WAB FORUM ARMIES THE CONQUISTADORS

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1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In 1492 the last stronghold of Moorish Andalusia, Granada, fell to the Spanish Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. The same year saw the successful first voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World. The end of the Reconquista brought with it the return of a large amount of newly unemployed ex-soldiers to face a bleak economic future. The promise of new lands provided ample recruits to seek their fame and fortune. Combined with a religious fervor and a new sense of patriotism, these new explorers displayed a single-mindedness and self assuredness necessary to eventually conquer an entire world. The majority of the Conquistadors came from the sheep and cattle grazing lands of Extremadura in Castile. The poor were attracted to the New World with the promise of lush green opulent farmlands that they could own themselves. The minor nobility, the Hidalgos, to which both Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro both belonged, were generally men of greater pedigree than actual wealth. They sought to establish themselves financially, socially and politically by exploiting opportunities in, what they thought, was India. Within a few years the Europeans had conquered and settled Espanola (modern day Santo Domingo, the island making up modern day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and had even established their presence on the mainland at Darien (modern day Panama). This required the brutal pacification of the indigenous native populations of these islands. Soon the Spaniards needed to expand into the surroundings of the Caribbean in order to accumulate more and more slaves to maintain their lucrative farms and haciendas. This eventually brought them into contact with the Yucatan peninsula of modern day Mexico. Militarily, the Spanish army was second to none in Europe. It was the product of almost 800 years of armed resistance to the Islamic occupation of Spain. Many of the Conquistadors were also veterans of the Italian Wars, where Aragon s holdings in Naples were under threat by the French. As in any late feudal system, the most important component of a Spanish army was the Mounted Knight or Caballero. These were generally from the nobility and fought with lances and enjoyed the benefits of moderate armour. A full bore charge from a Knight was a powerful weapon in feudal warfare, and against lightly armoured Indians, who had never seen a horse before, it was devastating. This is despite the trend towards less reliance upon armoured cavalry warfare that was developing in Europe. Since the indigenous natives didn t have access to horses until later in the Conquest, the mounted Conquistadors roamed supreme. But it was in the democratization of the infantry and command that allowed the Spanish armies to be victorious in battle. Unlike some European countries, like France, Ferdinand and Isabella began training the lower classes as halberdiers, swordsmen, arquebusiers and artillerymen. They would then place these newly trained soldiers in small close order formations that anticipated the later development of the Tercios. Also, commanding officers were selected and promoted more on military capabilities and achievements in the field, rather than simply selected based upon a noble birth. Another advantage, that the Conquistadors had, was steel. Of prime importance was the Toledo sword. This was a high tempered steel rapier that was lighter, more maneuverable, sharper, narrower than, and as resilient as its predecessors. The thrust of these swords could penetrate even chain-mail. Also the metal armour worn by the Conquistadors proved to be more than a match for the limited abilities of the Mesoamerican weapons. In fact, the conquistadores may have abandoned their armour in favour of none at all or adopted the lighter cotton based indigenous armour. Few pictures in the various codices show fully armoured