PHYSICAL EDUCATION (P.E.) DEPARTMENT I. E. S. DIONISIO AGUADO 2 E.S.O. PHYSICAL EDUCATION

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1 PHYSICAL EDUCATION (P.E.) DEPARTMENT I. E. S. DIONISIO AGUADO 2 E.S.O. PHYSICAL EDUCATION

2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION (P.E.) DEPARTMENT I. E. S. DIONISIO AGUADO 2 E.S.O. THE OLYMPIC GAMES VOLLEYBALL 1 ST TRIMESTER

3 UNIT 1: THE OLYMPIC GAMES

4 THE OLYMPIC GAMES THE ANCIENT GAMES Origen The history of the Olympic Games as we know it today, goes back in time to Ancient Greece close to years ago. The city of Olympia, which gives the name to these encounters, is the place where the sports competitions were organized and disputed. The inclination for the physical exercise is especially intense in the Ancient Greece, having an important role in the education, giving value to the corporal perfection, to the virtue as a citizen and to the noble ideal in the competition. With this, the religious celebrations in honor and as offers to the gods as well as the opportunity to join all the Greek towns and cities are the main reasons to the born of the Games. Historic data situate the celebration of the first Games in the year of 776 BC happening every 4 years. The period between each Games receive the name of Olympics and this became to be used as a measurement of time. Because of the Olympic Games there was a proclamation of a "Sacred Truce" that would take place 3 months before and after the Games. This truce had to be sign by all the places that wanted to participate in the Games. The messengers would travel though all territories, city by city, announcing the dates of the competition. From that moment and until the end of the Games, fights between towns were prohibited, reason why there was a period of peace and harmony that was respected by everyone to allow athletes and spectators to go to Olympia and then go back to their place of origin without any trouble. The athletes were supposed to go to Olympia one month in advance and to prove they had been preparing for at least for 10 months. This upcoming preparation took place in a little town close to Olympia called Elis where it was finally decided which of all the athletes would compete in the Games. These athletes had to meet this decalogue; Olympic Decalogue 1. Be greek and free, not to be slave nor foreigner. 2. Not being prosecuted by law. 3. Not to break the Sacred Truce. 4. Having trained the past months previously to the Games. 5. To enroll one month prior to the Games. 6. Being naked in the competition and being punctual. 7. Not to intimidate, to bribe nor kill the rival. 8. Always respect judges' decisions. 9. Which defeats his opponents shall be proclaimed the winner. 10. It is prohibited for women to be in the Olympic venue.

5 During the first 13 Games there was only one game; the "stadium. It was a straight line race of m (equivalent to 600ft.) The first winner was called Corebo. He was a cook from the city of Ëlida. The price for the winner was an olive crown, but the glory the winner athlete had, was of great importance for the citizens of their towns. On his way back home he would be taken as a hero, with all the honors and he would be benefit with numbers of economic and social privileges, like an extension on tax debts, high class job positions, their faces on coins, a statue on his honor and many favors to him and his family. The winner would give name to the next Olympic. *note that the word "Stadium" has three meanings; distance, race, and venue. With time new Games were added, this prolongated the celebration up to 5 days. Diaulos. The double course for footraces. The contestants ran down one side of the stadium, turned round goal, and returned to the starting point. Dolicos. (24 stadiums), 12 tours roundtrip turning over themselves. Race with weapons. Wrestling with different modalities. Pugilism. Predecessor of actual box. Pentathlon. Includes race, discus-throw, javelin, long jump and wrestling. Horse race. If the athletes didn't respect the loyalty oath and respect the rules, they were punished either with physical penalties, or with economic sanctions, that were used to build statues in Zeus' honor called zanies. The names of the cheaters were written in the base of the statues and they were place in the entrance of the stadium where all the athletes would pass. This was to remind everyone what they shouldn't do. Women were not allowed to participate in the Olympic Games. They couldn't even go as spectators. If they would go they were punished by the death penalty being thrown from Mount Tipeo. There were other Games for them, the Games in goddess Hera's honor, Zeus' wife. Just one women broke the rule; Calipatrira, mother of one pugilist. She went disguised as a coach to her son's triumph. Because of this and other success in the family on previous Games she was forgiven. Because of this incident, the coaches were obligated to go naked to the Games, as athletes were already doing since the runner Orsipos lost his attire during one competition. The Olympic Games had a progressive evolution until they reached the maximum splendor becoming a great sport manifestation. Greece became to decline as world power in III b.c. and it was absorbed by the Roman imperium the II b.c. The athlete's professionalism, the loss of spirit in the youth and the fan, the impositions of the roman culture and the accusation of pagan manifestations drove emperor Teodisio the I The Great to abolish the Games in the year 394 of common era, a year after the 293, and

