The Next Generation of Crystal Detectors for Future HEP Experiments

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1 The Next Generation of Crystal Detectors for Future HEP Experiments Ren-Yuan Zhu California Institute of Technology June 6, 2016 Invited Talk given in the 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico

2 Why Crystal Calorimeter? Photons and electrons are fundamental particles. Precision e/γ measurements enhance physics discovery potential. Performance of crystal calorimeter in e/γ measurements is well understood: The best possible energy resolution; Good position resolution; Good e/γ identification and reconstruction efficiency. Challenges at future HEP Experiments: Radiation damage at the energy frontier (HL-LHC); Ultra-fast rate at the intensity frontier (Mu2e-II/SτCharm); Jet mass resolution at the energy frontier (ILC/CLIC/CEPC). June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 2

photon pairs CMS PWO Η γγ γγ June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in

3 Physics with Crystals Charmonium system observed by CB through Inclusive photons CB NaI(Tl) Higgs -> γγ by CMS through reconstructing photon pairs CMS PWO Η γγ γγ June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 3

4 Existing Crystal Calorimeters Date Future Crystal Calorimeters in HEP: LYSO for COMET (Mu2e, Super B and CMS at HL-LHC) CsI, BaF 2 and PbF 2 for Mu2e and g-2 respectively at Fermilab PbF 2, PbFCl and BSO for Homogeneous HCAL for ILC June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 4

5 Challenges for Photodetectors Photodetectors are a crucial part of crystal calorimetry. For HEP application it must immune to magnetic field thus ruled out PMT. SS photodetectors dominate HEP applications: Si PDs have stability, but no gain; Si APDs have gain, but not fast enough; SiPMs have high gain and fast, but sensitive to pile-up and non-linearity. Challenges at future HEP Experiments: Radiation damage at the energy frontier (HL-LHC); Ultra-fast rate at the intensity frontier (Mu2e-II/SτCharm); Cost-effectiveness at the energy frontier (ILC/CLIC/CEPC). June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 5

6 CMS Experiment at LHC PWO ECAL CMS is one of the four detector s at the 14 TeV LHC June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 6

7 History of Scintillating Crystals M.J. Weber, J. Lumin. 100 (2002) Century: LaBr 3 Nineties: PWO, LSO Seventies: BGO Fifties: NaI and CsI June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 7

8 Crystals for HEP Calorimeters Crystal NaI(Tl) CsI(Tl) CsI BaF 2 BGO LYSO(Ce) PWO PbF 2 Density (g/cm 3 ) Melting Point (ºC) Radiation Length (cm) Molière Radius (cm) Interaction Length (cm) Refractive Index a Hygroscopicity Yes Slight Slight No No No No No Luminescence b (nm) (at peak) ? Decay Time b (ns) Light Yield b,c (%) ?? d(ly)/dt b (%/ ºC) ? Experiment Crystal Ball BaBar BELLE BES III KTeV S. BELLE (GEM) TAPS Mu2e L3 BELLE EIC? Comet {Mu2e,SuperB) CMS? CMS ALICE PANDA a. at peak of emission; b. up/low row: slow/fast component; c. QE of readout device taken out. A4 g-2 HHCAL? June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 8

9 Crystals for Homeland Security Crystal NaI(Tl) CsI(Tl) CsI(Na) LaCl 3 (Ce) SrI 2 (Eu) LaBr 3 (Ce) Density (g/cm 3 ) Melting Point (ºC) Radiation Length (cm) Molière Radius (cm) Interaction Length (cm) Refractive Index a ? 1.9 Hygroscopicity Yes Slight Slight Yes Yes Yes Luminescence b (nm) (at peak) Decay Time b (ns) Light Yield b,c (%) d(ly)/dt b (%/ ºC) ? 0.2 a. at peak of emission; b. up/low row: slow/fast component; c. QE of readout device taken out. June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 9

10 Degradation of CMS PWO Ionization dose induced dose rate dependent damage in PWO well understood R. T. de Lima, Calor2016, Daegu, 5/16/2016 June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 10

11 Dose Rate Dependent Damage IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., Vol. 44 (1997) Light output reaches an equilibrium during irradiations under a defined dose rate, showing dose rate dependent radiation damage June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 11

12 Prediction of PWO Damage IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS (2004) Talk in CMS Forward Calorimeter Taskforce Meeting, CERN, 12/10/2010 Predicted EM dose induced damage agrees well with the LHC data June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 12

Reduce Light Path Length 14 mm W 2.5 mm LYSO 1.5 mm 114 mm R.-Y.