Spanish soldiers. Muslim-styled adargas and traditional target styled shields were used extensively. Of further importance are the ranged weapons employed by the Spanish, such as the crossbow, the arquebus and the cannons. While accurate missile firing was not unique to the Europeans, none of the Mexican atlatl or bows had the hitting and penetrating power of the crossbow and black powder weaponry, unless they were at extremely close quarters. The evolution of warfare in Europe was driven by the material and technological innovations that the Conquistadors in the New World would not have to face. But their organizational sophistication, their supreme self confidence and the thirst for untold riches made them the most dangerous of adversaries. SPECIAL RULES Veterans There were many Conquistadors who were veterans of the Reconquista in Spain and the European wars in Italy. To represent their great fighting ability they may re-roll all of it s to hit dice rolls once per battle, either for hand to hand combat or for shooting. Note, the unit must re-roll all of its dice, not just the failures, and must abide by the second roll. The unit may lose it s veteran status if it has been broken or lost a round of hand to hand combat and therefore may not benefit from the re-rolls. Toledo Swords The thrust of a Spanish rapier would penetrate the cotton based armour of the indigenous warriors. On a To Wound roll of 6, the sword was thrust and the enemy troop cannot use an armour save if they only have cotton armour. The enemy may still use their shield save (if they have one). This is an In-Book rule that WAB Forum 1 v 0.1

2 only applies to combat against cotton armoured indigenous warriors. WAB FORUM ARMIES Each arquebusier is allowed only four rounds of shot for the duration of the game. Heavy Armour The option to take Heavy Armour brings with it a -1 movement penalty for Cavalry and foot troops. This is due to the weight of the armour, the oppressive heat and humidity of Mexico and South America and the high altitude of fighting around Tenochtitlan or Cuzco. Terror The horses of the Conquistadors were never seen before by those of the New World. The use of mounted Knights had an almost palpable psychological effect upon the indigenous warriors. The same is true for the trained Mastiff war hounds employed by the Conquistadors in Mexico and the Caribbean. These dog packs were used in Cuba and Santo Domingo but no mention is made in the battles on the mainland. I assume they were present but were not of militarily significance, and therefore not written about. I recommend keeping them for completeness. Therefore, horses and war hounds can be considered to cause Terror in any enemy unit or individual as per the WAB rulebook, pg. 52. All native allies of the Conquistadors are considered used to the horses and dogs and are thereby exempt to the effects of Terror First or Ferocious Charge Conquistador Cavalry do not have First Charge or Ferocious Charge as found in Armies of Chivalry WAB supplement page 5. They do receive their normal charge benefits however. This is due for the following reasons: 1) The only recorded full cavalry charge by the Conquistadores was on the open plain at the battle of Otumba. Most cavalry combat did not consist of full Cavalry charges. 2) The horses available to the Conquistadors were locally bred in Cuba and Santo Domingo and were not the typical European warhorse. 3) The Conquistador cavalry charges were more skirmish-like and not the tightly ranked affairs as seen in the plains of Europe and Asia. Black Powder The guns of this period were the relatively primitive smoothbore matchlock arquebus. They were little more than bronze or iron tubes strapped to a curved wooden stock. A triggering lever pushed a saltpeter soaked (match) into the powder within the pan. The ignition of this powder further ignited the powder within the tube thereby propelling the projectile from the barrel. The Arquebus has the following characteristics as seen in the Armies of Chivalry supplement: Range+24 Strength 4/3 (the strength of the gun is 4 at half range and less) Save modifier -2/-1 Move or Shoot However, this, to me, seems very powerful, especially against poorly armoured natives. Reading Cortes and Bernal s chronicles, one finds that blackpowder weapons were not as dominant in the battlefield as a modern reader would expect. As an In period rule I suggest the player uses the weapon profile below: Range=16 ; Strength 3; Save Modifier= -1; Move or Shoot. This represents the limitations of black powder weaponry that was available to the Conquistadors. This could be due to the great deal of time it took to prepare, load and fire these weapons, which was estimated to have a firing rate of 90 to 120 seconds per shot. The steadiness of a gunner firing at maximum rate would be about 30 minutes, after which the accuracy rate becomes even worse. Therefore an ideal situation would have an arquebusier hitting between 15 and 20 enemies. The firing limitations could also represent the limited amount of gunpowder available to each soldier, or the fouling of the powder in the dank, humid weather. This firing restriction applies to the Faconet cannons also. You have four shots only. See the WAB rulebook for full cannon rules. First Shot. Because the Arquebus smoothbore was clean at start of battle the 1 st shot gets -1 to the to Hit roll. The subsequent 3 firings roll as normal. Formations All Conquistador foot troops are considered close order and count a rank bonus up to +3. Conquistador Cavalry is considered Open Order and do not get a rank bonus. Conquistador cavalry may skirmish and may reform into an ordered unit if a musician is present. Indigenous allied formed units are also Open Order and have a rank bonus of +2. Skirmishers are, of course, skirmish order and have the usual benefits and limitations of skirmishers in WAB. Renaissance Phalanx Conquistador pikemen were not commonly employed, as the indigenous armies did not deploy cavalry troops. Pizarro, and others are thought to have used pikemen in the Peruvian Civil Wars and I have included them here for completeness. A Renaissance phalanx follows the following rules (as found in Armies of Chivalry WAB supplement page 7). Movement and Manoeuvre 1. The Renaissance Phalanx may wheel normally during a march or a charge move. 2. The Renaissance Phalanx is allowed the following manoeuvres: about face (turn through 180 degrees) and adjust its ranks (change formation). 3. The Renaissance Phalanx is incapable of a 90 degree left or right about face 4. The Renaissance Phalanx can never change facing in subsequent combat rounds when engaged on its flank or rear. 5. The Renaissance Phalanx may reform. 6. A Renaissance Phalanx may not automatically FBIGO at will unless it outnumbers the enemy unit 2:1 Combat 1. The Renaissance Phalanx must have at least 16 models and have a minimum +1 rank bonus. 2. The Renaissance Phalanx may charge and still fight in two ranks. 3. All hand to hand attack by units or characters on foot against the front of the Renaissance Phalanx suffer a -1 to WAB Forum 2 v 0.1

3 hit modifier. This does not apply to missile fire as the Renaissance Phalanx was susceptible to missile fire. 4. Mounted units and characters may charge the front of a Renaissance Phalanx but do not receive strength benefits for weapons. In addition all hand to hand attacks from mounted units and characters suffer a -2 to hit modifier. 0-1 Falconet Cannon per 1000pts of Conquistadors/Allies 0-1 War Dog Unit and Packmaster per army 0-1 Battle Wagon per army. 0-2 Brigantines per army (these do not affect the point cost. See Rules). ARMY COMPOSITION Each formed unit may have a Leader, Standard Bearer and Musician at +5 points each SPANIARDS Please note: Points spent on all Conquistador Characters, Cavalry, Infantry and Auxiliaries can only total up to a Maximum of 75% of the entire army point cost. 1. To represent the Spanish armies of the first two expeditions against the Maya you may field Swordsmen, Halberdiers, Pikemen, Arquebusiers and Crossbowmen and a single Falconet. You may not field any Cavalry. You may not take native allies. 