is thought to be no problem. (2) The fishermen, middlepersons, women engaged in processing and important village figures all support the project. The project aims to correct the relationship between middlepersons (dominating) and fishermen (dominated) through improving physical distribution and there were concerns over opposition from the middlepersons, however, judging from the results of the survey, the middlepersons also support it. (3) Concerning the reasons given for supporting the project, many people pointed to the joint shipping. In other words, many people would not have supported the project if there had been no joint shipping. This indicates that economic support measures for local residents are an essential factor in resource management projects. (4) More than 80% of respondents indicated that income had increased compared with before the pilot project, indicating that the twin goals of resource management and poverty mitigation could be achieved. The main reason for increased incomes is joint shipping. Originally it was not expected that the income of middlepersons would also increase. According to the resource management committee, the middlepersons, 1) increased their handled quantities in line with larger catches, even though their intermediate margin was decreased, and 2) purchase catches from fishermen to whom they lend money and sell them to the resource management committee at a margin. (5) The project imparted various positive socioeconomic impacts to the village. For example, because all activities from fishing to selling came to be conducted within the village, residents found they had more time and money than before. Women spoke of having more time to do parttime jobs and raise their children. Many respondents said that the number of unemployed people had gone down, although the link between this and the project is unclear. (6) The performance of the resource management committee was generally well received, however, some people pointed out that running of the organization was undemocratic and funding was opaque. In order to raise the sustainability of the project, it is necessary to, 1) involve as many residents as possible in the project activities, 2) realize the democratic running of the resource management committee and fairness of secretariat composition, and 3) enhance transparency of the organization through disclosing information. 5-30

32 (7) The large majority of people agree with the octopus and cymbium closed seasons (including the question of continuation), indicating high public awareness regarding resource management. The enlightenment activities of the resource management committee played a major part in enhancing the awareness of residents. Regarding octopus, elucidation of the spawning period through the biological survey helped raise motivation towards the closed season. (8) One of the reasons for why the octopus closed season was supported was because octopuses actually spawned eggs and the fishermen were able to see the effects with their own eyes. Another reason was that residents obtained income from the sale of shells as raw materials for spawning reefs (shells were previously scrapped). (9) Support for reduction of bottom gillnets was the lowest of all project components. It seems that the regulation on bottom gillnets was introduced without sufficient discussion taking place between the resource management committee and residents. In Nianing, bottom gillnets are the most important means of production, and there is fear that reducing such nets even partially would impart major economic losses to fishermen and women engaged in processing. Having said that, there have so far been no reports of fishermen violating rules. (10) Many residents supported the marine protection zone. This is a result of the enlightenment activities that have been conducted by a local NGO with respect to fishermen of Mbour in the past few years. This campaign has been so successful that AMP has become something of a buzzword. Setting a marine protection zone is not a bad thing, but some voices say activities should first be bolstered with respect to the most important stocks (in Nianing, cymbium). (11) There was also a high level of support for the release of cymbium fry shells. The fact that equal work opportunities were provided to men and women through purchasing young shells from women and children and so on, and the fact that the effects of release could be seen through recapturing marked shells, contributed to this. (12) Concerning poultry farming, because the beach seine net fishermen did not approve at first, the resource management committee conducted demonstration experimentation. Upon seeing that profit was obtained from keeping 300 chickens in the first experiment, the beach seine fishermen became interested. Many residents viewed poultry farming in a positive light as a future means of compensating income during resource management. (13) Concerning project participation by neighboring villages (Pointe-Sarene and Mballing), the residents believe that the effects of resource management would be enhanced if the three villages 5-31

33 worked together. After the three villages, the next goal is to expand resource management to all villages in the Mbour region. (14) Although the lack of administrative support for residents is certainly a problem, officials from the Mbour branch of the DPM did their best in the project. There seems to be an unhealthy dependency on administration by the residents. (15) The residents forecast that the project activities will be continued. Reasons given for this were, the resource management activities and lifestyle improvement activities are conducted under the initiative of residents, and awareness of resource management is adequately developed among residents. The residents are also increasingly aware that their village is a model for resource management activities Nianing (1) Village Overview Nianing, located approximately 90 km south of Dakar, is a medium-size village with a population of 6,232 (as of 2004) and the following characteristics. First of all, the population is equally composed of Muslims and Christians. The village contains a mosque and a church, which act as centers for bonding residents and supporting their respective faiths. Whenever village events are held, the citizens listen to messages given by the Muslim imam (spiritual leader) and Christian priest and they pray together. Secondly, the overall education level of residents is high, so many people are fluent in French and some can understand English. s can be exchanged with fishermen using the personal computers that were supplied under the project, and this is useful for maintaining communications. Thirdly, due to its white sandy beaches and relative proximity to Dakar, Nianing is a popular resort among tourists from Western Europe. Tourist hotels are located a little way from the village and, although not directly related to the lifestyles of fishermen, collaboration with tourism is one means of achieving the regeneration of fisheries (for example, through expanding sales to hotels). A negative impact of tourism has been that because a lot of sand was excavated during resort development, this eroded the coast and caused mooring sites to move inland. As a result, the ocean has advanced right up to the inhabited areas. Lifestyles in the village were previously built equally on farming and fisheries, however, due to the effects of drought these past few years, many residents who can no longer make a living have turned to fisheries to obtain whatever cash income they can, and this has led to the depletion of fisheries resources. This phenomenon whereby fishermen struggle in a downward cycle of poverty can be seen in various parts of Senegal. In Nianing, because shellfish, which are prone to 5-32

34 the effects of fisheries, form the basis of fishermen s livelihoods, there is concern that poverty will become even worse if the current situation is left untouched. Concerning infrastructure, the village has electricity and wells, however, because there are no landing or market facilities, middlepersons find it difficult to gather. There is a fueling station for outboard motors, however, because there is no ice-making plant, fishermen have to travel to Mbour 7 km away in order to obtain ice. Moreover, because there is no warehouse for processed fisheries products as can be seen in neighboring fishing villages, the fishermen have to store dried shellfish products in their homes. Nianing is a traditional fishing village that has so far been largely bypassed by assistance from the government and donors, and it was necessary to simultaneously deal with the twin issues of resource management and poverty alleviation in the project. (2) Outline of Fisheries According to the survey of March 2004, there are 177 fishing boats in Nianing. At the time of the survey, 70 boats were out on seasonal fishing trips (campanue), and 107 boats were moored in the village 1. Both large family fishery household economy and small family fishery household economy can be seen in Nianing. Large family units own four or five pirogues, while small family units own one or two pirogues. In terms of fishing methods, bottom gillnet fishing for cymbium, triple net fishing for cuttlefish, etc., summer octopus fishing, squid basket fishing and seine net fishing, etc. are practiced. Figure 5-4 shows fisheries production in the Nianing area in It is no exaggeration to say that the fishery household economy of Nianing is held up by cymbium. This is because the shallow reaches that stretch out to sea from the beach in Nianing are a prime fishing ground for cymbium. Two types of cymbium are caught in waters around Nianing: Cymbium cymbium, which has a small shell that is long and narrow in shape, and Cymbium pepo, which is larger and rounder. Catches of the latter are larger, however, the unit price of Cymbium cymbium is higher. 1 2 Some of the 107 fishing boats later embarked on seasonal fishing. Statistics for the Nianing area include production amounts at Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing. Approximately 70% of catches are landed at Nianing. 5-33

35 Figure 5-3 Cymbium cymbium (left) and Cymbium pepo (right) Seasonal Changes in Landed Quantities at Nianing (1998) Production amount (tons) Other Octopus Cuttlefish Murex Cymbium Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Season Figure 5-4 Seasonal Changes in Landed Quantities at Nianing (1998) Looking at the management of a cymbium bottom gillnet fishing household 3, cymbium fishing by the nyaral method is carried out throughout the year. In this method, which targets slow-moving cymbium, casted gillnets are left to rest on the seabed for three days before they are raised. In the summer, this is combined with octopus fishing. The annual number of fishing days is 190~220 days; the value of landed fish is 4,440,000~4,500,000 Fcfa; operating costs are 2,400,000~2,470,000 Fcfa; and annual operating profit is 2,040,000 Fcfa (profit ratio of 45~46%). In the case of a family size of 8~11 members, the total annual household expenses are 2,230,000~2,480,000 Fcfa (assuming depreciation cost of 540,000~710,000 Fcfa on production assets). Some of the landed cymbium are dried and stored for later sale at high prices. Income 3 In the case of the small family fishing households of informant Nos. 21 and

36 from this source amounts to around 500,000 Fcfa per year, and this ensures that the annual balance is almost equal. (3) Economic Impact In the case of an impoverished fishing village such as Nianing, it is only natural that interest is concentrated on the economic impact of the project. Accordingly, the Study Team actively supported activities aimed at alleviating or compensating the negative impacts of resource management on poor fishermen. The pilot project activities that have had an economic impact are as follows: Setting of closed seasons for octopus and cymbium pepo Limiting boats to 50 squid nets (triple nets) and 100 sole nets (single nets) per year Developing a sale market for octopus and cymbium and conducting joint shipping Releasing cymbium fry Setting octopus spawning reefs in coastal waters off the village Setting seine net closed zones Introducing poultry farming and recycling cymbium shells as poultry fodder Out of the above, and have negative impacts when viewed in terms of short-term fishing household economy, whereas is a positive factor. Here, the economic impact on fishing household economy is examined for activities ~ 4. 1) Impact of the octopus closed season The octopus closed season was implemented two times: that is for 31 days from September 15 to October 15, 2004 and for 31 days from September 15 to October 15, If it is assumed that 80% of the 177 fishing boats in Nianing engage in octopus fishing, then 141 fishing boats are impacted by setting of the octopus closed season. The consolidated amount of octopuses over the nine days from July 26 to August 3, 2004 by the resource management committee was 1,400 kg (139 landing boats in total). The purchase price was 2,230,000 Fcfa. Judging from these figures, the average amount landed per boat per day was 10 kg, having value of 16,000 Fcfa. Assuming that fishing is conducted for 20 days per 4 2,250 cymbium fry pepo shells were released between March 24 and April 28, octopus spawning reefs were set in coastal waters off Nianing, and a spawning effect was confirmed in these. OCEANIUM is playing the central role in setting the seine net closed zone, and negotiations are still ongoing. A poultry farm was constructed and 300 chicks were raised. The economic impact of the first two activities is currently negligible, while the latter two have only just been started or are currently in progress and cannot be assessed for economic impact at the current time. Accordingly, it was decided to limit the assessment of economic impact in the pilot project to ~. 5-35

37 month, the value of octopuses that would be landed during the closed season works out as 320,000 Fcfa per boat. Over the whole of Nianing (141 boats), this works out as a total landed value of 45,120,000 Fcfa. In contrast, 2005 was a bad year for the octopus fishery, and the resource management committee was unable to make any collection of cargoes. Accordingly, it is estimated that the economic impact incurred by fishermen over the octopus closed season from September 15 to October 15, 2005 was close to zero. Next, the landed value is estimated assuming that 141 octopus fishing boats switch to cymbium fishing during the octopus closed season. The quantity of Cymbium cymbium cargoes consolidated by the resource management committee over the 72 days from May 14 to July 29, 2004 was 17,600 kg (by a total of 1,756 landing boats) 5. The value of purchases amounted to 7,120,000 Fcfa. Judging from these figures, the average amount landed per boat per day was 10 kg, having value of 4,055 Fcfa. At the same time, if it is assumed that 60 kg of Cymbium pepo is caught, the daily catch value per boat amounts to 14,500 Fcfa 6. Since cymbium fishing is conducted by the nyaral method, the number of operating days per month is around 10. Accordingly, the value of fish landed during the octopus closed season in 2004 was 145,000 Fcfa per boat, and the overall value (141 boats) was 20,450,000 Fcfa. Meanwhile, the consolidated amount of Cymbium cymbium cargoes over the 31 days from September 15 to October 15, 2005 was 6,049 kg (by a total of 771 landing boats). Since the value of purchases was 2,570,000 Fcfa (at 425 Fcfa/kg), the average quantity and value of catches per boat per day were 7.8 kg and 3,333 Fcfa respectively. The consolidated quantity of Cymbium pepo over the same period was 4,932 kg (by a total of 424 landing boats), and since the value of purchases was 990,000 Fcfa (at 200 Fcfa/kg), the average quantity and value of catches per boat per day were 11.6 kg and 2,326 Fcfa respectively. When the two are combined, the value of fish landed per boat per day works out as 5,659 Fcfa. Assuming that boats would operate for 10 days during the closed season, this works out as 57,000 Fcfa per boat or 8,040,000 over all Nianing (141 boats). As a result of the above examination, the reduction in landed income for octopus fishing boats in Nianing over the octopus closed seasons in 2004 and 2005 works out as 118,000 Fcfa per boat or 16,640,000 Fcfa over all Nianing (141 boats). 5 6 Since it wasn t possible to acquire landed figures for cymbium between September 15 and October 15, 2004, figures for between May 14 and July 29 have been substituted here. The catch ratio of Cymbium pepo to Cymbium cymbium is assumed to be 85: 15, and the sale price of Cymbium pepo is assumed to be 3,500 Fcfa per 20 kg. 5-36

38 2) Impact of the Cymbium pepo closed season The cymbium-pepo closed season was initially planned for between December 25, 2004 and February 10, 2005, however, because of delay in issue of the ordinance, it was eventually implemented over 32 days from January 20 to February 20, As was stated above, the average daily catch of Cymbium pepo is 11.6 kg with a value of 2,326 Fcfa per boat per day. Assuming that boats would operate for 11 days during the closed season, the reduction in landed revenue works out as 26,000 Fcfa per boat or 3,610,000 Fcfa overall (141 boats). 3) Impact of reduction in gillnets An ordinance for the reduction of gillnets was promulgated from the district of Sindia in Mbour prefecture on October 28, According to this, mesh size was limited to between 46~50 mm throughout the year and boats were limited to using no more than 50 squid nets and 100 sole nets per year. The fishermen of Nianing have actually been acting in accordance with this ordinance since July Over this period, no squid net fishing has been conducted, and the fishermen have exclusively caught Cymbium cymbium using sole nets. Upon asking 10 fishermen, who land catches for the resource management committee, how many sole nets they own, five said they had 50 nets or less, two had between 51~100, one had 120, and two had no sole nets at all. Therefore, the number of fishermen possessing 100 or more nets was small. However, some fishermen who have less than 100 nets autonomously comply with the regulation to reduce the number of gillnets by 30%. Here, loss is calculated based on the assumption that all the fishermen of Nianing reduced their sole nets by a uniform 15%. The resource management committee consolidated 35,866 kg of Cymbium cymbium from a total of 3,475 boats over the four months from July 1 to October 31, The total purchase value was 15,790,000 Fcfa. Assuming that this figure is that obtained after reducing gillnets by 15%, the reduction in catch size arising from the net reduction is 1.8 kg or 803 Fcfa per boat per day. Assuming that each boat makes 62 fishing trips over the four months, the reduction in catches over all Nianing (141 boats) works out as 15,736 kg or 7,020,000 Fcfa. 4) Joint shipping of octopus The following table shows octopus purchase prices offered by Ika Gel Co., which receives consolidated shipments from the resource management committee. Apart from some variation according to the size of octopuses, the prices in 2004 were more or less the same as in