FCAL Upgrade Issues: Radiation hardness of WLS fibers & photo-detector Issues: Radiation

number: 16,000 Total Volume: 3 m 3 Reduced Crystal Cost & Damage Issue: Radiation hardness of

13 Reduce Light Path Length 14 mm W 2.5 mm LYSO 1.5 mm 114 mm R.-Y. Zhu, Talk in CMS Forward Calorimeter Taskforce Meeting, CERN, 6/17/2010 One option for CMS FCAL Upgrade Issues: Radiation hardness of WLS fibers & photo-detector Issues: Radiation hardness of the photo-detector and Cost CMS ECAL endcap: Single Crystal: 160 cm 3 Total number: 16,000 Total Volume: 3 m 3 Reduced Crystal Cost & Damage Issue: Radiation hardness of the photo-detector June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 13

14 An Option for CMS Upgrade Typical Shashlik resolution: 10%/ E + 1% A Side Cut View A Front View June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 14

15 Shashlik: LYSO/W/Quartz Capillary Quartz Capillary 1/2 Franc LYSO Plate 14 x 14 x 114 mm 2 June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 15

It is also the most radiation hard crystal. Damage in LYSO does not recover, leading to a stable calorimeter.

16 Bright, Fast & Rad Hard LYSO 2.5 x 2.5 x 20 cm 623 SIC LYSO Plates of 14 x 14 x 1.5 mm with Five Holes LYSO is a bright (200 times of PWO), fast (40 ns) crystal scintillator widely used in the medical industry with mass production capability. It is also the most radiation hard crystal. Damage in LYSO does not recover, leading to a stable calorimeter. ɣ-ray and proton induced absorption coefficient is about 3 m -1 for 150 Mrad or 3 x p/cm 2, leading to a robust calorimeter with few percent light output loss at the HL-LHC. June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 16

17 LSO/LYSO/LFS: EWRIAC vs. Dose and Normalized LO vs. EWRIAC EWRIAC in the best sample is 0.62, 1.5 and 2.4 m -1 after 10, 120 and 340 Mrad 14 x 14 x 1.5 mm x 2.5 x 20 cm x 2.5 x 20 cm 3 With EWRIAC of 3 m -1, LO losses in 14x14x1.5 mm plates and 20 cm long crystals are 5%/8% for direct/wls readout and 50% June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 17

18 LO: Direct & Y-11 Couplings Data consistent with average light path length of 1.1 and 2.4 cm at 430 nm for direct and Y-11 readout respectively. 3 m 3E14 6% light output loss in LYSO 3E14 with Y-11 readout June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 18

19 LFS/W/Capillary: 800 MeV Protons A Shashlik tower irradiated to p/cm 2 in 3 steps with degradation of 20%/50% after / p/cm Normalized Monitoring Signal LYSO-W-Capillary Shashlik Cell Monitoring Source: 420 nm LED Readout: quartz fiber and PMT E E E E E E E E MeV Proton Fluence (p/cm 2 ) ~10% light output loss in a LYSO/capillary based Shashlik 3E14 June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 19

Alternative Fast Crystals Talk in CMS Forward Calorimetry Task Force Meeting, CERN, June 27, 2012 310 a. Top line: slow component, bottom line: fast component. b. At the wavelength of the emission maximum.

20 Alternative Fast Crystals Talk in CMS Forward Calorimetry Task Force Meeting, CERN, June 27, a. Top line: slow component, bottom line: fast component. b. At the wavelength of the emission maximum. c. Relative light yield normalized to the light yield of LSO d. At room temperature (20 o C) #. Softening point 1. N. Tsuchida et al Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 385 (1997) W. Drozdowski et al. IEEE TRANS. NUCL. SCI, VOL.55, NO.3 (2008) Chenliang Li et al, Solid State Commun, Volume 144, Issues 5 6 (2007), June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 20

21 Rising Time for 1.5 X 0 Samples Talk in the time resolution workshop at U. Chicago, 4/28/2011: Agilent MSO9254A (2.5 GHz) DSO with 0.14 ns rise time Hamamatsu R2059 PMT (2500 V) with rise time 1.3 ns Measured rising time is dominated by photo-detector response, and is affected by light propagation in crystal. June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 21

Figure of Merit for Timing FoM is calculated as the LY in 1 st ns obtained by using light output and decay time data measured for 1.5 X 0 crystal samples.