2. To represent the third expedition against the Aztecs (Cortes conquest of Tenochtitlan) you may add 0-1 unit of Cavalry, but you must remove the pikemen. 3. To represent the Spanish expedition (Pizarro s Conquest against the Inca) in South America, use the lists as in #2. 4. To represent the Spanish in the Peruvian Civil Wars, the Wars against the Mapuche, and the Chichimec Wars, you may use all the various troop types available to the Conquistadors. CHARACTERS: up to 25% of the points available to the Conquistadors. (375 pts of a 2000 pt army) CAVALRY: 0-1 Unit of Cavalry only. The Cavalry unit may only contain up to 10 figures. Command models and mounted Characters count towards the 10 Cavalry maximum. Cavalry are considered Open Order and have no rank bonus. INFANTRY At least 50% of the points available to the Conquistadors must be spent on Cavalry and Infantry. (At least 750 pts of a 2000 pt army) Swordsmen Halberdiers Pikemen Arquebusiers Crossbowmen A single unit of Arquebusiers or Crossbowmen may be taken for every unit of Spanish foot soldiers, (Swordsmen, Halberdiers and Pikemen) of equal or greater size. AUXILIARIES Up to 25% of the points available for Conquistadors. (Up to 375 pts of a 2000 pt army) may be taken. 0-1 Negro slave unit allowed per army ALLIES At least 25% of your total army cost must be spent on indigenous allies. The Conquistador portion of the Conquistador army is treated like a separate army and, therefore, must include an Army General. Command figures are all +5 pts each, in addition to their normal cost. Note: this applies for the Conquistadors of the Conquest of Mexico and the Conquistadors of the Peruvian Civil Wars. The Conquistadors of the Conquest of Peru did not employ indigenous allies to any large extent and are therefore free of the 25% Allies stipulation. Points spent on all Indigenous Allies and Characters must total up to a Minimum of 25% of the entire army point cost, (500 pts of a 2000 pt army). See the Tlaxcalteca, and Inca lists for the specific troop types. The Allied portion of the Conquistador army is treated like a separate army and, therefore, must include a Tlatoani or Inca Army General. All Psychological and Leadership testing for the Allies must only be done against the Ld value of the indigenous Army General. Allies may not benefit from the Re-roll of the Conquistador Army Standard Bearer as they have no concept of the significance of the Christian Standard. The Conquistadors do not take a Ld test at the death of the allied Army General, as must the Allies, however, the entire army takes a Ld test at the death of the Conquistador Army General. If playing Conquistador versus Conquistador conflicts of the Peruvian Civil Wars, then the 25% Allies are taken from the Inca list. You must take 1 Inca unit (Auqua or Huaminca) for every Canari, Anti, Cunti or Colla unit. They must be led by an Apusquipay Army General on a Palanquin. The Inca Allies may use Huacas, Gunacas and Hill fortifications as per the Inca lists. CHARACTERS 0-1 GENERAL. Cortes General Equipment: Hand weapon. May have Toledo Sword (+2pt), light armour (+3pts), shield (+2pts) or buckler (+1pt). May wear heavy armour (+4 pts), -1 to Mv penalty. May have lance (+3pts) or WAB Forum 3 v 0.1

4 Thrusting spear (+2pts) if mounted. May have Halberd (+3pts) or a double handed broadsword (+3pts) if dismounted. May ride Horse (+10pts). Special Rules: Army General. Toledo Sword 0-1 ARMY STANDARD BEARER ASB Equipment: Hand weapon. May have Toledo Sword (+2pt), light armour (+3pts), shield (+2pts) or buckler (+1pt). May wear heavy armour (+4 pts), -1 to Mv penalty. May ride Horse (+10pts). Special Rules: Army Standard Bearer. Toledo Sword CAUDILLO Captain Equipment: Hand weapon. May have Toledo Sword (+2pt), light armour (+3pts), shield (+2pts) or buckler (+1pt). May wear heavy armour (+4 pts), -1 to Mv penalty. May have lance (+3pts) or Thrusting spear (+2pts) if mounted. May have Halberd (+3pts) or a double handed broadsword (+3pts) if dismounted. May ride Horse (+10pts). May be Army General (+25pts). May be ASB (15pts). If upgraded to ASB may not use halberd or 2-handed broadsword if dismounted, or lance and thrusting spear if mounted. Special Rules: Toledo Sword. 