39 Table 5-2 Octopus Purchase Price by Ika Gel Co. Purchase price by Ika Gel Co. (Fcfa/kg) Octopus size PP (less than 600g) 1,200 1,425 P ( g) 1,700 1,700 M ( g) 2,400 2,250 MP ( g) 2,600 2,250 G ( g) 3,300 3,150 GG (more than 3,500g 3,600 3,550 In contrast, the price of octopuses purchased by Nianing middlepersons from fishermen was between 600~1,000 Fcfa/kg irrespective of octopus size. The resource management committee, which started the joint shipment of octopus in 2004, purchases from fishermen at the Ika Gel Co. price minus commission of 50~100 Fcfa/kg. The average purchase price from July 26 to August 3, 2004 was 1,600 Fcfa/kg. Based on these figures, the sale price of octopus by fishermen has increased by 600 Fcfa per kilogram thanks to the implementation of joint shipping by the resource management committee. Assuming that each fishing boat catches 10 kg of octopus per day, the landed value is 16,000 Fcfa. If it is assumed that the octopus fishing season in 2004 was the three months following the closed season, and fishing was conducted on 60 days during this period, it works out that the annual landed quantity per boat was 600 kg. Since the price differential arising from joint shipment is 600 Fcfa per kilogram, the positive impact works out as 360,000 Fcfa per year per boat, and overall (141 boats) the benefit is 50,760,000 Fcfa. In contrast, catches of octopus in 2005 were poor and hardly any octopus fishing was conducted in Nianing. Because the resource management committee didn t implement octopus purchasing in this year, there was no positive impact on revenue. 5) Joint shipping of cymbium Until the resource management committee started joint shipping on March 22, 2004, the purchase price of cymbium-cymbium in Nianing was 200 Fcfa/kg. In negotiations with Elim Peche Co., which is the buyer of consolidated shipments, the purchase price was originally set at 300 Fcfa/kg, but it was later raised to 450 Fcfa/kg. Here, assuming that the sale price before joint shipping was 200 Fcfa/kg, the positive impact of the pilot project is examined. Looking at the figures for January 1 to October 31, 2005, the resource management committee purchased and conducted the consolidated shipment of 113,761 kg of cymbium 5-38

40 from 9,980 boats over 10 months (304 days). The average amount landed per boat per day was 11.4 kg. If it is assumed that all these boats adopted the nyaral method (landing once every three days), it means that 100 fishing boats in Nianing landed 11.4 kg of Cymbium cymbium once every three days. When this figure is applied to the performance from March 22 to December 31, 2004 (285 days), it works out that 100 fishing boats went on 95 fishing trips and landed 108,300 kg of Cymbium cymbium. Combining the figures from both years, it works out that 222,061 kg of Cymbium cymbium was shipped over 589 days from March 22, 2004, when the resource management committee started joint shipping, to October 31, Assuming the price differential from joint shipping to be 200 Fcfa, the positive impact works out as 44,410,000 Fcfa. Joint shipping by the resource management committee was suspended from May 18 to August 11, 2005, but was resumed after that. The resource management committee resumed purchasing on August 26, Therefore, if the annual number of purchasing days is assumed to be 3 months (90 days) and the purchase price to be 200 Fcfa, based on the actual figures from September 15 to October 15, 2005, it works out that 29,592 kg (2,544 boats) was purchased for 5,920,000 Fcfa over the two years of 2004 and Fishermen in Nianing sell Cymbium pepo to village women at 3,500 Fcfa per pile (approximately 20 kg). The price per kilogram works out as 175 Fcfa. If the differential in sale price of 25 Fcfa is considered to be the positive impact of the join shipping, the combined benefit over all Nianing since the start of the pilot project has been 740,000 Fcfa. Accordingly, the combined positive impact for both Cymbium cymbium and Cymbium pepo has been 45,150,000 Fcfa per year. 6) Balance of economic impacts The following table summarizes the economic impacts of the pilot project in Nianing from the viewpoint of fishing household economy. Upon trading off the five component activities against one another, the balance works out as an increase in revenue for fishermen of 68,640,000 Fcfa. This is thanks to the efforts of the Nianing resource management committee in smoothly implementing joint shipping activities. 5-39

41 Table 5-3 Economic Impact of the Pilot Project in Nianing Pilot project activities Setting of the octopus closed season Setting of the cymbium closed season Reduction in gillnets Joint shipping of octopus Joint shipping of cymbium Total Value of impact - 16,640,000 Fcfa - 3,610,000 Fcfa - 7,020,000 Fcfa 50,760,000 Fcfa 45,150,000 Fcfa 68,640,000 Fcfa (4) Social Impact 1) Return of boats Until now, Nianing fishing boats avoided landing catches in Nianing because landed prices were lower than at neighboring ports such as Mbour, etc. However, since price differentials for cymbium disappeared following the start of joint shipping by the resource management committee, local fishing boats have returned to Nianing to land catches. Figure 5-5 shows this trend. Date Figure 5-5 Consolidated Shipments of Cymbium-cymbium at Nianing The purchase price of Cymbium cymbium by the resource management committee was raised from 300 Fcfa/kg to 400 Fcfa/kg on June 26, 2004, and from this date the average consolidated shipment size jumped from 150 kg per day to 400 kg per day. In terms of the number of boats landing catches, this also increased 2.7 times from an average of 15 boats per day to 40 boats per day. 5-40

42 Accordingly, the beaches of Nianing became much more prosperous thanks to implementation of the pilot project. 2) Increased communication in the village Until now fishermen conducted individual fisheries management and had few opportunities to exchange information. With the establishment of the resource management committee, opportunities to exchange various kinds of information have increased and there is a general willingness to take part in joint activities based around the committee. 3) Competition with middlepersons By starting the purchase of octopus and cymbium, which was previously conducted by middlepersons in the village, the resource management committee has created competition with the middlepersons. If it is assumed that the start of joint shipping by the resource management committee has imparted a positive impact of 600 Fcfa per kilogram to fishermen, this means that the profits of middlepersons have decreased by that amount. As of August 2, 2004, middlepersons had reduced their commission to 50 Fcfa/kg in an effort to survive. In future, in order for the project activities to be sustainable, it is desirable for both sides to build a symbiotic relationship through mutually complementing each other, etc Pointe-Sarene (1) Village Overview The main industry in the village is fisheries, whereas only a few people are engaged in agriculture. The main tribal group is the Serer, while other groups include the Wolof, Peul and Toucouleur, etc. The central part of the village is composed of three districts, the largest of which is Diamaguene on the north side. The other districts are Leona in the center and Garage on the south side. There is little difference between the districts in terms of racial composition and main industry. The built-up area of Point-Sarene originated on the south side and has spread northwards in line with population growth. There is a rocky stretch on the coast in the middle of the village, and landing areas and fishing boat mooring beaches can be found on both sides of this. The following communities located around the village are counted as part of Pointe-Sarene: Keur Doudy Bo: a community of Peul people, who mainly conduct livestock farming 5-41

43 Keur M Bad: a community of Serere people, who mainly conduct agriculture and livestock farming Keur Koly: a community of Serere people, who mainly conduct agriculture and livestock farming Cro-isement Peul: a community of Serere and Peul people, who mainly conduct agriculture and livestock farming (2) Outline of Fisheries There are no village-specific fisheries statistics, however, according to the CRODT officer in charge of Pointe-Sarene, the village has 180 fishing boats, comprising 167 motor-powered boats and 13 non-powered boats, as of Each motor-powered boat has a crew of four members and each non-powered boat has a crew of 1~2 members, and just under 700 fishermen are engaged in fishing boat fisheries. There are approximately 400 fishery households engaged in fish catching, processing and selling. Many of the powered fishing boats conduct bottom gillnet fishing and switch to octopus fishing in the summer. Many of the non-powered boats conduct hand-line fishing, and five of the beach seine nets are operated by villagers, while seven are operated by migratory fishermen. In addition, 10 households conduct squid basket fishing, while two households are engaged in fishing by diving. Between 800-1,200 kg of products (fish, shellfish, octopus and others) are landed in Pointe-Sarene every day. Prawns are exclusively caught by seine net for four months between June and September. Compared to surrounding villages, Pointe-Sarene has a lot of middlepersons who deal in fisheries products. There are more than 20 middlepersons, including eight middlepersons who have a quota with fisheries products export companies. In addition, there are household middlepersons who consolidate the catches landed by their own boats or boats owned by friends and relatives and sell them to the village middlepersons. Accordingly, almost all the fishing boats in Pointe- Sarene have fixed sale destinations. (3) Economic Impact The pilot project activities that have had an economic impact are as follows: Setting of closed seasons for octopus and Cymbium pepo Limiting boats to 50 squid nets and 100 sole nets per year Developing a sale market for cymbium and conducting joint shipping Building a fueling station in the village and supplying fuel Setting octopus spawning reefs in coastal waters off the village 5-42

44 Releasing cymbium fry Setting beach seine net closed zones Out of the above, the setting of closed seasons and limiting of nets have negative impacts when viewed in terms of fishing household economy, whereas the joint shipping of cymbium and construction of a fueling station are positive factors. Here, the economic impact on fishing household economy is examined in terms of these four activities 7. 1) Impact of the octopus closed season The octopus closed season was implemented for 31 days from September 15 to October 15, The fishermen of Pointe-Sarene started hand line fishing in May 2005 and obtained the following sales revenue. Fishing was suspended from September 15 for the closed season. Here, the loss arising from the closed season is assumed to be 33,000,000 Fcfa, which was the value landed in the month immediately before the closed season. Meanwhile, many fishing boats switched to catching Cymbium pepo during the octopus closed season. If 80 fishing boats started Cymbium pepo fishing for 10 days during this period (due to using the nyaral method), assuming that the value landed per boat per day was 11,774 Fcfa (according to the joint shipping performance at Pointe-Sarene), the value of catches landed by 80 fishing boats over this period works out as 9,420,000 Fcfa. When the two figures are combined, the loss for fishermen resulting from the octopus closed season woks out as 23,580,000 Fcfa. Table 5-4 Estimated Catch in the 2005 Octopus Fishing Season in Pointe-Sarene 2005 May June July August September October Fishing boat fishing trips (boats) Monthly operating days (days) Value landed per boat per day (Fcfa) 15,000 15,000 15,000 27,500 27,500 0 Total value landed per month (Fcfa) 31,500,000 31,500,000 31,500,000 33,000,000 15,400,000 0 Data: According to hearing interviews in November octopus spawning reefs were set in coastal waters off Pointe-Sarene, and parent octopuses and eggs were confirmed in 70% of these. 1,373 cymbium fry-pepo shells and some Cymbium cycmbium shells were released between April and May Moreover, OCEANIUM is playing the central role in setting the seine net closed zone, and negotiations are still ongoing with fishermen. Since these activities cannot be assessed for economic impact at the current time, they are not included in the examination here. 5-43

45 2) Impact of the Cymbium pepo closed season The Cymbium pepo closed season was implemented over 32 days from January 20 to February 20, Pointe-Sarene joined the project from March 23, 2005, but did not participate in the closed season at this time. Therefore, impact of the cymbium closed season is not taken into account here. 3) Impact of reduction in gillnets From July 2005, boats were limited to using no more than 50 squid nets and 100 sole nets per year. At this time, hardly any of the fishing boats in Pointe-Sarene conduct squid net fishing; instead they conduct octopus fishing and Cymbium pepo fishing 8. Around 20 fishing boats fish for cymbium-cymbium using sole nets. Many of these fishing boats do not have 100 nets. However, some fishermen who have less than 100 nets autonomously reduced their gillnets by 30%. Here, loss is calculated based on the assumption that 20 fishing boats reduced their nets by 15% on average. Since the Pointe-Sarene resource management committee does not ship Cymbium cymbium, referring to catch statistics from Mballing, the value/amount landed per boat per day was 3,896 Fcfa/9.2 kg. Assuming that this figure is that obtained after reducing gillnets by 15%, the reduction in catch size arising from the net reduction is 1.6 kg or 688 Fcfa per boat per day. Assuming that 20 boats started cymbium fishing using sole nets over 138 days from July 2005, when reduction of fishing gear was started, to November 15 the same year, if the number of operating days is assumed to be 92 days (20 operating days per month), the combined loss incurred by fishermen as a result of the reduction in fishing gear is 1,270,000 Fcfa. 4) Joint shipping of cymbium After starting the joint shipping of Cymbium pepo from September 14, 2005, the Pointe- Sarene resource management committee purchased and conducted the consolidated shipment of 13,387 kg of Cymbium pepo from 254 boats over 46 days until November 14 the same year. The total amount paid for purchasing was 2,990,000 Fcfa. The products were sold to female middlepersons in the village who have quotas with Sangomar Co. and Elim Peche Co. that have plants in the village. As of November 17, 2005, the resource management committee doesn t have a quota with Elim Peche Co. It ships Cymbium pepo to the former company at 0.5 kg/pc or more and to the latter company at less than 0.5 kg/pc. 8 Nets used for Cymbium pepo fishing are not included in the reduction of fishing gear here. 5-44

46 The resource management committee buys Cymbium pepo from fishermen at 225 Fcfa/kg and sells these to Sangomar Co. for 250 Fcfa/kg and Elim Peche Co. for 225 Fcfa/kg. The female middlepersons who have quotas with Elim Peche Co. purchase from both the resource management committee as well as directly from fishermen before selling to the company. Therefore, the differential in price between that paid by the female middlepersons and that paid by the resource management committee can be calculated as the impact of this activity. Since the purchase price from fishermen is 225 Fcfa/kg in both cases, there is no economic impact on fishing household economy. Table 5-5 Joint Shipping of Cymbium pepo by the Management Committee in Pointe-Sarene Consolidated weight Producer fishing boats Purchase unit price Total purchase value Sale unit price Sale turnover Profit Production value per boat (kg) boats (Fcfa/kg) (Fcfa) (Fcfa/kg) (Fcfa) (Fcfa) Fcfa/Boats 26, ,990, ,286, ,560 11,774 Data: Created from the purchasing ledger of Pointe-Sarene Resource management Committee 5) Impact of construction of the fueling station The factors examined in respect of the economic impact of fueling station construction are the following five points: Fuel purchase cost Loss arising from shortening of operating time Increase in fuel purchase cost arising from delays in return to port Inability to purchase fuel on rainy days Aversion of fire risk when transporting fuel The economic impact of these five items is quantified below. Fuel purchase cost Because Pointe-Sarene is located approximately 4 km from the main road, it is difficult to secure public means of transport. Accordingly, groups of fishing households sometimes conduct joint purchasing of fuel. In such cases, a driver and an assistant load 20 tanks of 20~30 liter capacity onto a truck, purchase fuel in Joal, Mbour and Nianing and deliver it to individual households, The consignors pay wages of between 200~300 Fcfa per household If fuel were purchased individually, the transportation cost alone would be 1,000 Fcfa/trip. Assuming that boats operate for 25 days per month, it is imagined that joint purchasing is done on 20 days and individual purchasing on 5 days. The cost of fuel purchase per household works out as 10,