22 Figure of Merit for Timing FoM is calculated as the LY in 1 st ns obtained by using light output and decay time data measured for 1.5 X 0 crystal samples. The best crystal scintillator for ultra-fast timing is BaF 2 and LSO(Ce/Ca) and LYSO(Ce). LaBr 3 is a material with high potential. June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 22

23 A Mu2e CsI Calorimeter June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 23

24 Pure CsI: Normalized EWLT/LO and Emission Peak Consistent damage in crystals from two vendors No significant damage in LO up to 100 krad June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 24

25 BaF 2 for Very Fast Calorimeter The Light output of the fast component of BaF 2 crystals at 220 nm with sub-ns decay time is similar to pure CsI. Spectroscopic selection of fast component may be achieved with solar blind photocathode and/or selective doping. June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 25

26 BaF 2 : Normalized EWLT and LO Consistent damage in crystals from three vendors Fast Slow Remaining light output after 120 Mrad: 40%/45% for the fast/slow component June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 26

27 Slow Suppression: Doping & Readout June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 27

One 18 cm long BaF 2 sample was delivered this week June 6, 2016 Invited Talk

28 Large Size La Doped BaF 2 Samples BaF 2 SIC-1 BaF 2 Incrom 3 CsI Kharkov 3 Two 20 cm long La doped BaF 2 samples were delivered in last Fall. One 18 cm long BaF 2 sample was delivered this week June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 28

29 Transverse T: BGRI BaF 2 :La Consistent absorption bands observed along the crystal length June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 29

The HHCAL Detector Concept A. Para, H. Wenzel, and S.

resolution at a level of 20%/ E after corrections. Cost! R.

geometry June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN

30 The HHCAL Detector Concept A. Para, H. Wenzel, and S. McGill, Callor2012: GEANT simulations show a jet energy resolution at a level of 20%/ E after corrections. Cost! R.-Y. Zhu, ILCWS-8, Chicago: a HHCAL cell with pointing geometry June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 30

31 Candidate Crystals for HHCAL Cost-effective, UV transparent crystals with both scintillation and Cherenkov light Parameters Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 (BGO) PbWO 4 (PWO) PbF 2 PbClF Bi 4 Si 3 O 12 (BSO) ρ (g/cm 3 ) λ I (cm) λ max τ decay (ns) /10? λ max (nm) /420? Cut-off λ (nm) Light Output (%) /0.37? Melting point ( C) Raw Material Cost (%) IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 59 (2012) June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 31

Search for Scintillation in Doped PbF 2 116

32 Search for Scintillation in Doped PbF samples tested Will look performance at low temperature with the FLS920 fluorescence lifetime spectrometer June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 32

33 Other Materials: PbFCl & BSO June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 33

Large Size BSO Sample BSO SIC1309 BSO SIC1305

34 Large Size BSO Sample BSO SIC1309 BSO SIC1305 BSO SIC2211 BSO SIC x 20 x 200 mm BSO crystals shows good optical and scintillation properties. Presented in SORMA2014. June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 34

35 Summary Bright, fast and radiation hard LSO/LYSO crystals are baselined for a total absorption ECAL for COMET at J- PARC. LYSO crystal based sampling calorimeter offers a robust stable calorimeter for the proposed HL-LHC. Future crystal calorimeters with more than ten times faster rate/timing capability require very fast crystals, e.g. BaF 2 with a sub-ns scintillation component. Cost effective crystals (PbF 2, PbFCl & BSO) may provide a foundation for a homogeneous hadron calorimeter with dual readout for both Cherenkov and scintillation light to achieve good jet mass resolution for ILC/CEPC. Fast and radiation resistant photodetectors are crucial for future HEP experiments. June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 35

36 Future HEP Photodetectors A radiation hard GaInP photodetector is under development. A very fast and solar blind SiPM is under development which will selectively readout the fast scintillation component in BaF 2, and suppress its slow component. A large area plane photodetector based on MCPT technology is underdevelopment, which may provide a cost-effective fast photodetector for future HEP experiments. Fast and radiation resistant photodetectors are crucial for future HEP experiments. June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 36