0-1 CHRISTIAN PRIEST Priest Equipment: Toledo Sword. Special Rules: Toledo Sword. Hatred Rules #2 and #3. Any unit he is with Hates any unit containing Priests and Characters as the Christian Friar cannot discriminate between any of the fancy suit wearers. INFANTRY 0-2 Infantry units may be upgraded to Veteran at (+1pt). Swordsmen Veterans cost (+2pts). Halberdier Equipment: Halberd. May have light armour (+2pts). May have heavy armour (+3 pts) at -1 Mv. Special Rules: Halberds 0-1 PIKEMEN Pikeman Equipment: Pike. May have light armour (+2pts). May have heavy armour (+3pts) at 1 Mv. Special Rules: Renaissance Phalanx. Use in Early Yucatan excursions and Peruvian Civil War scenarios only. HANDGUNNERS HandGunner Equipment: Arquebus. Range=16 ; Strength 3; Save Modifier= - 1; Move or Shoot. May have light armour (+1pt). Special Rules: Blackpowder. First Shot. Move or Shoot. For each Handgunner Unit an equally sized or larger Pikemen, Halberdier or Swordsman Unit must be taken. CROSSBOWMEN Crossbowmen Equipment: Crossbow Range=30 ; Strength 4; Save Modifier= - 1; Move or Shoot. and hand weapon. May have light armour (+2pts). Special Rules: Crossbow. Move or Shoot. For each Crossbow Unit an equally sized or larger Pikemen, Halberdier or Swordsman Unit must be taken. CAVALRY 0-1 CABALLERROS Mounted Equipment: Toledo Sword. Horse. May have light armour (+3pts), shield (+2pts) or buckler (+1pt). May wear heavy armour (+4 pts), -1 to Mv penalty. May have lance (+3pts) or Thrusting spear (+2pts). SWORDSMEN Swordsmen Equipment: Toledo sword. May have shield (+2pts) and light armour (+3pts). May have heavy armour at (+4 pts) at -1 Mv. May have 2 handed Broadsword at (+3pt) but may then not have shield. Special Rules: Toledo Swords 0-1 HALBERDIER Special Rules: Open Order. Terror. Toledo Sword. AUXILIARIES 0-1 NEGRO SLAVES/ CIMAROONS M WS BS S T W I A Ld Sv Points Slave WAB Forum 4 v 0.1

5 Equipment: Improvised weapon, counts as hand weapon and javelin. May have shield for (+1pt). Any one may replace javelin and add bow for (+1 pt). Note: there may be a mix of weapons and armour types within this unit. Special Rules: Skirmishers 0-1 FALCONET CANNON PER 1000 PTS M WS BS S T W I A Ld Sv Points Cannon Crew Equipment: Each gun has a crew of 2. May have 1 additional crew member (+7pts). Crew is armed with hand weapon. Special rules: Light Cannon with 36 range. If crew fall less than 2 may only fire every 2 nd turn. For shooting crew are hit on D6 roll of 5-6. May misfire. If the Misfire dice is rolled on the first roll, then the cannon has (surprise) misfired. Roll a D6 and consult the following chart: 1-3 Malfunction! Nothing happens and 1 powder has been wasted 4 Damp Powder! Nothing happens this turn or next as the crew cleans out the damp powder. 1 powder has been wasted. 5 Misfire! The powder ignites while the cannon is being loaded. A crew member is killed, the powder is wasted and the surviving crew takes a Panic test. 6 Kaboom! The cannon blows up, thereby, killing all the crew. Cannon and crew are removed. Special Rules: Treat wagon a protective barrier, which counts as hard cover, giving any man found inside a +2 Sv against shooting. In hand to hand combat, the crew is considered in a defended obstacle and are considered fighting from high ground. Teamsters behind wagon are in hard cover when behind wagon. Wagon may move 1 per teamster pushing it. If a War Wagon hits anything but the best and most level of terrain consider its axle broken and now it is immobile for the duration of the battle. That includes going uphill, downhill, into water hazards, etc. War Wagons may never charge, countercharge, march, flee or fire and flee. Turning and wheeling cost 2 Mv penalty. The War Wagon may contain up to 5 Conquistador Infantry crewmen from the Swordsmen, Halberdiers, Arquebusiers and Crossbowmen list only. Crew and Teamsters are considered skirmishers. Teamsters must stay within 2 of the Wagon and the Crew may never deploy. Missile weapons do not have Mv penalties as War Wagon is considered a stable platform. Black powder restrictions still apply. Note War Wagons were used in urban fighting only. Please use discretion or the permission of your opponent when using a war Wagon as they were not used in open combat situations. However, they are too interesting from a wargaming perspective to just simply ignore. 