47 Fcfa per month and 120,000 Fcfa per year. In terms of the whole village, the cost is 19,200,000 Fcfa. Loss arising from shortening of operating time In order to purchase fuel for going fishing the next day, ships must return to the beach by five o clock in the evening. The loss arising from this is that fishing cannot be conducted at dusk, which is the prime time for catching octopus. It is not easy to quantify this loss, however, here it is assumed to be at least 5,000 Fcfa per boat per day. By applying the number of operating days and number of operating boats from July to September from the earlier table of octopus catches for 2005, the overall loss in Pointe-Sarene works out as 19,300,000 Fcfa. Increase in fuel purchase cost arising from delays in return to port Fishing boats are sometimes delayed in returning to port because they start to catch octopus in the evening, and in such cases fishermen need to charter vehicles in order to go and purchase fuel. The cost of doing this is 4,000 Fcfa per trip. Assuming that each boat does this five times between July and September, the total cost per boat is 20,000 Fcfa and the cost over the whole village is 3,200,000 Fcfa. Inability to purchase fuel on rainy days Fishermen are unable to purchase fuel due to rain and thus cannot go fishing for 2~5 times per year. Assuming that the average landed value is 7,288 Fcfa per day (the average daily catch value of multiple fishermen conducting squid net fishing in Nianing), and that the operating cost is 4,000 Fcfa/day, the daily landed profit works out as 3,288 Fcfa. If it is assumed that fishing boats could not go fishing on 3.5 days between July and September, the total loss per boat is 11,508 Fcfa and that over the whole village is 1,840,000 Fcfa. Aversion of fire risk when transporting fuel The cost of averting fire risk during fuel haulage can be considered in terms of the cost of fire insurance premiums. Assuming the personal liability amount to be 100 million CFA and the premium rate to be 0.01%, the annual insurance premium works out as 10,000 Fcfa per boat. Over the whole village, since there are 167 motor-powered pirogues, the total cost is 1,670,000 Fcfa/year. Table 5-6 shows economic value of fueling station construction. 5-46

48 Table 5-6 Economic Value Resulting from Construction of the Fuelling Station in Pointe-Sarene Item Fuel purchase cost Loss arising from shortening of operating time Increase in fuel purchase cost arising from delays in return to port Inability to purchase fuel on rainy days Aversion of fire risk when transporting fuel Total Annual village unit 19,200,000 Fcfa 19,300,000 Fcfa 3,200,000 Fcfa 1,840,000 Fcfa 1,670,000 Fcfa 45,210,000 Fcfa 6) Balance of economic impacts The following table summarizes the economic impacts of the pilot project in Pointe-Sarene from the viewpoint of fishing household economy. Upon trading off the five component activities against one another, the balance works out as an increase in revenue for fishermen of 20,360,000 Fcfa. Even though the joint shipping of cymbium has not so far generated a positive impact, due to the remote location of the village from the main road, the economic benefit from construction of the fueling station has been confirmed to be large. Table 5-7 Economic Impact of the Pilot Project in Pointe-Sarene Pilot project activities Setting of the octopus closed season Setting of the cymbium closed season Reduction in gillnets Joint shipping of cymbium Construction of the fueling station Total Value of impact - 23,580,000 Fcfa 0 Fcfa - 1,270,000 Fcfa 0 Fcfa 45,210,000 Fcfa 20,360,000 Fcfa Mballing (1) Village Overview The village was founded with the establishment of an isolated care facility for leprosy patients in In the 50 years since then, the people living in the care facility have married and had children, and the present Mballing Village has developed. Almost 90% of adult workers are engaged in fisheries-related industries. Some villagers are engaged in agriculture, but hardly any of the fishing population conduct farming. Almost all fishermen are full-time fishermen, while 5-47

49 women are engaged in the processing and selling of fisheries products. Residents mainly consist of Serere, but there are also Wolof and Toucouleur people too. (2) Outline of Fisheries There are no village-specific fisheries statistics. The village has 125~130 motor-powered fishing boats and 15~17 non-powered fishing boats. Two families own three or more boats; five or six families own two boats, and the remainder own just one boat. Accordingly, there is not a great deal of monopolization of fishing boats. Assuming that five or six crew operate powered fishing boats and single fishermen operate non-powered boats, there are between 650~800 people engaged in fisheries, and 100 of these are migratory workers from outside the village. If it is assumed that each fisherman supports a family of 20~30, the fishing household population works out as around 15,500 people. Many of the motor-powered fishing boats conduct octopus fishing during the rainy season from June to October. Not many boats catch cymbium or murex (a relative of top shell) by gillnet during this period. The period from November to February is the off-season for bottom gillnet fishing; in particular, cymbium catches are very low in January and February. It is reported that Cymbium pepo bury themselves under the sand during this period, and many Cymbium pepo that are accidentally caught at this time have fry inside. The squid net fishing season lasts from February to June. Catches of cymbium recover from March onwards. Many of the non-powered boats set bottom gillnets over the shallow rocky reefs that stretch in front of the village in order to catch spiny lobsters hiding in the rocks. Caught spiny lobsters are sold to hotels. Because the area around the village is a tourist resort and has many hotels, there is a high demand for spiny lobsters and these fishermen fish for lobsters throughout the year. Spiny lobsters are small during the rainy season, but they become bigger and fetch higher prices after the rainy season ends. There are four influential middlepersons in the village: two of them purchase catches from more than 80 motor-powered fishing boats and sell them to fisheries export companies. Almost half of these 80 boats are affiliated to the middlepersons and are obliged to sell their catches in return for receiving economic support to renew fishing gear. The remaining two middlepersons consolidate catches from 8~10 fishing boats respectively. Also, there are almost 20 artisinal brokers (ragragle), who purchase catches from motor-powered fishing boats and sell them to the influential middlepersons. (3) Economic Impact The pilot project activities that have had an economic impact are as follows: 5-48

50 Setting of closed seasons for octopus and Cymbium pepo Limiting boats to 50 squid nets and 100 sole nets per year Developing a domestic sale market for cymbium and conducting joint shipping Building a fueling station in the village and supplying fuel Setting octopus spawning reefs in coastal waters off the village Releasing cymbium fry Setting beach seine net closed zones Out of the above, the setting of closed seasons and limiting of nets have negative impacts when viewed in terms of short-term fishing household economy, whereas the joint shipping of cymbium and construction of a fueling station are positive factors. Here, the economic impact on fishing household economy is examined in terms of these four activities 9. 1) Impact of the octopus closed season The octopus closed season was implemented for 31 days from September 15 to October 15, The fishermen of Mballing started hand line fishing in June 2005 and obtained the following sales revenue. Fishing was suspended from September because of lower catches and the closed season. Here, the loss in fishing household economy arising from the closed season is assumed to be 27,000,000 Fcfa, which was the value landed in the month immediately before the closed season. Meanwhile, many fishing boats switched to catching Cymbium cymbium using sole nets during the octopus closed season. If 90 fishing boats started Cymbium cymbium fishing for 15 days during this, assuming that the value landed per boat per day was 3,896 Fcfa (described later), the value of catches landed by 90 fishing boats over this period works out as 5,260,000 Fcfa. When the two figures are combined, the loss for fishermen resulting from the octopus closed season woks out as 21,740,000 Fcfa octopus spawning reefs were set in coastal waters off Mballing, and octopus spawning was confirmed in these. 600 Cymbium pepo fry and some Cymbium cymbium shells were released in the waters off Mballing. Moreover, OCEANIUM is playing the central role in setting the beach seine net closed zone, and negotiations are still ongoing with fishermen. Since these activities cannot be assessed for economic impact at the current time, they are not included in the examination here. 5-49

51 Table 5-8 Estimated Catch in the 2005 Octopus Fishing Season in Mballing 2005 June July August September October Fishing boat fishing trips (boats) Monthly operating days (days) Value landed per boat per day (Fcfa) 37,500 60,000 30, Total value landed per month (Fcfa) 50,625, ,400,000 27,000, Data: According to hearing interviews in November ) Impact of the Cymbium pepo closed season The Cymbium pepo closed season was implemented over 32 days from January 20 to February 20, At this time, Mballing was not participating in the pilot project and did not take part in the closed regulations. Therefore, impact of the cymbium closed season is not taken into account here. 3) Impact of reduction in gillnets From July 2005, boats were limited to using no more than 50 squid nets and 100 sole nets per year. At this time, hardly any of the fishing boats in Mballing conducted squid net fishing; instead they caught Cymbium cymbium using sole nets. This was because the high water temperature from summer meant that catches of cuttlefish and sole were poor. Upon surveying the number of sole nets owned by fishermen in Mballing, most were found to own between 40~76, whereas no fishermen had more than 100 nets. Having said that, even fishermen with less than 100 nets were found to stock between 10~40 nets and not use them for fishing. There are two reasons for this: first, because catches are poor at this time of year, fishermen choose to save their nets for better conditions rather than risk having nets damaged or stolen; and secondly, fishermen agreed to reduce nets in accordance with the restriction on gillnets (even though they owned less than 100 anyway). Therefore, the fishermen of Mballing, even the ones who have less than 100 nets, reduced their nets by 30%, of which it is assumed that 15% was for the protection of fisheries stocks. According to the Cymbium cymbium purchase ledger of the resource management committee, the value/amount landed per boat per day during this period was 3,896 Fcfa/9.2 kg. Assuming that this figure is that obtained after reducing gillnets by 15%, the reduction in catch size arising from the net reduction is 1.6 kg or 688 Fcfa per boat per day. Assuming that 90 boats in Mballing started cymbium fishing using sole nets over 138 days from July 2005, when reduction of fishing gear was started, to November 15 the same year, if the 5-50

52 number of operating days is assumed to be 69 days (using the nyaral method), the combined loss incurred by fishermen as a result of the reduction in fishing gear is 4,270,000 Fcfa. 4) Joint shipping of cymbium After starting the joint shipping of Cymbium cymbium from September 1, 2005, the resource management committee purchased and conducted the consolidated shipment of 5,911 kg of Cymbium cymbium from 645 boats over 61 days until November 7 the same year. The total amount paid for purchasing was 2,510,000 Fcfa. Because the resource management committee couldn t acquire a quota with Elim Peche Co., it had to ship products to female middlepersons in the village who have a quota with the said company. As a result, the resource management committee purchases Cymbium cymbium from fishermen at the prices that are quoted by the female middlepersons on each occasion. As of November 2005, the resource management committee paid 425 Fcfa/kg to fishermen, whereas the female middlepersons were buying at 500 Fcfa/kg. Since there is always a price differential of 25~75 Fcfa/kg between the two, fishermen who sell to the resource management committee are at a disadvantage and are unhappy with the committee for not securing a quota. The resource management committee is in ongoing negotiations with Elim Peche Co. with a view to securing a quota. Summing up, the impact caused by joint shipping of catches by the resource management committee is currently negative. Assuming the price differential per kilogram to be 50 Fcfa, the accumulated negative impact so far works out as 300,000 Fcfa. The results of joint shipping of Cymbium cymbium by the Mballing resource management committee are indicated below. Table 5-9 Joint Shipping of Cymbium cymbium by the Management Committee in Mballing Purchasing days (days) Consolidated weight Producers Unit price Total landed value Production value per boat 61 5, /400/425 2,513,175 3,896 Note) Purchasing period: September 1 ~ November 7, 2005 Data: Created from the purchasing ledger of Mballing Resource management Committee 5) Impact of construction of the fueling station The economic impact of fueling station construction in Mballing is quantified based on the following items. As of November 2005, the fueling station wasn t in operation, however, 5-51

53 since it is still necessary to examine positive and negative impacts, the impact is calculated for the hypothetical case assuming the fueling station was in operation for four months from July to October Fuel purchase cost Because Mballing is located on a main road, there is no joint purchasing of fuel like that seen in Pointe-Sarene. Fuel can be purchased in Mbour or Nianing and a return trip takes between 90 minutes and two hours. The fare to Nianing is cheap at 350 Fcfa, however, because there is only one fueling station there and stocks sometimes run dry, there is a risk that fuel cannot be bought. The fare to Mbour is 500 Fcfa, however, because there is no danger of fuel running out, fishermen prefer to go there. Assuming that 10 fishing boats operate for 6 days (because of the nyaral method) over the four months between July and October, the overall transport cost entailed in purchasing fuel over the whole village is 3,720,000 Fcfa. Moreover, assuming that the personnel cost for fuel purchasers is an hourly rate of 350 Fcfa, the overall cost is 5,210,000 Fcfa, while the combined cost of fuel purchase works out as 8,930,000 Fcfa. Loss arising from shortening of operating time In the case of octopus line fishing, the fishing is better at dusk. However, fishermen must return to the beach by five o clock in the evening in order to purchase fuel for the next day. This is because the means of transport to Mbour stop running at this time. Accordingly, fishermen incur no little loss from being unable to catch octopus at prime time. It is not easy to quantify this loss, however, here it is assumed to be at least 5,000 Fcfa per boat per day. If it is assumed that 90 fishing boats operate for 31 days during the octopus fishing season from July to August, the overall loss works out as 13,950,000 Fcfa. Inability to purchase fuel on rainy days Since Mballing is located on a main road and access is not affected during the rainy season like in the case of Pointe-Sarene, the positive impact of fueling station construction in terms of this point is negligible. Aversion of fire risk when transporting fuel The cost of averting fire risk during fuel haulage can be considered in terms of the cost of fire insurance premiums. Assuming the personal liability amount to be 100 million CFA and the premium rate to be 0.01%, the annual insurance premium works out as 5-52

54 10,000 Fcfa per boat. Over the whole village, since there are 130 motor-powered pirogues, the total cost is 1,300,000 Fcfa/year. Table 5-10 shows economic value of fueling station construction. Table 5-10 Economic Value Resulting from Construction of the Fueling Station in Mballing Item Fuel purchase cost Loss arising from shortening of operating time Increase in fuel purchase cost arising from delays in return to port Inability to purchase fuel on rainy days Aversion of fire risk when transporting fuel Total Annual village unit 8,9300,000 Fcfa 13,950,000 Fcfa 0 Fcfa 0 Fcfa 1,300,000 Fcfa 24,180,000 Fcfa 6) Balance of economic impacts The following table summarizes the economic impacts of the pilot project in Mballing from the viewpoint of fishing household economy. Upon trading off the five component activities against one another, the balance works out as a decrease in revenue for fishermen of 2,130,000 Fcfa. Considering that joint shipping of Cymbium cymbium has only just been started and the resource management committee is currently negotiating with Elim Peche Co. over a quota, it is inevitable that the economic impact is negative. Table 5-11 Economic Impact of the Pilot Project in Mballing Pilot project activities Setting of the octopus closed season Setting of the cymbium closed season Reduction in gillnets Joint shipping of cymbium Construction of the fueling station Total Value of impact - 21,740,000 Fcfa 0 Fcfa - 4,270,000 Fcfa -300,000 Fcfa 24,180,000 Fcfa - 2,130,000 Fcfa 5-53