Radiation Hardness: GaInP Generation 3 first GaInP devices compared to GaAs Generation 5 followed these with device structure further optimized for

37 Radiation Hardness: GaInP Generation 3 first GaInP devices compared to GaAs Generation 5 followed these with device structure further optimized for increased radiation tolerance June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 37

Solar Blind APD with Filters Caltech/JPL are collaborating on development of a large area (10x10mm) APD with 40-50% QE at 220 nm that includes an integrated band-pass

Delta-doped CCD (AR-coated) Delta-doped CCD (uncoated) Front-illuminated CCD 0 0 100 200 300 400 Wavelength (nm) S.

38 Solar Blind APD with Filters Caltech/JPL are collaborating on development of a large area (10x10mm) APD with 40-50% QE at 220 nm that includes an integrated band-pass interference filter to reduce 330 nm response by orders of magnitude CCD APD spectral response Interference filter response 100 Quantum Efficiency (%) Delta-doped CCD (AR-coated) Delta-doped CCD (uncoated) Front-illuminated CCD Wavelength (nm) S. Nikzad, Ultrastable and uniform EUV and UV detectors, SPIE Proc., Vol. 4139, pp (2000) David Hitlin June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 38

$5 ev) used in astrophysics and defense, radiation-hard Al Ga N tune the efficiency cut-off wavelength by varying the Al fraction Compact x 1-x packaging, can match the crystal size MCP-based$

39 Solar-Blind MCP PLANACO N Wide-band semiconductors make UV-sensitive, solar-blind photocathodes GaN (band gap ~3.5 ev) used in astrophysics and defense, radiation-hard Al Ga N tune the efficiency cut-off wavelength by varying the Al fraction Compact x 1-x packaging, can match the crystal size MCP-based photodetector with GaN photocathodes could be a natural choice for high-rate BaF2 calorimeters June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 39

CsI(Tl) Hygroscopic: Sealed Surfaces: Polished Full Size Crystals: BaBar CsI(Tl): 16 X 0 L3 BGO

40 Crystal Density: Radiation Length 1.5 X 0 Samples: CsI CsI(Na) CsI(Tl) NaI(Tl) BaF 2 LSO/LYSO PWO LSO LYSO BGO CeF 3 BaF 2 BaBar CsI(Tl) Hygroscopic: Sealed Surfaces: Polished Full Size Crystals: BaBar CsI(Tl): 16 X 0 L3 BGO CMS PWO L3 BGO: 22 X 0 CMS PWO(Y): 25 X 0 June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 40

41 Excitation, Emission, Transmission Black Dots: Theoretical limit of transmittance: NIM A333 (1993) 422 LSO BaF 2 LYSO No Self-absorption: BGO, PWO, BaF 2, NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 41

42 Light Output & Decay Kinetics Measured with Philips XP2254B PMT (multi-alkali cathode) p.e./mev: LSO/LYSO is 6 & 230 times of BGO & PWO respectively Fast Crystal Scintillators Slow Crystal Scintillators LaBr 3 LSO/LYSO BaF 2 June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 42

43 Emission Weighted QE Taking out QE, L.O. of LSO/LYSO is 4/200 times BGO/PWO Hamamatsu S APD has QE 75% for LSO/LYSO LSO / LYSO LSO / LYSO June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 43

44 LO Temperature Dependence Temperature Range: 15-25ºC Large coefficient: CsI, BGO, slow component of BaF 2 and PWO June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 44

137 Cs FWHM Energy Resolution 3% to 80% measured with Hamamatsu R1306 PMT with bi-alkali cathode 2% resolution and proportionality are important for γ ray

45 137 Cs FWHM Energy Resolution 3% to 80% measured with Hamamatsu R1306 PMT with bi-alkali cathode 2% resolution and proportionality are important for γ ray spectroscopy between 10 kev to 2 MeV June 6, 2016 Invited Talk Presented in 2016 EMN Meeting on Photodetectors at Cancun, Mexico, by Ren-Yuan Zhu, Caltech 45

UK Opportunities in SiD Calorimetry

UK Opportunities in SiD Calorimetry Paul Dauncey Imperial College London 7 Sept 2007 Paul Dauncey - Calorimetry 1 Overview SiD is designed for particle flow Calorimeters will be optimised using particle