Figure 1: PM 10 in cities, Urban background (UB) stations

Transcription

1 Figure 1: PM 1 in cities, Urban background (UB) stations

2 Figure 2: PM 1 in cities, Hot-spot stations (traffic, industrial)

3 Figure 3: Annual average, PM1, AIRBASE urban sites, 2

4 Figure 4: Annual average, PM1, AIRBASE Hotspot Stations, 2

5 Figure 5: Frequency distribution of annual average concentrations of PM1. Derived from hourly measurements. Number of stations: 7 in 1997; 27 in 2. PM1 annual average distribution 4 Fraction of stations (%) Annual average concentration (ug/m3) Derived from daily averages. Number of stations: 135 in 1997; 386 in 2. PM1 annual average distribution 25 Fraction of staions (%) Annual average concentration (ug/m3)

6 Figure 6: PM1 Statistics, AIRBASE data Exceedances of EU limit value of 5 µg/m3 24h average; stations with daily data. PM1 exceedances 5 ug/m3 24h 6 Fraction of stations (%) exceedance days per year Normalized distribution of PM1 exceedances for traffic stations and for all stations PM1 exceedances 5 ug/m3 24h Fraction of stations (%) traffic stations all stations exceedance days per year

7 able 1: Country PM1: Number of stations with concentrations higher than the limit values (LV) and with concentrations between upper assessment threshold (UA) and LV (1999) (total number of stations) Annual average Number of stations with concentrations C Maximum 36. highest 24h concentration (µg/ m 3 ) Maximum concentration 36. highest 24h value Number of sta tions with concentra tion C 8. highest 24h value Number of sta tions with concentra tion C C > 4 24 < C < 4 (µg/ m 3 ) C > 5 3 < C < 5 Belgium (14) Czech (55) Republic Finland (6) Fran c e * Germany (24) Italy (5) Lithuania (1) Netherla nds (15) Poland (12) Portugal (3) Spain (28) Swed en (2) Switzerland (14) Unite d (48) King d o m All c ountries (232) able 2: Number of cities and their population with reported data and with stations above LV and UA/UCL (1999). otal European urban population: 234 millions (in 29 EEA+Phare countries) Cities w/data Cities between LV/V and UA/UCL Cities > LV Cities > 1.5 x LV or V no. Pop. no. Pop. no. Pop. no. Pop PM1 UB (day) Hotspo t NO 2 UB (year) Hotspo t Ozone UB (8-hour)

8 Figure 7: PM1 concentrations in cities and rural areas in Europe (1999) with reported concentrations higher than the EU limit values PIEKARY. MAINZ GLIWICE VENADEB. BERNBURG WOJKOWICE DENHAAG OSRAVA µg/m3 MEDINADELC. ROMA CORDOBA SEVILLA KRAKOW MADRID PRAHA LEON ZABRZE ZÜRICH ALMERIA HUELVA ZAMORA SEGOVIA HALLE LUDWIGSHAFEN CADIZ µg/m3 Annual average value Urban background stations Annual average value Urban hotspot stations I I I PIEKARYSLASKIE GLIWICE BERNBURG MAINZ ERMESINDE WOJKOWICE OSRAVA DENHAAG KAOWICE V.N.ELHA BRUSSELS ROERDAM VENADEBAÑOS KRAKOW FRYDEK-MISEK LUGANO PREROV EPLICE KARVINA HAVIROV CHOMUOV ROESELAERE MOS OPAVA PRAHA CHARLEROI µg/m3 36. highest daily value Urban background stations ROMA CUSÓIAS PRAHA KRAKOW MEDINADELCAMP MADRID SEVILLA ZABRZE CORDOBA HALLE AOSA HUELVA LUDWIGSHAFEN ZÜRICH LEON BERN CADIZ BERLIN SOSNOWIEC SEGOVIA ALMERIA WEISSENFELS ZAMORA VLAARDINGEN URECH EINDHOVEN GRANADA ZARAGOZA APELDOORN PAMPLONA/IRUÑA µg/m3 36. highest daily value Rural stations PL CZ NL NL NL CH NL CZ µg/m highest daily value Urban hotspot stations I I I I

9 Figure 8: Exposure of urban population in EEA18 countries to PM1; exceedance days of 24h average PM1 concentration above 5 µg/m 3, all types of stations exposure of urban population to PM1 fre que ncy of e xpos ure clas s 1 6 fraction of urban population (%) urban population (M) days -35 days days >45 day s population

10 Figure 9: days Exposure of urban population in EEA-31 countries to PM1, exceedance Exposure of urban population in EEA-31 countries to PM1; exceedance days of 24h average PM1 concentration above 5 µg/m 3. exposure of urban population to PM1; EEA-31 frequency of exposure class; PM1(24h) > 5 ug/m3 1 9 fraction of urban population (%) urban population (M) insert: 1995 One 1996 graph (via copy/paste special/picture) days -35 days days >45 days population Note For years before 1997, representative monitoring data is not available. Sources: air quality database AIRBASE (EC/ACC)