55 5.4 Yenne Outline of the Project In Yenne, the aim of the project is to build a model of joint management of fisheries stocks between the government and fishermen via the setting of artificial reefs. In other words, the project concept is that, based on a contractual relationship between fishermen and government, the government guarantees resource exploitation rights to fishermen, and the fishermen take responsibility for appropriately sustaining and managing resources. Two factors underpin this approach: first, the government does not possess the human resources to conduct resource management on the village level, and second, administrative authorities are starting to realize that top-down resource management unilaterally decided by the government does not work very well. In this concept, since it is difficult claim the ownership of stocks in Senegal, i.e. to say that the fisheries stocks of a certain place belong to the fishermen who live there, it was decided that there should be little problem in claiming ownership of stocks that attach to fishing grounds that have been created by fishermen. The project here aims to demonstrate a certain style of management, in which fishermen build artificial reefs offshore of Yenne and manage the resources that gather there Overview of the Fishing Village (1) Socioeconomic Conditions Yenne, situated approximately 40 km south of Dakar, is a fishing village composed of seven smaller communities. Moving from the north, these are Yenne Todd, Yenne Guedj, Yenne Kao, Nditakh, Nianghal, Kelle and Toubab-Dialaw (see Figure 5-6), and Table 5-12 shows the population of each. The combined population of these communities is just over 17,000. In terms of administrative division, Yenne belongs to the Yenne Rural Community (Communauté Rurale de Yenne), which is part of Rufisque Prefecture (Département de Rufisque). Table 5-12 Population of Yenne Village Population Yenne Todd 1,514 Yenne Guedj 4,707 Yenne Kao 2,987 Nditakh 1,366 Nianghal 4,724 Kelle 653 Toubab-Dialaw 1,617 Total 17,568 These seven communities separated during the course of their development; they were originally part of Toubab-Dialaw. Therefore, many of the villagers are related to one another. The main tribal group is Lebou. There is extensive farmland in the village hinterland, and sweet corn and peanuts were cultivated in the past, however, agriculture went into decline with the development of fisheries and now agriculture is limited to cultivation of sweet corn and manioc (cassava) for 5-54

56 home consumption and mangoes for tourists. Because of its proximity to Dakar and its extensive beaches, Yenne is doted with second homes of foreigners who live in Dakar and is also visited by a lot of tourists from Europe. Yenne has branch offices of the nationwide organizations FENAGIE-PECHE and CNPS. There is also PAMECAS, a small-scale financial institution, which provides loans to fishermen and other small business owners and provides funds for fishermen to purchase outboard engines and other equipment every year. In Nianghal, there is a landing quay (Quai de peche) that was constructed with government funding, and a cold storage (not operating as of March 2006) that was constructed under support from Spain. A management committee has been formed to manage the landing quay, and this collects charges from fishermen and middlepersons and uses the revenue to pay the facilities maintenance costs. (2) Fisheries Situation The types of fishery operations in each of the seven villages of Yenne are distinct and can be divided into bottom gillnet fishing, coastal longline fishing and offshore longline fishing. Table 5-13 shows the distribution of fishing boats in Yenne between the seven communities as of January In total there are 219 engine-powered boats, 51 sailboats and the motorization ratio is 81%. In terms of fishing method, all fishing boats in the four northern communities of Yenne Todd, Yenne Guedj, Yenne Kao and Nditakh conduct bottom gillnet fishing, whereas fishing boats in the three southern communities of Nianghal, Kelle and Toubab-Dialaw mainly conduct line fishing (longline fishing and hand line fishing). Among the three southern communities, Nianghal contains a lot of offshore longline fishing households, whereas Toubab-Dialaw has many coastal longline fishermen. Kelle has a mix of both types. Community Table 5-13 Number of Fishing Boats in the Yenne Area in January 2002 Motorpowered fishing boats Sail fishing boats Total fishing boats Beach seine net fishing boats Bottom gillnet fishing boats Line fishing boats Yenne Todd Yenne Guedj Yenne Kao Nditakh Nianghal Kelle Toubab-Dialaw Total Source: Poste de contrôle de Yenne 5-55

57 A combination of agriculture with fisheries can be seen in Yenne Todd, Yenne Guedj, Nditakh, Kelle and Toubab-Dialaw. Yenne Kao has a lot of specialized fishermen whereas, in Nianghal, there is a division between age groups with younger people engaging in fisheries while the older generation practices agriculture. Income from fisheries accounts for a very high ratio of the total revenue of fishing households. Taking the case of bottom gillnet fishing households in the four northern communities, annual operating days are 200~270 days, the value of landed catches per boat is 5,510,000~11,300,000 Fcfa, operating costs are 2,680,000~5,370,000 Fcfa, and annual operating profit is 2,770,000~6,370,000 Fcfa. In the case of coastal longline fishing households, annual operating days are 245~255 days, the value of landed catches per boat is 9,330,000~10,200,000 Fcfa, operating costs are 6,340,000~6,520,000 Fcfa, and annual operating profit is 2,990,000~3,680,000 Fcfa. As for the case of offshore longline fishing households, annual operating days are 255 days, the value of landed catches per boat is 13,230,000 Fcfa, operating costs are 7,190,000 Fcfa, and annual operating profit is 6,050,000 Fcfa. Yenne Todd is the most prosperous community for bottom gillnet fishing households, however, this is the exception to the rule: in the other communities, annual operating profit is almost the same as for coastal longline fishing. Meanwhile, in the offshore longline fishery, landed value and operating costs are both higher, while annual operating profit is 1.6~2.2 times higher than in coastal longline fishing Cooperation Period June 2004 ~ November 2005 (1 year 6 months) Cooperation Contents (1) Overall goal To establish artificial reefs as a means of fisheries resource management. (2) Project purpose To realize management of fisheries stocks around fish reefs by the concerned fishermen. (3) Outputs 1) The parties involved in managing fisheries stocks around fish reefs were clarified. 2) Fish gathered around the artificial reefs and stocks were regenerated. 5-56

58 3) Rights and obligations concerning the exploitation of stocks around fish reefs were given to the fishermen. 4) Survey capacity in related fields was increased. (4) Inputs Japanese side: Four consultants (resource management/fisheries technology, fishermen s organization/ participatory development, socioeconomy/fisheries economy, biological survey) Supply of facilities and equipment (two types of artificial reef concrete blocks, rafts for setting fish reefs, underwater photography equipment, marine safety equipment, information processing equipment Vehicles Senegalese side: Two counterparts (2 from DPM) One DPM branch member FENAGIE-PECHE (dissemination activities) (5) Cost of above materials and equipment Fabrication of artificial reef (concrete blocks and gabions) 4,720 thousand FCFA (US$9,440) Installation of artificial reef Fabrication and installation of octopus spawning reef 5,060 thousand FCFA (US$10,120) 5,000 thousand FCFA (US$10,000) Fabrication and installation of buoys 1,300 thousand FCFA (US$2,600) Computer set 870 thousand FCFA (US$1,700) Materials for safety at sea (life jacket etc.) 523 thousand FCFA (US$1,046) Total 17,473 thousand FCFA (US$34,906) Course of Implementation (1) Kickoff Workshop (February 18~19, 2004) Approximately 60 people gathered in the village community center, and the vice director of the Yenne Rural Community chaired the proceedings. The meeting started with a thorough review of the fisheries problems faced by Yenne and moved onto discussion of the experience of Bargny 5-57

59 with an artificial reef project and the approach to advancing the project in Yenne. The meeting closed with a declaration by the fishermen to, Create and manage our own fishing grounds. (2) Preparatory work before the full-scale start (March~May, 2005, when the Japanese Study Team members were absent) Focal members continued to implement enlightenment activities using videos and other tools, and they distributed ID cards (with facial photograph) and T-shirts for participating fishermen in order to boost interest in the activities. Moreover, they consigned collection of data on fishing household economy in order to obtain materials for estimating the economic impact before and after installation of artificial reefs. 28 fishermen, that is four from each community, were sampled and handed simple household economy data ledgers to detail their everyday operating activities. (3) Fishing ground survey (June 29, 2006) Approximately 10 fishermen representing each of the communities took part in the survey of fishing grounds. Survey items included the location of natural reefs, water depth, seabed conditions, appearing species and relation to the mainland, etc. Appearing speies and bottom sediment were surveyed by line fishing, while location and depth were surveyed by GPS and simple depth sounder. The findings were combined with the experience of fishermen in order to provide materials for determining the position of artificial reefs. Figure 5-6 shows the surveyed sea area. (4) Workshop to discuss the fish reef manufacturing arrangements (July 7, 2004) Figure 5-6 Map of Fishing Ground Survey Measuring Points Approximately 30 fishermen representing each of the communities took part in discussions on the type and quantity of fish reefs and arrangement for manufacture. So far, four types of fish reef have been used in Senegal, i.e. abandoned vessels, abandoned cars, concrete blocks and natural stones. The first two have been used by the Sports Fishing Federation of Senegal (Fédération Sénégalaise de Pêche Sportive) in waters around Dakar and have been confirmed to have a fish 5-58

60 gathering effect, albeit not quantitatively demonstrated. The latter types have been installed by OFCA (Overseas Fisheries Consultants Association) in waters off Bargny and have also been confirmed to have a fish gathering effect. The fishermen of Yenne are also involved in the Bargny artificial reef project and are interested in these types of reef. Accordingly, the Study Team proposed fish reefs based on these types but smaller in size to make handling by the fishermen easier, and this idea was accepted. In specific terms, it was decided to manufacture and install artificial reefs composed of small blocks and gabions made by filling natural stones into wire netting. Reasons for proposing these two types of fish reef were as follows. Gabion Advantages Disadvantages Materials are easy to acquire Heavy machinery is not needed in manufacture No special technology is needed Cost is cheap Compared to block reefs, capacity is small in relation to the unit weight. Gaps between stones are easily clogged There is a risk of burying in sand Block fish reefs Advantages Shape and size can be freely designed Manufacture is possible using only local materials Disadvantages Manufacture by fishermen alone is difficult; cooperation from plasterers, etc. is necessary. Manufacturing cost is expensive (5) Workshop to decide the fish reef setting position (August 3, 2004) Approximately 50 representative fishermen 5-59 Figure 5-7 Map of the Fish Reef

61 gathered for this workshop. Upon taking into account the marine conditions data obtained in the said fishing ground survey, the ease of monitoring activities and equal access conditions, etc. from each community, it was decided to set the fish reef at lat N. and long W. roughly in a central location for the seven communities about 2 miles off the coast (see Figure 5-7). Underwater survey confirmed that the water depth here is 15 m, bottom sediment is sand and there are almost no bottom currents. This workshop also decided on the establishment of a resource management committee following installation of the fish reef. This committee will unify the fishermen, while determining the management rules and negotiating with administrative authorities. The management rules will be decided after setting of the fish reef, but the fishermen have already voiced the following ideas. Make waters within a 300 m radius of the fish reef a closed zone, and permit line fishing in the area 200 m beyond this (between the radius of 300~500 m). Levy a fishing tariff (1,000 Fcfa per day) from line fishing boats. Limit fishing to between and and only allow five boats at a time. Set an upper limit on catches of 20 kg per boat and prohibit fishing of fry. Alternate between one month of fishing and one month of closed. As a rule conduct surveillance for fishing violations from to every day. Impose harsh penalties on violators. Conduct joint fisheries in order to raise surveillance costs (boat fuel costs). (6) Fish reef manufacturing work A. Gabion manufacture Gabions were manufactured separately in all seven communities. Each community used horse-drawn carts to collect natural stones and deposit them in set locations. Since the carts made 10 trips and collected approximately 20 stones of 20~30 kg each time, each community collected approximately 200 stones weighing between 4~6 tons. After that, wire netting on general sale 10 was used to make simple bags, into which the stones were inserted to make gabions. Former employee of the Marine fisheries department provided guidance in manufacture, and the fishermen who received the initial guidance later helped with gabion making in the other communities. Five or six stones weighing between 100~120 kg were packed into each gabion. Approximately 50 people participated in the work in each community and it was finished in less than a day. 10 Mesh size was 50 mm (half size) and metal wire was 2.4 mm in diameter and vinyl coated. This wire netting is generally used in net fences. 5-60

62 B. Manufacture of concrete blocks As was mentioned above, the size and shape of concrete blocks can be freely designed, however, because the concrete blocks had to be installed by the fishermen themselves, they needed to consist of size and weight that could be carried by the fishermen and secure the maximum possible capacity. The blocks were cubic shapes measuring 75 cm in each direction; braces measures 10 cm across, and three reinforcing bars measuring 4 mm across were arranged inside. Assuming the unit weight of concrete to be 2.3, the total weight of blocks worked out as 170 kg. Since most of the fishermen indicated that they could lift up to 180 kg, it was decided to limit the blocks to this size. Manufacture of 75 such blocks was consigned to a building contractor in the village. Figure 5-8 Gabions (left) and Concrete Blocks (right) (7) Fish Reef Setting Work Ideally, fishermen should install the fish reef that they have made themselves. It would have been easiest to use the fishermen s pirogues for carrying the fish reef into position, however, because of the large number of gabions and concrete blocks and the risk entailed by the heavy weight, consideration was also given to consigning work to a Figure 5-9 Drum Tank Raft As-built Drawing 5-61

63 marine works contractor in Dakar. Eventually, however, it was decided to locally build a raft for carrying the fish reef materials in consideration of the following two factors: 1) awareness of fishermen could be raised by encouraging their participation, and 2) in the event of fish reef expansion in the future, it is desirable to establish an autonomous and independent approach. Former employees of the Marine fisheries department cooperated and made a major contribution to this work. The raft measured 5 m x 4 m and buoyancy was obtained by using 18 drum cans. The deck was made from wood planks for easy working, and a pulley was installed for lowering the concrete blocks onto the seabed. See Figure 5-9 for a detailed image. The work at sea started on August 23. First, four marking buoys were set in the fish reef setting area. These provided markers for the setting of gabions and concrete blocks. Since the gabions were small enough to load onto pirogues, carrying and setting work by pirogues was conducted simultaneously with the raft work. Because the raft was not motor-powered, it was towed by pirogues. Two 40 HP powered boats towed the raft, and the journey to the setting site took approximately 1 hour even with only 10 concrete blocks loaded. Since the raft comprised 18 drum cans each with capacity of 200 liters, it had gross buoyancy of approximately 3.6 tons, however, after deducting the weight of drum cans and other members, the net buoyancy was approximately 2.5 tons. Since each block weighed 170 kg, 10 blocks weighed 1.7 tons and, combined with the weight of workmen, the maximum loaded weight was set at 2.0 tons. (8) Octopus spawning reefs In the second year of the Yenne pilot project, demonstration testing of octopus spawning reefs was carried out. Unlike the earthenware pots used in Nianing, the pots were made from PVC pipe, which was attached to small concrete blocks, wrapped withhold trawl net to make it easier for living organisms to attach. This type was adopted because experience in Japan has indicated that pots alone do not allow sufficient feed to be obtained in the early stage after hatching and depletion is large in this stage. By combining pots with concrete blocks, Figure 5-10 Octopus Spawning Reef this attracts plankton, small demersal organisms and fish, which become feed for the octopus fry, thereby helping the fry to overcome the initial stages of growth. The octopus spawning reefs were installed in the following areas and in the following numbers: 5-62