0-1 WARHOUND PACK M WS BS S T W I A Ld PTs Packmaster 6/ WarHound 6/ Equipment: Hand Weapon. Dogs have sharp teeth and these count as hand weapon! May have between 4-8 hounds. The pack master can ride a pony (+5pts) to increase Mv to 6. Otherwise, if on foot, movement is 4 (the dogs move at the same rate as their handler). He can be given light armour for (+1pt) and Javelins (+1pt). For Ld tests use the pack master Ld. The pack master cannot be targeted individually. If shooting at the pack you hit a dog on D6 roll of 1-5 and hit pack master on 6 roll. If he dies, the dogs test future tests on their Ld value. Special Rules: Terror, Skirmishers 0-1 WAR WAGON War Wagon Teamster Equipment: Comes with 4 teamsters that push wagon. Two additional teamsters can be purchased at (+6 pts). Teamsters are armed with hand weapon. May have light armour at (+1pt). 0-2 BRIGANTINES Note: Brigantines are only appropriate for the Siege of Tenochtitlan scenario. Brigantine Free Equipment: May have Falconet (applies toward cannon point restrictions) Therefore, if you are allowed 2 cannon, you may have both on land, both on the Brigantines, or one on land and one on the ship. Special Rules: Brigantines start at the farthest shoreline or table edge from the Aztec defenses. Brigantine moves in only four ways. It must do 1 of these per turn. Moves forward 4 in a straight direction Drifts forward 2 and can turn up to 45 degrees either left or right. Stops (this is the entire move). Brigantine must pass a Ld test to stop. Use the Ld value of the top Ld crewman to do this. A failed test means ship moves forward 4 again. Moves backward 2. Must have been stopped prior to this. If the Brigantine hits shallow water it is considered to have run aground and cannot move for duration of game. If Brigantine hits another Brigantine, the shoreline, or a causeway of Tenochtitlan the hull is considered breached the ship sinks and the crew are considered drowned or otherwise considered out of action. WAB Forum 5 v 0.1

6 Each Brigantine can hold up to 10 conquistador foot troops from the Swordsmen, Halberdiers, Arquebusier and Crossbowmen list only. They are considered skirmishers. They may deploy from the boat up to 4 from the boat only. They may not march or charge from the boat. Brigantines are free but, for each one used, the Aztec opponent may use 5 war canoes for free also. Each canoe holds a crew of 6 warriors (from any list) and the crew is considered skirmishers. War canoes move 6 and may move and turn in any direction. If a canoe touches a brigantine the Aztecs have successfully assaulted the ship. Any Aztecs, within the 8 charge range (the normal 10 charge distance -2 penalty for climbing up the boat) of a Brigantine crewmember, are in hand to hand combat. The first combat gives the Spanish crew a +1 combat resolution due to higher ground. If the brigantine, during its normal forward or backward movement, contacts a canoe, then the canoe sinks, and the crew are considered drowned or otherwise considered out of action. Boats are considered stable objects and so there are no Mv penalties for shooting. Anawalt, Patricia and Berdan, Frances, The Essential Codex Mendoza, University of California Press, 1997, ISBN Brown, Kathryn and Stanton, Travis, eds., Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare, Altamira Press, 2004, ISBN X Cocker, Mark, Rivers of Blood, Rivers of Gold Grove Press, 1998, ISBN Cortes, Hernan, Letters from Mexico, Pagden