11 Figure 1: Annual averages of PM1 concentrations at AIRBASE rural sites in 2

12 Figure 11: Annual averages of PM1 concentrations at EMEP sites in 2 in mg/m3

13 Figure 12: Concentrations of PM1 and PM2.5 calculated for 1999 with UNI-AERO: a) PM1, b) PM2.5, c) PM1 without sea salt contribution, and with the EMEP Eulerian models: d) PM1 PM1 PM PM PM2.5 a > < 1. b > < 1. PM1 - sea salt PM1 mass model [PM1 - M_SS] > c < 1. d

14 Figure 13: Annual and country-averages of PM1 concentrations at EMEP background sites (blue), and at rural (green), urban (red), and traffic sites (black) in 2

15 Figure 14: Range of annual PM1 mean levels obtained for the period by means of automatic monitors: left, without correction; and right, corrected by a factor of.8 (PM1 automatic/reference) in order to provide measurements equivalent to the gravimetric reference methods. Annual mean PM1 limit values proposed by the First Daughter Directive for 25 (4µgPM1/m3, green line) and for 21 (2µgPM1/m3, red line) are indicated. PM1, levels obtained by PM1 measurements. PM1*, values obtained from SP measurements by applying the factor SP/PM1 = 1.2 proposed by the 1999/3/EC Directive.

16 able 3: Mean PM1 and SP annual levels (µg/m3) obtained during the period in the 6 areas selected. Average number of days per year exceeding the 25 and 21 PM1 daily limit value (5µgPM1/m3) or its SP equivalent (6µgPS/m3) according to factor SP/PM1=1.2. Stations have been classified as rural, urban background, traffic, heavy traffic and urban-industrial. # exceedances using PM1 measures obtained with automatic instrumentation, the remaining exceedances correspond to SP measures with automatic instruments. * PM1 series calculated from original SP series according to 1999/3/EC factor SP/PM1 =1.2.

17 Figure 15: Mean PM2.5 vs. PM1 mass concentrations (µg/m³) 12 PM2.5 (µg/m³) Sevettijarvi (FIN) Skreadalen (N) Birkenes (N) Waasmunster (B) Gent (B) Bologna (I) Marseille (F) Barcelona (E) PM 1 (µg/m³)

18 Figure 16: ime series, EMEP PM stations 8 PM Rural Germany Before 1999: "SPM", Factor.85 After 1999: PM DE1 DE2 DE3 DE4 DE5 DE7 DE8 DE PM Rural Switzerland CH1 CH2 CH3 CH4 CH

19 PM Rural Spain ES1 ES3 ES4 ES5 ES PM Rural JRC Ispra I

20 Figure 17

21 Figure 18: PM1 tendency (µg/m 3 ) Annual average concentrations, all station types 6, 5, ug/m3 4, 3, 2, BE(12) CZ(56) FI(2) NL(19) NO(3) PL(8) ES(24) SE(2) CH(2) UK(49) 1,, th percentile daily concentrations (approx. 18 th highest), all station types (only stations with samplers giving daily data) 14, 12, ug/m3 1, 8, 6, 4, BE(13) CZ(56) FI(2) NL(15) NO(3) PL(8) CH(1) UK(49) 2,,

22 Figure 19: Frequency distribution of change coefficient for periods of at least 5 years for 96 stations with >85 % daily data completeness. PM1 change distribution, at least 5 years Number Change (% / y)

23 Figure 2: UK PM1 trend data

24 UK PM1 trend data

25 Figure 21: PM trend data, Erfurt 7-Jahres-rend der PM 2.5 Massenkonzentration in Erfurt, Winter 1991/92 bis 1998/ PM 2.5 (ug/m 3 ) /92 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 Winter 7-Jahres-rend der ultrafeinen Partikelanzahlkonzentration in Erfurt, Winter 1991/92 bis 1998/99 5 UP-Anzahlkonzentration (1/cm 3 ) /92 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 Winter

26 PM trend data, Erfurt 7-Jahres-rend der relativen Anzahlkonzentration (in %) für verschiedene Größenklassen (.1-.3,.3-.5,.5-.1,.1-.5 µm) in Erfurt, Winter 1991/92 bis 1998/99. Der Anteil in der kleinsten Größenklasse steigt kontinuierlich an 7 NC Beitrag der einzelnen Größenklassen zur Anzahlkonzentration (%) NC.3-.5 NC.5-.1 NC /92 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 Winter

27 Figure 22: PM1 trend data, Oslo PM 1 winter half year mean values in Oslo PM1 (µg/m 3 ) PM1, mean Kirkeveien, street PM1, mean Nordahl Brun, urban background Percentage studded tyres 1992/ / / / / / / / 2/1 21/2 Winter half year PM 1 daily values above 5 µg/m 3 in Oslo Days >5 µg/m PM1, >5 Kirkeveien, street 1992/ / / / / / / / 2/1 21/2 PM1, >5 Nordahl Brun, urban background Percentage studded tyres

28 PM1 trend data, Oslo PM 1 and PM 2,5 winter half year mean values in Oslo PM1 and PM 2,5 (µg/m 3 ) PM1, mean Kirkeveien, street 1992/ / / / / / / / 2/1 21/2 PM2,5, mean Kirkeveien, street

29 Figure 23: Preliminary estimates of rural background concentrations of PM2.5 (annual mean concentrations, µg/m3) 199 Current legislation, 21 technically feasible emission reductions

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