64 The sea area known as Casao off the coast of Yenne Todd in the north Lat N., Long W.: 40 reefs Waters where artificial reefs were installed in the previous year: 20 reefs The sea area known as Devo off the coast of Toubab-Dialaw in the south Lat N., Long W.: 40 reefs The size of blocks was 58 cm x 48 cm x 38 cm, which was smaller than those installed the previous year. Accordingly, all the blocks could be loaded onto pirogues and taken out to sea for setting. The fishermen carried out the setting work. (9) Implementing Organization A resource management committee (Comité de gestion) was established in the village to implement and promote the pilot project as well as manage fisheries resources from now on. The management committee is responsible for determining the resource management rules and thoroughly informing them to the village fishermen Project Assessment (1) Social Impact Currently, the village fishermen, who are also members of the resource management committee, check the waters around the artificial reef when traveling back and forth from fishing grounds, and they report any abnormalities to the persons in charge on the committee. It may be said that the artificial reef is placed under the loose surveillance of a lot of people. If the reef management setup aimed for in the code of conduct is referred to as tight management, then the current management setup is one of loose management. Judging from the present state of coastal resource management in Senegal and the resource management awareness of artisinal fishermen, then coastal fishing ground management that uses the artificial reef as a tool is at the stage of loose management. The social impacts of introducing coastal fishing ground management based on the artificial reef are, 1) the organization of fishermen, and 2) heightening of awareness of coastal fishing rights. The former impact refers to the creation of an artificial fishing reef by the fishermen themselves, thereby generating an awareness of shared ownership and leading to the establishment of fishermen s organization based on common interests. Although the fisheries sector has traditionally been a difficult sector to foster solidarity, the experience of Yenne, in which fishermen from seven different communities jointly constructed and set an artificial reef and also implemented management activities, albeit loose management, based on the common interest of the artificial reef, indicates that there has been a certain degree of impact in terms of organizing 5-63

65 the local fishermen. As for the latter impact, the fact that fishermen have established and manage the artificial reef through investing their own labor and funds has generated greater awareness of fishing rights in coastal waters among the fishermen. An indicator of this impact is the execution of the code of conduct indicated by the resource management committee; however, it has to be said that this impact is currently not strong enough. (2) Economic Impact Regarding the economic impacts of the artificial reef, it was anticipated that there would be a production increase effect, a fishing ground proximity effect, and a stock protection effect, etc. Although the code of conduct established by the resource management committee only allows hand line fishing under license around the artificial reef, this system is not functioning and the area is not being utilized as a fishing ground. Therefore, there is no way for the production increase effect and fishing ground proximity effect to be realized. Having said that, judging from observations thus far, numerous fish species have been observed gathering around the artificial reef, so there can be little doubt over its effect in this respect. In the event where the present loose management is revised to tight management as prescribed in the code of conduct, it will be important to first clarify the benefit structure, i.e. who will obtain what kind of benefits? Judging from the purport of the code of conduct that only permits hand line fishing and the characteristics of the fishing ground around the artificial reef, it is expected that fishermen who conduct hand line fishing in hand-rowed pirogues will be the beneficiaries of the fishing ground around the artificial reef. There are just over 70 hand-rowed boats in the seven communities of Yenne, and almost 70 fishermen are engaged in hand line fishing. Next, the benefit structure imparted by the artificial reef fishing ground is clarified through analyzing the mode of fisheries of these fishermen. If these fishermen incorporate the artificial reef fishing ground into their annual operating plans, obtain a certain degree of profit from this, and then fulfill their beneficiary s burden by becoming the managers of the artificial reef, then the system for fishing ground management by coastal residents using the artificial reef as a tool becomes feasible. 1) Analysis of beneficiaries The following table gives an outline of the hand line fishermen that use rowboats in each village. Modes of hand line fishing operation in each village differ according to the season and ocean conditions, and fishing grounds are divided between natural reefs distributed around offshore and coastal waters. Whereas the hand line fishermen of Yenne Todd utilize 5-64

66 offshore natural reefs when the ocean conditions are calm and natural reefs near the coast at squally times, the hand line fishermen of Yenne Guedj only exploit natural reefs close to the coast all year round. Since the artificial reef is located adjacent to the natural reefs in offshore waters, then the fishermen who utilize offshore natural reefs will be the ones to benefit from the artificial reef in future. Table 5-14 Canoe Hand Line Fishermen and their Mode of Work in Yenne Community Yenne Todd Yenne Guedj Yenne Nditakh Number of rowboat hand line fishermen Number of pirogues Nianghal Yenne Kelle Toubab Dialaw Mode of work Fishermen engage in hand line fishing throughout the year. Annual fishing days are 220. The fishermen utilize offshore natural reefs when the ocean conditions are calm and natural reefs near the coast at squally times. Between July and September, fishermen conduct octopus fishing as motor-powered pirogue crewmembers. Between October and June, they conduct hand line fishing around coastal natural reefs in rowboats. Fishermen engage in gillnet fishing throughout the year. Annual operating man-days are 255 days. Fishermen engage in hand line fishing throughout the year. Annual fishing days are between 234 and 250. The fishermen utilize relatively distant natural reefs during warm seasons and natural reefs near the coast during cool seasons. Fishermen engage in hand line fishing throughout the year. Annual fishing days are 240. The fishermen utilize relatively distant natural reefs during warm seasons and natural reefs near the coast during cool seasons. Fishermen engage in gillnet fishing, longline fishing and hand line fishing. Out of 245 operating days per year, around 30 days are spent on hand line fishing. Data: Prepared based on the hearing surveys conducted in July and November Potential for benefit from the artificial reef Possible None None Possible Possible None Meanwhile, Ndanghal is home to numerous hand line fishermen who use rowboats. They utilize relatively distant natural reefs during warm seasons and natural reefs near the coast during cool seasons. It is said they do this in response to the seasonal migration of target fish species. Fishermen who are extremely knowledgeable about the local natural reefs live in Yenne Kelle and they alternate their operations between offshore and coastal natural reefs throughout the year. The hand line fishermen of Toubab Dialaw alternate between gillnet fishing and hand line fishing according to the season. Since they conduct hand line fishing 5-65

67 for between 30~96 days per year and utilize coastal natural reefs, they are unlikely to be beneficiaries of the artificial reef. To sum up, the fishermen that will benefit from the artificial reef in future are the hand line fishermen based in Yenne Todd, Nianghal and Yenne Kelle. 2) Quantitative analysis of the benefit value The numerical information used here was basically obtained through hearing surveys with the target fishermen. In addition to asking about the number of fishing days per fishing season and the average value of daily catches, clarification was carried out regarding the name, location and depth of natural reefs and species of fish caught. As a result, it was found that the hand line fishermen of Yenne utilize nine offshore natural reefs. Upon obtaining the monthly value of landed fish based on figures heard from the fishermen in the survey and dividing catches according to the season when coastal natural reefs are utilized and the season when offshore natural reefs are utilized, the value of catches landed only during the season when the offshore reefs are utilized was sought. Next, by adding the future artificial reef to the nine offshore natural reefs and assuming that fishermen obtain landed value equally from the 10 resulting fishing grounds, the future benefit from the artificial reef was calculated as one-tenth of the landed value calculated above. The following table translates that amount into benefit according to the number of benefiting fishing boats in each community. Table 5-15 Estimated Benefit from the Artificial reef Community Number of pirogues Annual operating days Days when the artificial reef can be used Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual total Yenne Tode 8 boats 220 days 80 days 200, , , , ,000 Fcfa Ndianghal Ngadiam 20 boats 250 days 119 days 190, , , , , ,000 1,695,000 Fcfa Diakhle 24 baots 234 days 138 days 120, , ,000 60,000 60,000 60, , ,000 Fcfa Yenne Kel 2 boats 240 days 240 days 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40, ,000 Fcfa Total 54 boats 550, , , , , , , , , , , ,000 3,641,000 Fcfa Data: Prepared based on the hearing surveys conducted in July and November In future, there is a possibility that the artificial reef will impart a benefit of 3,640,000 Fcfa per year to 54 rowboats in the Yenne area. In terms of monthly breakdown, the benefit will be highest between January and June when it ranges from 270,000 to 670,000 Fcfa per month. The benefit between July and December will vary between 100,000 and 240,000 Fcfa per month. 5-66

68 Next, validity of the said artificial reef benefit is examined judging from the present effect in terms of attracting fish. Table 5-15 shows the species and quantities of fish gathering around the artificial reef based on underwater observations implemented in September and October 2004 and February 2005, and also translates these data into economic value based on market prices for each fish species and fish size. According to this, the economic value of gathered fish observed around the artificial reef on September 9, 2004 was 450,000 Fcfa. Similarly, the value was 1,840,000 Fcfa on October 6, 2004 and 520,000 Fcfa on February 21, Comparing with the monthly benefits shown in the table above, it is judged that the artificial reef generates a sufficient fish gathering effect to enable these. Table 5-16 Economic Value of Fish Gathering Around the Artificial reef in Yenne (3) Confirmation of the Achievement Indicators of the Project purposes 1) Resource management rules The Code de Conduit (resource management code of conduct) was compiled by the resource management committee, however, it requires some revision because a mismatch has arisen with current conditions. Specifically, the code stipulates that the ocean area be divided into the first zone, which is a closed area, and the second zone, which is the fishing area (see Figure 5-11), however, as in the case of Yenne where the sea area faces the outer sea, because offing waves directly enter coastal waters, buoys for marking sea area boundaries have repeatedly been washed away by waves. Furthermore, it is also stipulated that fishing around artificial reefs be practiced beyond a radius of 300 m, however, since hardly any fish gather so far away from reefs, hardly any catches can be anticipated. 5-67

69 Figure 5-11 Schematic of Fishing Ground Management around a Fish Reef 2) Fishing ground surveillance and reporting The resource management committee has organized a fishing ground surveillance team that monitors for the setting of gillnets and so on in fishing operations around the artificial reef. The team members check for gillnets and when they operate in the area or pass through on their way to fishing grounds, and they report their findings to the resource management committee. However, reports are only made orally and are not retained as written records since many fishermen are still unable to read or write, it is extremely difficult to enforce written reports. 3) Resource management fund An attempt was made to introduce a system for collecting fishing tariffs from fishing boats conducting operations in the second zone, however, because the fish reef is small and the fishing ground is not attractive enough to fishermen for them to pay a tariff for entry, only a handful of fishermen had paid the tariff by the end. Apart from the fishing tariff method, other means of raising funds are, 1) staging joint fishing and selling catches under the sponsorship of the resource management committee and saving the resulting income, and 2) collecting contributions from management committee members (cotisation). The former approach has been implemented three times and has raised minor returns, whereas the contribution is 250 Fcfa per pirogue owner. The 5-68

70 total fund comprising joint fishing returns and contributions reached 142,000 Fcfa by the end. (4) Confirmation of Output Achievement Indicators Output 1-1. Registration of fishermen and fishing boats is not carried out. The reason for this is because things were held up on preparing the registration database. Microsoft Access was selected as the software and the database was constructed in Japanese, however, this did not function in the French OS. An attempt was made to reconstruct the database, however, this had to be abandoned due to a lack of time. Output 1-2. The resource management organization was established and registration documents were presented to related offices, however, official registration has not yet been completed because the office procedure is taking so much time. Output 2. Large demersal fish such as Thiof, which were not seen before the fish reef was installed, are now being observed. Refer to the underwater survey report for the confirmed fish species and numbers of fish. Output 3-1. No ordinances or ministerial orders were issued regarding fishing concessions Because the code of conduct that was autonomously prepared by the resource management committee was incomplete, it was deemed too difficult to implement the Japanese style system of conferring stock utilization rights and management responsibility to users. Output 3-2. No resource management manual has been prepared. Throughout the whole survey, based on the judgment that preparation of a manual was incompatible with bottom-up resource management activities, no such documentation has been prepared at all. Output 4. Surveys of water depth and bottom sediment of fishing grounds were implemented under direct management; however, the tide survey consigned to CRODT was not implemented. The reason was that the CRODT technicians in charge of marine biology were involved in a separate survey and could not find the time to perform this work. Survey of fish species (underwater survey): The team member in charge of biological survey implemented survey of fish species four times in September 2004, February 2005, July 2005 and October The timing of these surveys was the equivalent of five months, 10 months and 1 month after establishment of the fish reef. 5-69

71 Survey of fish species (line fishing test): The resource management committee implemented this survey four times. Four or five fishermen boarded a boat and tested what kinds and how many fish they could catch in a certain time. Fishing household economy survey: 28 monitor fishers were selected from the local fishermen and were asked to record operating data after every fishing trip. However, since many of these fishermen left Yenne in line with seasonal migratory fishing, they gradually stopped taking records and all the monitors ended up scrapping their ledgers. The semi-completed records were retrieved and used for assessing the economic effect. (5) Outline of the Assessment Results Efficiency: Medium The human resources and equipment and materials invested in establishment of the artificial reef have been hugely useful in forming the fish reef fishing grounds. Meanwhile, the introduction of human resources has not been efficiently reflected in terms of software. Moreover, information processing equipment has not made a significant contribution to the realization of effects. Effectiveness: Medium Although detailed management techniques have not been realized like originally planned, loose fishing ground management has been achieved through enforcement of the rule not to use net fishing gear around the fish reef. Impact: Positive impacts can be seen throughout the country, whereas negative impacts have not been seen as yet. Because the artificial reef is too small, hardly any impact has been confirmed in terms of biology and fishery resources. The gathering of fish is limited to immediately around the fish reef, however, fishermen reported that no fish could be caught at all beyond a few meters from the reef. However, in both the advance case of Bargny and this case of Yenne, gathering of seven band grouper (Epinephelus aeneus, local name thiof ), which is the most sought after fish in Senegal, was confirmed around the artificial reef, so there are many fishermen who want a similar type of fish reef established in waters off their own village. In response, the local NGO OCEANIUM has started tests on artificial reefs made from old tires. Moreover, the Sport Fishing Federation of Senegal (Fédération Sénégalaise des Pêches Sportives), which has so far provided artificial reefs for tourists by sinking abandoned boats and abandoned cars, is making moves to provide fish reefs for artisinal fishermen too. 5-70

72 Relevance: Pros and cons Since the assessment of artificial reefs is split two ways throughout the world, it is to early to pass judgment on validity as a means of resource management in Senegal. Opponents argue that artificial reefs accelerate the exploitation of stocks, while proponents say that they contribute to the conservation and propagation of stocks and help prevent incursions by foreign trawlers; however, so far there is no scientific evidence to back up either argument. What is certain is that numerous natural reefs that previously existed in Senegalese waters have been destroyed by commercial trawlers, and habitats for marine life have been lost. If artificial reefs are established with the goal of replacing lost reefs and work is carried out to restore fishing grounds, they should be permitted as a means of restoring habitats. Needless to say, if artificial reefs only serve to increase catch pressure, they need to be approached with great care. Whereas installing gillnets in waters around fish reefs can bring about abundant catches, there is a risk of ghost fishing occurring or nets being lost if nets get caught in artificial reefs. Since local fishermen, who do not have many financial resources, refrain from installing gillnets around artificial reefs in order to avoid such risks, the waters around fish reefs naturally become closed zones. Sustainability: It would be difficult for fishermen to implement similar activities based on their own funds. It would be difficult for fishermen to fully cover an amount similar to the initial investment of approximately 15,000,000 Fcfa (approximately 3,000,000 yen) in the project. However, taking into account the ease of maintenance, and because the fish reef is installed inside a gillnet fishing ground, which is relatively close to the coast (approximately 2 miles), where the water is shallow (15 m) and where surveillance can be carried out at all times, it should be amply possible for the fishermen to monitor the fish reef fishing grounds from now on. Concerning buoys, because it became apparent that zoning does not work very well, there is not considered any need to install multiple buoys. Having said that, there is a risk that other fishing boats will cast nets without being aware of the artificial reef. This is a difficult judgment, but it is considered appropriate to install one buoy in order to inform about the fish reef. Since these waters have a high degree of biological productivity, any objects floating on the surface are soon covered in barnacles. These sometimes become so heavy that they sink the buoys they are attached to. At the same time as continuing surveillance work, it will be necessary to knock off barnacles from the buoys. There are basically no fishing nets tangled around the artificial reef, however, this does not mean that dishonest persons will not set nets and cause such trouble. In such cases, it will be necessary for divers to remove such nets, and to budget for the cost of this work. 5-71