translation, Yale University Press, 1986, ISBN Diaz Del Castillo, Bernal, The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico, Maudsley translation, Da Capo Press, 2003, ISBN X Diaz, Gisele and Rodgers, Alan, The Codex Borgia, Dover Publications, 1993, ISBN Gruzinski, Serge, The Aztecs : Rise and Fall of an Empire, Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1992, ISBN Use of war canoes and Brigantines would be typically used during the Noche Triste (canoes only) and the Siege of Tenochtitlan scenarios. Make sure you use a clearly delineated Lake Texcoco region with dangerous shallow areas, islands (with appropriately stationed Aztec warriors) and causeways (also brimming with brave Aztec warriors!). See Tlaxcalteca and Incas list. ALLIES Allies must be at least 25% point value of entire Conquistador army. The Allied portion of the Conquistador army is treated like a separate army and, therefore, must include a Tlatoani or Apusquipay (Army General). All Psychological and Leadership testing for the Allies must only be done against the Ld value of the Allied Army General. Allies may not use the Break Test re-roll benefit from the Conquistador Army Standard Bearer as they have no concept of the significance of the Christian Standard. The Conquistadors do not take a Ld test at the death of the allied Tlatoani or Apusquipay as do the Allies, however, the entire army takes a Ld test at the death of the Conquistador Army General. The Inca Allies are only to be used for Peruvian Civil War lists. The Inca Allies may use Huacas, Gunacas and Hill fortifications as per the Inca lists. Tlaxcalteca Allies may use their specific Special Rules. REFERENCE WORKS Hassig, Ross, War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica, University of California Press, 1992, ISBN Hassig, Ross, Mexico and the Spanish Conquest, Longman Press, 1994, ISBN Hassig, Ross, Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control, University of Oklahoma Press, 1988, ISBN Heath, Ian, Armies of the 16th Century Vol 2, Foundry Books, 1999, ISBN X Leon-Portilla, Miguel, Aztec Thought and Culture, University of Oklahoma Press, 1963, ISBN Leon-Portilla, Miguel, trans., The Broken Spears, Beacon Press, 1992, ISBN Mann, Charles, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Alfred Knopf, 2005, ISBN Pohl, John, Aztec Warrior, Osprey Publishing, 2001, ISBN Pohl, John, Aztec, Mixtec and Zapotec Armies, Osprey Publishing, 1991, ISBN Pohl, John, The Conquistador: , Osprey Publishing, 2001, ISBN Pohl, John, Aztecs and Conquistadors, Osprey Publishing, 2005, ISBN Robinson III, Charles, The Spanish Invasion of Mexico, Osprey Publishing, 2004, ISBN Sahagun, Fra Bernardino de, The Florentine Codex: Vol. VIII, Monographs of the School of American Research, 1982, ISBN X WAB Forum 6 v 0.1

7 Soustelle, Jacques, Daily Life of the Aztecs, Stanford University Press, 1961, ISBN Thomas, Hugh, The Conquest of Mexico, Pimlico Press, 2004, ISBN INTERNET LINKS WAB Forum 17 Zoomorphic Warriors- full command- 236pts 321pts 9 Tlaxcalan Arrow Catchers- l. armour, full command- 78pts 9 Tlaxcalan Archers- bows, l. armour- 72pts 2 Zoomorphic Warriors- one atlatl- 29pts 179pts Total 500pts Cronofus s informative site 18c30f8b fcf0a623 and Total Army 2000pts SPECIAL THANKS Many thanks to WAB Forum members for providing the template and their great support. Sample 2000pt Conquistador Army Conquistadors Conquistador Army General- L. armour, shield, lance, horse- 133pts Army Standard Bearer- Toledo Sword, L. armour, shield, horse- 112pts 8 Caballeros- L. armour, shield, lance, horse- 248pts 493pts Christian Priest- 70pts 14 Swordsmen- shield, l. armour, full command- 197pts 267pts 15 Swordsmen- shield, l. armour, full command- 210pts 210pts 20 Halberdiers- l. armour, full command- 215 pts 215pts 10 handgunners 10 crossbowmen 10 crossbowmen 80pts 100pts 100pts 10 Negro slaves/cimaroons- 5 archers upgrade 35pts Total 1500pts Tlaxcalan Allies Tlaxcalan Tlatoani- Maquahuitl, shield, armoured war suit, atlatl- 85pts WAB Forum 7 v 0.1