Dr. Gerhard Steenkamp Dr. Johan Marais Dept. Companion Animal Clinical Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria
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1 Hornless rhinos: dreams and realities Dr. Gerhard Steenkamp Dr. Johan Marais Dept. Companion Animal Clinical Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria 1
2 Who is Saving the Survivors? UP SAVA Private 2
3
4 Aims of the STS Rhino Support Unit Support and assist local veterinarians Gain knowledge by treatment and research Knowledge to be transferred to all veterinarians poaching will only increase in the near future and methods will have to be devised to assist and support injured animals Dr Pete Morkel
5 Equipment sourced STS Rhino Support Unit Karl Storz 2,5 m endoscopy unit R Elephant laparoscope unit R PPS/Profmed grant R SAVA R Research - SAVF R Anatomy specimens Hardware/Software R
6 Equipment needed STS Rhino Support Unit 4x4 Vehicle 4x4 Trailer Research funds DR system R Ultrasound system R Compressor
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8
9
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11 11
12
13 Day 14
14 Day 29
15 Day 33
16 Day 33
17 Day 53
18 Day 53
19 Day 75
20 Day 132
21 Day 164
22 Day 225 (approx. 7,5 months)
23 March 2013
24 June 2013
25 June 2013
26 Beginning July 2013
27 Late July 2013
28 8 August 2013
29 September 2013 (18 months)
30
31 Day 1 10 September 2013
32 Endoscopy of sinuses
33 DD Day 1 LD
34 Day 1
35 Day 1
36 Day 01
37 DD Day 20 LD
38 DD Day 44 LD
39 DD Day 57 Difference NB aro myiasis LD Covering came off
40 DD Day 57
41 DD Day 70 LD
42 DD Day 83 LD
43 DD Day 146 (Feb 2014) LD
44 DD 5 months
45 LD 5 months
46 Problems experienced 1. Semi-permanent covering of wound 2. Pulling out of screws / amount of screws 3. Rubbing of covering 4. Sensitivity of horn area
47 Problems experienced 1. Semi-permanent covering of wound 2. Pulling out of screws / amount of screws 3. Rubbing of covering 4. Sensitivity of horn area
48 Covering of wound
49 Covering of wound Skin flaps?
50 Problems experienced 1. Semi-permanent covering of wound 2. Pulling out of screws / amount of screws 3. Rubbing of covering 4. Sensitivity of horn area
51 Screw placement and size 4 mm cancellous screws 6,5 mm cancellous screws, with larger washers
52 Problems experienced 1. Semi-permanent covering of wound 2. Pulling out of screws / amount of screws 3. Rubbing of covering 4. Sensitivity of horn area
53 Rubbing of face
54 Problems experienced 1. Semi-permanent covering of wound 2. Pulling out of screws / amount of screws 3. Rubbing of covering 4. Sensitivity of horn area
55 Infraorbital nerve block White rhino
56 Infraorbital nerve block
57 Infraorbital nerve block
58 Infraorbital nerve block
59 Infraorbital nerve block
60 Infraorbital nerve block
61 White rhino KZN poached, never treated.
62 White rhino KZN poached, never treated.
63 Major problems facing rhino in South Africa Land availability Poaching Specific requirements Capacity Perimeter fence Increase incidence Costly security Land availability Poaching
64 Rhino poaching Increasing Unsustainable 2016 (Ferreira et al 2012)
65 Rhino horn Anatomy Keratin No bony core Uses Hieronymus, Witmer, and Ridgely Journal of Morphology
66 Efforts against rhino poaching Efforts relating to the environment Security measures Efforts relating to the animal Translocation Increase rate of reproduction Find safer areas? Horn adulteration? Dehorning Conventional Surgical? Markus Hofmeyr
67 Dehorning of rhino Why do rhinos have horns? Population dynamics Reproductive fitness Protection - predators
68 Fate of calves? Rhino calves Killed Orphans Nuisance Horn stump Dies of natural causes Hand reared Introduced back into the wild Habituated animals Exported Dies of natural causes/disease Value in terms of conservation of the species?
69 Can these calves NOT play a role in terms of the conservation of the species? Capital expenditure Food (15k/month) Veterinary care Facilities Time expenditure 18 months
70 Permanent removal of rhino horn Not routinely done at the moment Consequence of poaching Disease or trauma Renders the animal hornless lifelong Offspring horned!
71 Dehorning of orphaned rhino calves Orphans from various geographic areas Removal of horn bed in toto Burning unpredictable and ethics? Hieronymus et al Journal of Morphology
72 Rostral (front) horn
73 Caudal (back) horn
74
75 Horn deformations Poor quality Nutrition? Stress?
76 Construction of a herd/s Dehorned orphans to go to a secure location Responsible rehabilitation Construction of herds Lesson on delinquents (males) Utilising poached individuals Rehome dehorned rhinos
77 Space for dehorned rhinos Priotrity rhino protection zones SANDF Provincial parks Game farms Intra specific Inter specific
78 Ownership? A national asset? Private ownership - Trust What will happen to offspring?
79 Contribution to the conservation of the species? Education Range extension Animals in a low risk group that can be used for introductions (Genetic banking)
80 Research NB! Steps needed Describe histo-anatomy of horn growth Formalise surgical technique Apply for AEC approval Potential cases from Freestate NC Start with young individuals Pain relief? Antibiotics? Herd structure Herd integration Behaviour Delinquents
81 a BIG thank you Adcock Ingram Allistair Lamont Brown Family and their entire network Covidien dnata EWT and Walter Hirzebruch Havas International Health and Hygiene - Linda Muller PPS/Profmed Roth Medical SANParks SAVA SAVF SuperVet TecVet Rai Landau Veterinary colleagues - Will Fowlds, Peter Rogers, Jana Pretorius, Pierre Nel, Louis Greef, Alex Lewis Veterinary sisters - Jana Stander and Michelle Cruywagen UP
82 Our families! 99
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