73 (6) Results of the Questionnaire Survey 1) Survey method The Study Team prepared the draft survey sheet and incorporated comments from the Yenne Fisheries Bureau branch manager and representatives of the Yenne resource management committee into the final version. The survey targeted 10 fishermen in each of the seven communities, i.e. the survey was implemented on 70 people in the seven communities from Yenne Todd to Toubab Dialaw. When implementing the actual survey, villagers able to read and write were employed in each community to interview the target fishermen based on the survey sheets and fill in their responses. The survey was implemented in all communities on November 20, The resource management committee collected the survey sheets and the Study Team entered the results on Excel. 2) General conditions of the survey targets The 70 survey samples consisted of 5 fishermen who own fishing boats, 63 crewmembers and 2 boat owners (not involved in fishing activities). In terms of fishing method, the samples broke down as 34 gillnet fishermen, 27 line fishermen and 6 longline fishermen. Considering that gillnet fishing is the main fishery in the three northern communities (Yenne Todd, Yenne Guedj and Yenne Kao) and line fishing is the main fishery in three of the four southern communities (Nditakh, Kelle and Toubab Dialaw) apart from Nianghal, where fishermen mainly operate in waters off Casamance, this distribution of samples according to fishing method was appropriate. 3) Interpretation of the survey findings Fishermen still believe that depletion of stocks is caused by outside factors, and they cannot understand that problems exist with artisinal fisheries. This question was intended to discover the thinking of fishermen regarding fisheries problems. The responses indicated that the fishermen of Yenne still tend to be unmindful of their own shortcomings in this respect. The actual responses were as follows. Question: What are the causes behind the depletion of resources? (Multiple responses permitted) - Over-fishing by foreign fishing boats 63 - Over-fishing by Senegalese commercial fishing boats 38 - Over-fishing by artisinal fishermen 9 - Environmental destruction

74 In a similar survey that was consigned to SENAGROSOL Co. in December 2003 before the start of the pilot project, 44 out of 44 respondents pointed to over-fishing by foreign fishing boats, while 34 pointed to over-fishing by Senegalese commercial fishing boats. In this survey, 22 out of the 44 respondents (45%) indicated that overfishing by artisinal fishermen was a cause. The two sets of results cannot be simply compared because different methods were adopted in the two surveys, however, it seems that the number of artisinal fishermen displaying awareness over self-responsibility for the depletion of stocks is on the decline. Alternatively, it may be said that not enough care was taken when arranging optional responses in the survey sheet preparation stage. This is because, when options are given as 1 to 4, respondents inevitably tend to hold a strong impression towards the first option. When preparing the questions and options, in cases where the trend of responses can be predicted to an extent, it may be necessary to consider changing the order. For reference purposes, in the survey implemented in December , villages where a high ratio of respondents (50% or more) pointed to over-fishing by artisinal fishermen were as follows: Lompour 58%, Fass Boye 84%, Kayar 80%, Mbour 84%, Nianing 70%, Joal 52%, Jifere 52%, Misira 52%, Niodior 69%, Djogue 60%, Kafountine 88%, Erinkine 92%, Ziguinchor 68%. Incidentally, villages where the ratio of such respondents was less than 50% were those around Dakar and Saint Louis. Saint Louis is inhabited by specialized fishers known as Guendarian, whereas Dakar and its environs are inhabited by specialized fishers known as Lebou. Support for fishing method regulations and limits on the body length of caught fish, and opposition to limits on catch size This was the result concerning the question of support for or opposition to a number of resource management methods. Since the same question was also asked in the survey of December 2003, a comparison of the results is given below. The following tale also shows a comparison between responses from gillnet fishermen and line fishermen. Figures show percentage values, so the figures for and figures against amount to The socioeconomic survey of December 2003 targeted 21 villages, i.e. moving from the north, Saint Louis, Lompour, Fass Boye, Kayar, Yoff, Hann, Thiaroye, Rufisque, Bargny, Yenne, Ngaparou, Mbour, Nianing, Joal, Jifere, Missira, Niodior, Djogue, Kafountine, Erinkine, and Ziguinchor. 5-73

75 Table 5-17 What the Fishermen Think About Resource management Methods November 2005 Overall November 2005 Gillnet Fishermen November 2005 Line Fishermen December 2003 Overall For Against For Against For Against For Against Closed season Fishing method regulation Closed zone Body length limit Catch size limit As of December 2003, irrespective of actual actions, the majority of fishermen were in favor of all the stock control methods apart from limiting catch sizes. In particular, concerning limits on the body length of caught fish, a high ratio of fishermen were in favor. This trend remained the same in November 2005, however, the ratio opposed exceeded the ratio in favor regarding closed seasons and closed zones. It was hoped that the pilot project would encourage an improvement in stock control awareness among fishermen, however, in reality the opposite occurred. Since it is hard to imagine that the pilot project activities had a negative impact on awareness, it is thought that the poor catches this year greatly affected the thinking of fishermen. Next, upon analyzing whether there was a difference in stock control awareness between gillnet fishermen and line fishermen, the gillnet fishermen displayed similar thinking to the overall trend, i.e. the majority were in favor of regulations on fishing method and body length of caught fish, whereas most were opposed to closed seasons, closed zones and limits on catch sizes. As for the line fishermen, the majority was in favor of all the proposed methods apart from limiting the size of catches. It is generally said that line fishermen are more considerate of stocks than gillnet fishers, and these results showed that line fishers have a more open-minded attitude towards resource management. Half the respondents felt that catches had increased as a result of the fish reef, whereas half were not sure. The fishermen were asked whether they felt some changes, not necessarily quantitative, had taken place as a result of installing the fish reef. As a result, out of 69 respondents, 38 (55%) responded that catches had increased, 6 (9%) said the opposite, and 27 (36%) didn t know. Similarly, regarding the question about whether landed 5-74

76 income had increased, out of 67 respondents, 33 (49%) responded that income had increased, 7 (10%) said the opposite, and 27 (40%) didn t know. In reality, because the installed fish reef was extremely small in size, its effects were very limited. There may be some people who are convinced that fish reefs will enable more fish to be caught, after seeing the prior experience of Bargny. Catch size and revenue differ according to fishing conditions and fish prices every year. However, since there are no fishermen who keep detailed operating records or ledgers, it is extremely difficult to demonstrate trends using specific figures. However, the fact that not a few fishermen feel that there has been an effect is good reason to view the artificial reef project in a good light. Even in the case of a self-made fishing ground and stocks caught there, there is a strong feeling that fish belong to all the fishermen of Senegal. The question aimed to find out about awareness of Japanese style fishing concessions, however, the feeling that fisheries resources belong to all the fishermen of Senegal was found to remain strong. Out of 63 respondents, 15 (24%) replied that fish around the fish reef in Yenne belong to the fishermen of Yenne, 42 (67%) that they belong to all the fishermen of Senegal, and 6 (10%) that they belong to the government. On numerous occasions during the course of the pilot project, efforts were made to encourage a sense of ownership and responsibility through telling the fishermen that stocks around the fish reef belonged to them, however, this type of thinking didn t catch on. This result showed that the thinking that fisheries resources belong to all fishermen, which has been nurtured over many years, cannot be changed overnight. Alternatively, it may be possible that enlightenment activities to this effect were not carried out enough. Half the fishermen are not aware of the fisheries code of conduct. Out of 67 respondents, 32 (47%) replied that they knew about the fisheries code of conduct, whereas 35 said they didn t know it. This clearly shows that the enlightenment activities were insufficient. Meanwhile, out of 34 fishermen who attended at least one meeting during the pilot project period, 24 (70%) knew about the code of conduct. This indicates that participation in activities as well as enlightenment activities play an important role in providing information to fishermen. 5-75

77 5.5 Bargny (Sub Project) Outline of the Pilot Project In Bargny, ongoing follow-up was carried out on stock regeneration based on an artificial reef (the first one to be installed in Western Africa by OFCA) and fish reef resource management under the initiative of fishermen, and an attempt was made to construct a model of joint management between fishermen and administration. The major difference with Yenne is that, whereas fishermen were involved from the manufacture and installation of the artificial reef in Yenne, manufacture and installation was fully consigned to a contractor and the fishermen were only involved in management following reef installation in Bargny Overview of the Fishing Village (1) Socioeconomic Conditions in the Village Bargny is a fishing village situated 33 km from Dakar, and it is composed of the three communities of Bargny, Miname and Sendou. Most of the villagers are Lebou and fisheries are the central economic activity. Inland parts of the village have extensive farmland, which is used to cultivate millet, sweet corn, watermelons, okra, and mangoes. Since the village is located close to the city, this farmland offers work opportunities to migratory laborers from the south. Meanwhile, due to water shortages and cases of theft before harvest and so on, cultivation of millet, sweet corn and watermelons has been slow in recent years and there is a growing tendency to switch to okra as a cash crop. Despite being a fishing village, Bargny displays an urban way of life with tariffs being charged for water and electricity supply and butane gas being used for cooking purposes. The villagers generally eat bread in the morning, fish and rice for lunch, and couscous for dinner. The annual cost of living is 1,350,000 Fcfa for a family of nine and 2,940,000 Fcfa for a family of 20, while the per capita cost of living is around 150,000 Fcfa. Among both family sizes, food costs account for the largest share of living expenses (54%, 62%), while luxury items account for the next largest share (20% and 21%). Heat, light and water expenses account for between 8~10% of overall living costs. (2) Fisheries situation Table 5-18 shows the number of fishing boats according to fishing method in the three fishing communities of Bargny, Miname and Sendou (Bargny area) as of August The 75 motor- 5-76

78 powered hand line fishing boats in Sendou switch to bottom gillnet fishing when the summer octopus fishing season ends. Fishing boats that engage in hand line fishing in natural reef fishing grounds comprise the 105 engine-powered boats and 45 sailboats of Bargny and Miname. These fishing boats catch octopus in the summer season, while in other seasons they fish for black sea bream, pigfish and horse mackerel in natural reef fishing grounds in other seasons. Table 5-18 Number of Fishing Boats by Fishing Method in Bargny Hand line engine-powered boats Sailboats Purse seine net boats Beach seine net boats Gillnet Bargny Miname Sendou Total Source: Fisheires Department (August 2004) Many of these hand line fishermen combine fishing with cultivation of okra, however, fisheries revenue accounts for the overwhelmingly large share (82~96%) of their total income. Looking at household economy in the case of a hand line fishing family with engine-powered boat in Miname, the annual number of fishing days is 220, the value of catches landed per boat is 5,260,000 Fcfa, operating expenses are 2,060,000 Fcfa, and the profit margin is 61%. Since the family of the informant own two engine-powered pirogues, the annual fisheries income is 3,430,000 Fcfa (partly paid to the crew as a dividend). In addition, income from outside of fisheries is 125,000 Fcfa. The annual living cost of a family of 20 (including depreciation cost of production assets) is 3,530,000 Fcfa, so the annual household balance is almost even. However, since hand line fishing is subject to large catch fluctuations, there are years when income doesn t cover household expenses. (3) OCFA Artificial reefs and their Effects The said project was started in September Waters off the shore of Bargny on the southern coast (see Figure 5-12) were selected because proximity to Dakar was good for following up on the project, the sea here was calm, and it was easy to see the effects of fish reef installation because natural reefs in the area were rare. The specifications and quantities of the artificial reefs were examined in Japan, and tender documents were prepared based on these. After that, in February 2002 designated competitive tender was implemented in Dakar in order to select the contractor. As a result, FOUGEROLLE Co. of Dakar was selected and it signed a contract with OFCA. The execution period was approximately three and a half months and all the fish reefs were installed in June before the start of the rainy season and rough seas. Six fish reefs 5-77

79 comprising 3 m concrete blocks (each reef weighing 9 tons) were arranged in a circle of 30 m diameter, and the middle of this was filled with 130 m 3 of natural stones (approximately 500 kg each) to make a hybrid fish reef comprising a conical mound measuring 13 m across at the base and 3 m high (see Figure 5-13). Figure 5-12 Map of OFCA Artificial reefs Figure 5-13 Layout Drawing of OFCA Artificial reefs After the fish reef was installed, the DPM and CRODT carried out enlightenment activities and a management committee composed of representatives from five coastal villages (Rufisque, Bargny, Sendou, Miname and Yenne) was formed. The committee, acting on the advice of CRODT from the viewpoint of stock protection, designated all waters around the fish reef as a total closed area and made this into legislation as a Rufisque Prefecture ordinance. Moreover, to ensure that fishermen upheld the ordinance, the committee members took turns in conducting surveillance activities around the fish reef three times a week. CRODT regularly collected landing data and conducted catch tests in order to assess the scientific and economic effects of the artificial reef. Also, the local NGO OCEANIUM was contracted to observe and photograph fish gathering around the fish reef. OFCA paid all the expenses incurred in these follow-up activities. A year and a half after establishment of the fish reef, in December 2003, a summing-up seminar was staged in Dakar and this marked the end of the project activity and financing by OFCA. 5-78

80 Artificial reef projects by OFCA in the past were simply intended to confirm the fish gathering effect and stock propagation effect of fish reefs. In this sense, since the pictures take by OCEANIUM confirmed the gathering of fish around the fish reef and numerous fishermen in the surrounding villages stated that previously uncaught fish were now being caught, it may be said that the artificial reef here had a certain effect. Other fishermen said that the number of small pirogues not fitted with outboard motors had increased in the surrounding villages. This is because the artificial reef brought the fishing grounds closer to the coast and made them accessible to non-powered fishing boats too. However, following the end of the OFAC activities, funding for the management committee has been cut and budget problems have emerged in that there is no money to replace marker buoys if they are washed away or purchase fuel for fishing ground surveillance missions. At the root of this, it is pointed out that fishermen lack a sense of involvement in the project because they were not actively involved from the start. Moreover, because all initial funding was provided by an outside agency, a culture of dependency was fostered among the fishermen. In any case, even though a little late, it became necessary to build a setup whereby the fishermen themselves manage stocks around the artificial reef. The Study Team decided to target Bargny as a sub project of the pilot project in order to verify the effectiveness of artificial reef installation as an effective tool of resource management with Yenne in mind Cooperation Period April 2004 ~ November 2005 (approximately 1 and a half years) Cooperation Contents (1) Overall goal To establish artificial reef installation as an effective means of fisheries resource management (2) Project purpose To realize management of fisheries stocks in waters around the artificial reef by the fishermen concerned. (3) Outputs 1) Clarification of the stakeholders who will manage fisheries stocks around the fish reef 2) Conferment of rights and obligations concerning stocks around the fish reef to the fishermen concerned 5-79

81 (4) Inputs Japanese side: Four consultants (resource management/fisheries technology, fishermen s organization/participatory development, socioeconomy/fisheries economy, biological survey) Supply of facilities and equipment (locally made pirogues, 15 HP outboard engine, GPS, life jackets, rainwear, buoys) Vehicles Senegalese side: Two counterparts (2 from DPM) One DPM branch member FENAGIE-PECHE (dissemination activities) (5) Cost of above materials and equipment Local made pirogue 1,170 thousand FCFA (US$2,340) Outboard engine 1,064 thousand FCFA (US$2,092) Fabrication and installation of buoys 1,118 thousand FCFA (US$2,236) Materials for safety at sea (life jacket etc.) 523 thousand FCFA (US$1,046) Total 3,875 thousand FCFA (US$7,714) Project Assessment (1) Confirmation of Project purpose Achievement Indicators 1) Resource management rules The style of fishing ground management combining a closed zone and operating zone that was adopted in Yenne was based on the one in Bargny. However, as in the case of Yenne, this complex style of fishing ground management didn t function in reality. 2) Fishing ground surveillance and reporting Not one fishing ground surveillance report has been made since follow-up was started on this activity as a sub pilot project of the development study. The fund cooperation necessary for surveillance activities has already been finished, and no fishing ground surveillance activities are actually being conducted at the present time. All the marking buoys that were established during the period of OFCA involvement have been washed away and there are currently no objects to indicate the fishing grounds. 5-80

82 3) Resource management fund This idea was introduced based on the same concept as that in Yenne, however, ideas for fishing charges, joint operation and contributions have not even been proposed let alone implemented, and the fund has not taken shape at all. (2) Confirmation of Output Achievement Indicators Output 1-1. Registration of fishermen and fishing boats is not carried out. Since the computer that was installed in the Bargny fisheries branch office at the start of the sub project was supplied to the local smoke processing women s association, it was removed from the fisheries branch office during the project. Moreover, because the project did not cater for the supply of computer equipment, the whole idea of registration collapsed at this point. Output 1-2. The resource management organization was not established. When the sub project was launched, the project implementation committee (Comité de pilotage) and fishing ground surveillance committee (Comité de surveillance) that were established during the OFCA era were in existence, however, these organizations disappeared when the financial assistance was discontinued. Output 2-1. No resource management manual has been prepared. This is because it was deemed that preparation of a manual was incompatible with bottom-up resource management activities. Output 2-2. No budget was secured for fishing ground surveillance. The main reason for this was the extinction of the management organizations. There is no chance of a fund being established or budget being secured without any organization. (3) Outline of the Assessment Results Efficiency: Low Conduct joint operation in order to generate the budget necessary for fishing ground surveillance. Use the returns from fish sales to establish a fund. Also, rather than using fishing boats, use the surveillance boat belonging to the management committee to monitor the fishing grounds. In response to such suggestions from the management committee, a locally made pirogue (8 m), outboard motor (15 HP) and various other equipment were supplied, however, following the natural extinction of the management committee, these equipments have been placed under the management of the Bargny fisheries branch office. Accordingly, equipment supply has made only a minimal contribution to the outputs. 5-81

83 Effectiveness: Hardly achieved at all Since fishermen understand there is a high risk of losing nets if they cast in waters around the fish reef, they naturally avoid doing this. As a result, waters around the fish reef have become a closed zone. However, it is of course possible that fishermen who are unaware of the fish reef will set nets in these waters. Impact: Positive impacts can be seen, whereas negative impacts have not been seen as yet. Net fishing gear has naturally been regulated around the fish reef, whereas line fishing is being practiced. These waters are already recognized as a good fishing grounds, and thiof, which is a high quality demersal fish, is being landed in Rufisque and so on. Although it is not possible to indicate quantitative data here, waters around the fish reef are generating an ample positive economic impact as a new fishing ground. Relevance: Pros and cons Discussion of the pros and cons is omitted here because it was already explained in the section on Yenne. Sustainability: It would be difficult for fishermen to implement similar activities based on their own money. Since this project was totally implemented by external parties under financial support from OFCA, the fishermen do not possess the know-how or funds to repeat the same work themselves. (4) Social Impact 1) Difference between form and reality The artificial reef in Bargny was established under the initiative of OFCA. Artificial reefs in OFAC projects so far have been used to make closed zones in order to protect fisheries resources. Accordingly, fishermen were unable to utilize artificial reefs as fishing grounds. When this work was succeeded in the development study, it was decided to combine a closed zone with a fish reef fishing ground in order to build a management setup operated by residents. In order for residents to conduct autonomous management, since it is essential for residents to raise management costs themselves, various methods of allowing residents to sustain the management activities were investigated after the support from external donors was stopped. The code of conduct (Code de conduit), which is based on opening the artificial reef as a hand line fishing ground and levying a fishing charge from fishing boats that enter the area, has been established. Specifically, the code stipulates that the ocean area be divided into the first zone, which is a closed area, and the second zone, which is the fishing area, and it 5-82

84 prescribes details concerning fishing access. However, the code of conduct has so far failed to function and there are no users of the fishing license system. The engine-powered pirogue that was supplied to enable surveillance activities by the fishermen is not operating as planned. Meanwhile, the artificial reef is recognized by the local fishermen as a fishing ground where stable catches can be secured even when catches go down in surrounding fishing grounds, and it is frequently utilized by gillnet and hand line fishers. According to the local gillnet fishermen, the artificial reef was used everyday while buoys were in place. Since the buoys were spaced at intervals of 150 m, the fishermen could set their nets between the buoys without getting them caught in the artificial reef. In November 2004, since fish couldn t be caught in any of the surrounding fishing grounds, many fishermen set their nets on the artificial reef. Assuming that each fishing boat cast two nets, this means that there are always between 40~50 bottom gillnets set in the water at any given time. In reality the artificial reef is already functioning as a stable fishing ground for the local fishermen. This difference between form and reality is proving to be an impediment to the construction of a setup of coastal fishing ground management by local residents based on the artificial reef. 2) From tight management to loose management Since the goal of the sub project is to build a setup of coastal fishing ground management by local residents based on the artificial reef, a fishing access system has been introduced to allow residents to manage the fish reef fishing grounds. This is a form of so-called tight management, whereby the fishing ground management committee manages the fishing grounds while raising operating costs. However, because this tight management hardly functions at all, it is proposed that this be changed to a system of loose management more suited to current conditions. In specific terms, loose management comprises the following methodology: Fully open the waters around Bargny artificial reef to hand line fishermen only. For this purpose, do not install buoys around the artificial reef because they provide markers for gillnet fishermen to operate. Since gillnets are an expensive asset for the local fishermen, they do not want to risk getting them caught in an artificial reef not marked with buoys. Although fishermen can understand the rough position of the fish reef without buoys, they cannot be sure about the exact location. As a result, so long as no buoys are set to mark the fish reef, the fishing grounds will only be used by hand line fishermen. 5-83

85 Since hand line fishing will be the only fishing method practiced around the fish reef, only fish of commodity size will be caught, while fry gathering around the reef will be protected. As a result, the artificial reef will function as a protection and nurturing reef. Fishing charges cannot be levied without the aid of marking buoys, however, these can be sacrificed in return for keeping surveillance activities by the management committee to a minimum. Instead of surveillance activities by the management committee, hand line fishermen can be obliged to enter and submit operating logs regarding their utilization of the artificial reef. The management committee will utilize the engine-powered boat supplied by JICA to implement joint operations and use the profits from this as operating costs. It can then use these funds to consign regular underwater observations to an external organization and to gauge conditions around the artificial reef. This will prevent ghost fishing around the artificial reef. (5) Economic Assessment of the Artificial reef As was mentioned above, the first step towards building a setup for coastal fishing ground management by residents using the artificial reef as a tool is to eliminate the disparity between the form of a closed zone and the reality of recognition as a fishing ground. For this reason, based on comments by gillnet fishermen that have used the fish reef as a fishing ground for some time, economic assessment of the artificial reef is carried out through estimating the value and quantity of fish caught in the area. The gillnet fisherman Mr. A set gillnets in the artificial reef fishing grounds and caught fish every day for two weeks in November During this period, there were always between 20~25 fishing boats conducting gillnet fishing in the surrounding area. Since each fishing boat sets at least two gillnets, this means that between 40~50 gillnets were set around the artificial reef at any time during this period. Mr. A recorded a net profit of 25,000 Fcfa over the two weeks. Operating costs of this period were 66,500 Fcfa (4,750 Fcfa per day), while the value of landed catches was 91,500 Fcfa. The catches mainly consisted of 30 cm of sar, sole and sompatt. Based on the ratio of caught species and unit sale prices, the total size of catches corresponding to 91,500 Fcfa works out as 99 kg (see the following table). 5-84

86 Table 5-19 Estimated Landed Quantity per Fishing Boat at the Artificial reef in Bargny (2 weeks in November 2004) Species Estimated Catch Length Ratio Sale Price Size Landed Value Sar 30cm 66% 1,000 F/kg 65 kg 65,000 Fcfa Sole de roche 33cm 3,000 F/kg Sole de longue 33cm 17% 750 F/kg 17 kg 23,440 Sole tigre 33cm 500 F/kg Sompate 25cm 17% 120~240 F/kg 17 kg 3,060 Fcfa Total 100% 99 kg 91,500 Fcfa Data: Based on the hearing survey conducted in July 2005 Fcfa If it is assumed that 25 gillnet fishing boats that were operating in the waters around the artificial reef in November 2004 landed the same quantities as Mr. A above, it works out that fish caught around the Bargny artificial reef were worth 2,290,000 Fcfa and weighed 2,475 kg, breaking down as 1,625 kg of sar, 425 kg of sole and 425 kg of sompatt. Around this time, catches at other gillnet fishing grounds off Bargny were down and many fishing boats switched to octopus fishing. The artificial reef fishing grounds continued to produce stable catches within such an environment, and it came to be recognized as a steady fishing ground even when catches at other fishing grounds were struggling. 5.6 Underwater Survey In the pilot project, an underwater survey was implemented in order to estimate the scientific impact of artificial reef installation. Since scientific surveying of Senegalese coastal areas is the jurisdiction of the CRODT, three personnel selected by CRODT were trained as underwater survey divers. At the same time, diving equipment and underwater photography equipment were procured in order to build a set to enable CRODT to continue underwater surveys even after the project was finished. The underwater survey was continuously implemented as shown below in Yenne, Bargny and Nianing, where artificial reefs or octopus pots were installed. 1) Follow-up of the installation conditions and fish gathering conditions around the artificial reef that was installed off the coast of Yenne in 2004 was continued from the fourth through to the seventh surveys. Of these, since diving equipment for the CRODT survey members could not be procured in time for the fourth survey, the Japanese Study Team members conducted the followup at this time. 5-85

87 2) Follow-up of the installation conditions and fish gathering conditions around the artificial reef that was installed off the coast of Bargny by OFCA in 2001 was continued in the sixth and seventh surveys. 3) Follow-up of the installation conditions and fish gathering conditions around the octopus pots that were installed off the coast of Nianing during the sixth survey (July 2005) was continued in the sixth and seventh surveys. 4) Follow-up of the installation conditions and fish gathering conditions around the octopus pots that were installed off the coast of Yenne after the sixth survey (July 2005) was conducted in the seventh survey. The detailed contents of the surveys are described below Survey Methods In the surveys, first of all seabed conditions were gauged through diving and visual observation. After that, in the fish survey, numbers of fish gathered around five optionally set measurement points were estimated using a combination of the fixed point observation method (Figure 5-14) and belt transect method (Figure 5-15). Concerning the species of fish gathering around and over the fish reefs, the number of fish per cubic meter was counted, the average number of fish per unit cubage was sought following the end of underwater observations, and this was extrapolated over the whole artificial reef area in order to estimate the gathered quantity of each fish species. Concerning demersal fish species that do not form large shoals, again the number of fish per unit cubage was counted by means of the belt transect method (L 10m, W 1m, H 1m) on five optionally set measurement lines, and this was extrapolated over the whole artificial reef area following the underwater observations in order to estimate the gathered quantity of each fish species. However, concerning species for which only one or two fish were observed during the underwater observations, these were added to the observed numbers without extrapolating over the whole fish reef area. Moreover, in cases where there were so many gathered fish that it was not possible to estimate the actual numbers by visual observation alone, an underwater camera with clear angle of view was used to photograph shoals in at least three directions from the fixed observation points. Accordingly, in cases where photography was conducted at each measurement point, a total of 15 images, i.e. 3 directions x 5 points, were taken. After the photography, the distance from each photography point to the visual reference points was measured using a tape measure. After the survey was finished, the number of fish per species was counted; the cubage inside the photograph was calculated from the underwater angle of view and distance to the visual reference points, and the fish count density per unit cubage was estimated (Figure 5-16). 5-86

88 Figure 5-14 Fixed Point Observation Method Figure 5-15 Belt Transect Method Figure 5-16 Calculation of Angle of View (The bottom part shows an actual example. The underwater angle of view of the camera is 45across and 30in the longitudinal direction, the distance from the lens to the fish reef that is the visual reference point is 2.2 m, and the number of fish in the image is 145 Pomadasys incisus and 6 Dilodus bellotti. Accordingly, the fish density is 90.6 fish/m 3 and 3.8 fish/m 3 respectively. 5-87

89 After calculating the number of gathered fish by the above method, the wet unit weight of observed fish was calculated from the length wet weight conversion expression, and the biomass was estimated from the following expression. Biomass = Estimated number of fish *1 x Wet unit weight *2 *1 Estimated number of fish = (Mean number of fish standard error) Unit volume x Surveyed area *2 The wet unit weight was calculated from the length wet weight conversion expression indicated in existing literature. In cases where the length wet weight conversion expression was not indicated for the target species, the expression for similar shape species was referred to. In the survey of octopus pots and octopus pot reefs, the number of octopuses living in the set pots was counted, and conditions of habitation such as the mode of use of pots and evidence of spawning, etc. were observed Survey Findings Table 5-20 shows the dive times, water temperature and underwater visibility during each survey at Yenne, Bargny and Nianing where the fish reefs were installed. The depth of artificial reefs was approximately 16 m at Yenne and 22 m at Bargny, while the octopus pots at Nianing were at 10 m. The underwater visibility was around 4 m. 5-88

90 Table 5-20 Hydrographic Conditions and Dive Time in Each Survey Survey site Yenne Bargny Nianing Date Survey Target Dive Time Maximum Water temperature Water temperature Underwater Depth (m) at surface( C) oat bottom( C) visibility(m) 2004, July 28 Artificial reef 11:31-11: Target zone 12:16-12: , September 8 Artificial reef 11:56-13: Target zone 13:55-14: , September 9 Artificial reef 11:59-14: Target zone 14:45-15: , October 6 Artificial reef 11:41-14: Target zone 14:35-14: , February 18 Artificial reef 11:07-11: Target zone 13:03-13: , February 20 Artificial reef 10:47-11: Target zone 12:18-13: , February 21 Artificial reef 11:31-12: Target zone 13:05-13: , July 22 Artificial reef 12:09-13: Target zone 14:09-14: , July 23 Artificial reef 11:54-13: Target zone 13:55-14: , October 14 Octopus pot reef 15:17-15: Target zone 14:35-15: , October Artificial reef 13:50-15: , October 19 Artificial reef 13:51-14: Target zone 15:10-15: , November 2 Octopus pot reef 13:02-13: Target zone 14:41-15: , July 16 Artificial reef 11:51-12: Target zone 13:10-13: , July 30 Artificial reef 11:41-12: Target zone 14:21-14: , October 22 Artificial reef 12:16-13: Target zone 14:30-14: , October 23 Artificial reef 12:59-13:28 22, Target zone 14:22-14: , October Artificial reef 12:47-13: , October Target zone 13:20-13: , August 5 Octopus pot 13:00-15: , October 11 Octopus pot 12:36-14: The survey points are briefly described below. Moreover, Tables 5-21~5-24 show the gathered number of fish estimated from the observation results in Yenne and Bargny. (1) Yenne July 28, 2004 (advance survey) Underwater visibility was very poor at 1 m or less around both the scheduled installation point of the artificial reef and the natural reefs. Bottom sediment around the scheduled installation point of the artificial reef consisted of sand silt (particle diameter 1 mm or less) mixed with shell fragments, and the terrain was flat with no ripple marks (waves formed 5-89

91 when surface sand is moved by tidal currents). The only observed fish was one ray (Dasyatis sp.) of 40 cm in length (see Figure 5-17a). The seabed around the surrounding natural reefs was dotted with rocks of around 50 cm diameter, and no major undulations could be seen in the bed. Soft coral was dotted on the rocks, however, no large shells, etc. were observed. The only observed fish were two red mullets (Pseudupeneus prayensis) of around 15 cm and three jack mackerels (Trachurus sp.) of around 10 cm (see Figure 5-17b). a Figure 5-17 b Seabed Conditions before Installation of the Artificial Reef (a), and Natural Reefs in the Comparative Zone (b) September 8~9 and October 6, 2004 In the underwater surveys conducted on September 8~9 and one month later on October 6, the installed conditions of concrete blocks and gabions were observed and recorded; the types and numbers of fish gathered around the artificial reefs were counted; and data for conducting quantitative analysis of gathered fish over time were collected. Figure 5-18 shows the conditions of concrete blocks and gabions installation, while Figure 5-19 shows the positions of measurement lines and measurement points installed on the artificial reef. Gabions were scattered over an area comprising radius of 10~15 m, and the installation density was particularly high over 16 m on the south side from the reef center point. A total of 62 concrete blocks were confirmed, that is five located close to the center of the fish reef, five located around 5 m to the north, 10 located around 13 m to the southwest, and 42 located on the east to southeast side around 12 m from the center. Apart from some gabions that had sunk around 5~10 cm into the bottom sediment, hardly any scouring or burying was observed in the installed gabions and concrete blocks. 5-90

92 Figure 5-18 Pattern Diagram of Gabion and Concrete Block Installation Conditions Figure 5-19 Measurement Lines and Measurement Points Set for the Underwater Surveys Whereas hardly any fish at all were observed before installation of the artificial reef, nine species were observed on September 8~9 and 14 species on October 6. On September 9, shoals of around 3,000 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti) measuring 10~15 cm and 6,000~7,000 horse mackerel (Trachurus sp.) measuring 10~12 cm were observed. Moreover, one month later on October 6, shoals of around 6,000~7,000 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti), 18,000 pigfish (Pomadasys incisus) and 20,000 horse mackerel (Trachurus trecae, Decapterus punctatus) were observed. Meanwhile, the natural reef that was observed as a comparative zone was a uniform terrain comprising soft coral and sponges dotted around flat rock. No fish species at all were observed in September, while only one sea bream measuring around 10 cm was observed in October. February 18, 20 and 21, 2005 There was no major change in the condition of the installed gabions and concrete blocks, and no conspicuous scouring, burial or damage could be seen. Around 14~15 species of fish were observed gathering around the fish reef, showing no major change from the October 2004 survey, however, the numbers of fish were dramatically less. Specifically, only 300~400 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti) and pigfish (Pomadasys incisus) were observed. Moreover, no horse mackerel (Trachurus trecae, Decapterus punctatus) at all were seen. In contrast, around 600 sweetlips (Plectorhinchus mediterraneus) measuring 20~25 cm, which were hardly seen at all in the 5-91

93 previous survey, were observed. It is thought the reduction in the number of fish was due to the fact that water temperature was extremely low at around 15. Meanwhile, in the comparative zone, the only fish observed were around 100 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti). July 22~23, 2005 Some gabions were seen to be more than half-filled with sand, however, clustered gabions were hardly buried at all and there was none of the burying that initially caused concern. Moreover, no scouring, burying or damage was observed on the concrete blocks. The main rope of a longline was found tangled on a gabion on the edge of the artificial reef zone, however, there was no evidence of gillnets or negative effects such as ghost fishing, etc. The gabion and concrete block surfaces were covered with barnacles, sponges, lugworms and polyzoans, etc. The number of fish species observed around the artificial reef was 17 species on July 22 and 22 species on July 23. Numerous sweetlips and small sea bream were observed swimming around the area, and there were also a lot of groupers measuring 50 cm and more, which had hardly been observed before, swimming around the reef. Meanwhile, in the comparative zone, three species were observed on July 22 and six species on July 23. Specifically speaking, around 50 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti), 50~100 gilthead (Coris julis) and, on July 22, 30 red mullet (Pseudupeneus Pyayensis) were observed. Apart from those, hardly any other fish species were seen. October 18~19 and November 2, 2005 There was no major change in the condition of the installed gabions and concrete blocks, and no conspicuous scouring, burial or damage could be seen. The species of fish observed around the artificial reef were 23 species on October 18, 22 species on October 19 and 24 species on November 2. The main species found gathered around the fish reef over the three days were 1,600~4,800 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti), 5,000~7,500 pigfish (Pomadasys incisus), and 1,100~2,600 sweetlips (Plectorhinchus mediterraneus). On October 18, around 1,500 horse mackerel (Trachurus trecae, Decapterus punctatus), which were observed in the summer of 2004, were observed. Meanwhile, in the comparative zone, five species were observed on October 14 and November 2, and three were observed on October 19. In terms of numbers, 100~170 sea 5-92

94 bream (Diplodus bellotti), 150 gilthead (Coris julis), 60 grouper (Epinephelus costae) and, on July 22, 30 red mullet (Pseudupeneus Pyayensis) were observed. Apart from those, hardly any other fish species were seen. Whereas only one species of fish was observed before the fish reef was installed, this increased to nine species immediately after fish reef installation and 14~15 species a month after installation. The number had increased to more than 20 one year after installation (see Figure 5-20). However, in the comparative zone, the number varied between 3~6 over the survey period. Moreover, upon comparing the gathered biomass around the fish reef based on the results of the above underwater observations, whereas this was only 1 kg or less before installation of the reef, it increased to 200 kg immediately after installation and 1,700 kg one month later. After that, it dropped to around 300 kg during the winter when water temperatures fell, however, it again increased to between 1,000~1,500 kg from the following summer (see Figure 5-21). Meanwhile, in the comparative zone, the biomass remained more or less the same at 50 kg, and no major differences were observed in the gathered quantity (see Figure 5-21). No. of Species Installation of the reef AR NR 2004_7_ _9_8 2004_9_9 2004_10_6 2005_2_ _2_ _2_ _7_ _7_ _10_ _10_ _11_2 Date Figure 5-20 Movements in the Number of Observed Fish at Yenne (AR Fish Reef Zone, NR: Comparative Zone) 5-93

95 _7_ _9_8 2004_9_9 2004_10_6 2005_2_ _2_ _2_ _7_ _7_ _10_ _10_ _11_2 kg AR NR Date Figure 5-21 Movements in Biomass Gathered at Yenne (AR Fish Reef Zone, NR: Comparative Zone) Surveys in Japan have shown that fish start gathering around an artificial reef from three months to one year after installation. However, in the case of Yenne, the ongoing surveys showed that gathering started during and immediately after installation, and from this it is inferred that rocks and undulating natural reefs are rare in the surrounding area. (2) Bargny July 16 and 30, 2005 Underwater visibility at the survey points was around 3 m, however, because there were many suspended solids, the seabed was dark and visibility was poor. Bottom sediment around the scheduled installation point of the artificial reef consisted of sand silt (particle diameter 1 mm or less) mixed with shell fragments. No conspicuous scouring, burial or damage could be seen in the observed artificial reef, however, some concrete beams were tangled with the main lines of purse seine nets and longlines, indicating that fishing was being practiced around the artificial reef. However, no gillnets, etc. were entangled and there was little evidence of negative effects from ghost fishing, etc. The surface of the artificial reef was covered in a thick layer of barnacles, sponges and lugworm, etc. and the base concrete couldn t be seen at all. Figure 5-22 shows the layout of the fish reefs. The reefs consisted of a central mound of deposited rocks surrounded by 3 m square concrete blocks, however, the distance from the mound to the concrete blocks varied according to the reef. Dense shoals of fish were observed within around 5 m from the blocks, however, hardly any fish at all were observed beyond that range. Accordingly, the effective scope of this fish reef is estimated to be the effective scope of the mound + effective scope of the 5-94

96 concrete blocks x 6, i.e x 6 = 1,540 m 2. Demersal fish species such as grouper and gilthead were mostly observed up to 1 m above the seabed. Moreover, large shoals of sea bream (Diplodus bellotti) and pigfish (Pomadasys incisus) were observed in high density up to 5 m above the seabed. The species of fish observed around the artificial reef were 13 species on July 16 and July 30. The predominant species were around 6,000 pigfish (Pomadasys incisus) and 60~90 large grouper (Epinephelus aeneus, Epinephelus costae). On July 30, roughly 13,000 horse mackerel (Trachurus trecae) gathered around the reef. Moreover, on July 16, one fry (5 cm in length) of thiof (Epinephulus aeneus) was found hiding in cracks between rocks on the seabed around the artificial reef. This is thought to be one example of fry utilizing the artificial reef (see Figure 5-23). Cast rocks : Concrete block : Fish gathering scope Figure 5-22 Layout Drawing of Fish Reefs at Bargny Figure 5-23 Choff Small Fry around Fish Reefs As the comparative zone, underwater survey was carried out around the natural reef located around the artificial reef. The seabed around the surrounding natural reefs comprised flat sand or rock and was dotted with rocks of around 50 cm diameter, and no major undulations could be seen in the bed. Soft coral and sponges were attached to the rock. The rock bed was totally covered in sand and formed a rock shelf of around 50 cm in parts, however, the range of this was extremely limited and such terrain was not observed continuing for more than 5 m in any place. Six fish species were observed on July 16 and July 30; in particular, a shoal of 100 sweetlips was observed on July 30, and there were also numerous sea bream and pigfish. 5-95

97 October 22, 23 and 29 There was no major change in the condition of the installed gabions and concrete blocks, and no conspicuous scouring, burial or damage could be seen. The species of fish observed around the artificial reef were 21~22 species, which was more than in the survey in July. The main species found gathered around the fish reef were 60,000~120,000 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti) and 130,000~160,000 pigfish (Pomadasys incisus), displaying a dramatic increase over the previous survey. Meanwhile, in the comparative zone, only two species were observed on October 22 and October 23, whereas six species (the same as in the previous survey) were observed on October 29. In terms of the main species, 100~200 pigfish and, on October 30, 100 sweetlips (Plectorhynchus mediterraneus) were observed. However, apart from those, the only other observed species were a few moray and sea bream. Summing up the survey results around the artificial reef in Bargny, the number of observed fish species was 13 in the July survey and 21~22 in the October survey, whereas in the comparative zone, the number varied between 2~6 over the whole period (see Figure 5-24). Moreover, looking at the gathered biomass around the fish reef based on the results of the above underwater observations, 5~7 tons was observed over the fish reef effective scope (1,540 m 2 ) in July, whereas this had increased to 10~15 tons by October (see Figure 5-25). Meanwhile, in the comparative zone, biomass of around 2 tons was estimated over a similar area on July 30. Apart from that, the biomass was estimated at 100 kg on the other days, displaying a major disparity with the biomass around the artificial reef, as was also the case in Yenne. 25 No. of species AR NR _7_ _7_ _10_ _10_ _10_29 Date Figure 5-24 Movements in the Number of Fish Observed at Bargny (AR Fish Reef Zone, NR: Comparative Zone) 5-96

98 kg AR 2005_7_ _7_ _10_ _10_ _10_29 NR Date Figure 5-25 Movements in Biomass Gathered at Bargny (AR Fish Reef Zone, NR: Comparative Zone) (3) Nianing Survey August 5, 2005 Underwater visibility on the seabed around the octopus pots was around 3.5 m. The seabed was flat and comprised a blanket of shell pieces and small stones, etc. on top of the sandy bottom. The main rope connecting the octopus pots was approximately 200 m and was installed in the north-south direction (150~330), however, it was sagging for around 15 m and was tangled in the anchor rope at the northern tip. There was no evidence at all to indicate sinking or breakage of the octopus pots. Octopuses were confirmed inside 17 out of 23 installed octopus pots in this underwater survey. Many of the octopuses inside the pots had blocked the entrances of the pots with shell pieces and small stones gathered from the seabed. It is thought that they do this to protect against hostile enemies on the outside. Moreover, out of the 17 octopus pots in which octopuses were confirmed, three also had octopuses gathered outside. It is thought that the octopuses here were either vying to get possession of the pots or were engaged in copulation (see Figure 5-26). Figure 5-26 Octopuses Gathered around Octopus Pots at Nianing 5-97

99 October 11, 2005 The installed octopus pots were scattered over the seabed and it wasn t possible to fully observe them. However, one of the pots that was found contained a female octopus fanning eggs (supplying fresh water to the eggs), indicating that the octopus pots were being effectively utilized as spawning grounds (see Figure 5-27). Figure 5-27 Female Octopus Fanning Eggs in an Octopus Pot at Nianing (4) Octopus Pot Survey in Yenne At the three sites where octopus pots were installed in Yenne, water depth was 12~15 m, sea swell was strong and visibility was poor. The seabed terrain was flat and consisted of finegrained sand or floating sediment, and the installed octopus pots were filled with such sediment and showed no signs of octopus gathering. Unlike in the survey of octopus pots in Nianing, it was not possible to clarify the effects of the octopus pot reefs here. Concerning why, it is thought that the octopus pots were installed on sandy seabed away from the octopus habitat and that the structure of the pots with no hole in the bottom prevented fresh water exchange caused by swells and currents from fully taking place inside. To sum up, the underwater surveys confirmed that, apart from octopus pot reefs, the fish gathering and propagation facilities such as artificial reefs and octopus pots installed off the coast of Senegal are highly effective. In particular, the artificial reefs installed off the coast of Yenne and Bargny displayed more immediate and sustained effects than those installed in Japanese waters. This is considered indicative off the fact that trawling activities in recent times have exhausted the few natural reefs that exist off the coast of Senegal and coastal habitats for fish species have become depleted. It is known that fish gathering facilities such as artificial reefs not only promote the gathering of local fish species, but they also contribute to propagation of stocks through expanding habitats for local species especially fry and young fish. Moreover, Japan has already tried intensive and efficient fisheries resource management based on gathering young 5-98