6 after 1,200 years of continuity. Soon the Barbarian invaders destroyed the buildings, and the abandonment, fire, and earthquakes destroyed and buried the city of Olympia. Thanks to historians, the memory of the Games and its place in the greek word did not disappeared completely. The Olympic Games in Modern Time It was a French professor and aristocrat, at the end of XIX century, the Baron Pierre de Coubertin admirer of the Ancient classic Greece, who had the idea to resuscitate the Olympic Games. It was not an easy task and not welcomed at the beginning. In fact, various years past since he proposed the project until the Games were actually celebrated in This were the first Olympic Games of modern times, and as they had to be, they were celebrated in Athens, their place of origin. Coubertin considered sports as a way of exchange and cultural acceptance between towns, promoting peace regardless of race, sex religion, social class of political system. His idea opened doors to a new spirit and to the birth of the "Olympic movement" based initially on the "amateurism" (to practice a sport as a hobby not professionally) and the competition principle. The emergence of the Industrial Revolution and the capitalist society were responsible with time to put this values in contradiction and to relegate them to the background, prioritizing the show, the competition, politicization and the demonstration of power by the national government. (The Olympic charter points that the Olympic Games are competencies between individual athletes or by teams and not between countries). In the first modern Games 14 committees participated; in 2004 there were 202. Since Athens 1896 (first Games were celebrated there as a tribute to their birthplace and origin), the quadrennial Olympics have only being interrupted twice because of the world wars: The 1st in 1916 and the 2nd world war made them skip 2 times, in 1940 and In 1992 the Games were celebrated in Barcelona. Followed by: Atlanta '96, Sidney '00, Athens '04, Beigin (Pekin) '08, and London (Madrid was a candidate city for 2012 and fell in last place in the vote. It was a candidate for the Games of 2016 as well). We are talking about the summer Olympic Games. There are other Games in the winter that are also celebrated every 4 years but alternating 2 years with the summer ones. The Olympic Symbols We owe the actual Olympic symbols in most part to Baron Coubertin The Olympic Rings. There are devised and designed by Baron Pierre of Coubertin in 1913 but itwas until the Olympic Games of Antwerp (Amberes) in 1920 that they appeared. The five intertwined rings represent the union between the 5 continents and the quadrennial encounter of all the athletes of the world in the Olympic Games Each ring is a color associated with a continent: Blue is Europe, Yellow is Asia, Black is Africa, green is Oceania, and finally the red represents America.The rings always with a white background. Nowadays is the symbol in the world that best identifies with the idea that it represents.

7 The Flag. Created in a period of international intense tension, it is hoisted in the inauguration ceremony as a symbol of peace and fraternity. It waves during all the time the Games last in the stadium and in all enclosures where the sports events are celebrated. The Anthem. May valor reign victorious Along the path of golden way As tomorrow's new champions now come forth Rising to the fervent spirit of the game Let splendor pervade each noble deed Crowned with glory and fame And let fraternity and fellowship Surround the soul of every nation Oh flame, eternal in your firmament so bright Illuminate us with your everlasting light That grace and beauty and magnificence Shine like the sun Blazing above Bestow on us your honor, truth and love The Olympic flame and torch. They take their meaning from the rituals and religious ceremonies that took place in ancient Greece. A priest would carry a torch that would ignite the flame for the sacrifice in Zeus's honor. In other greek Games there was a celebration of a torch race, a team relay race in which the torch had to be passed. They had to carry the flame from the walls to the city up to the goal situated in the altar. Nowadays the torch ceremony hasn't a competition connotation. The torch route in which the flame is transmitted by relay is one of the most beautiful traditions that has remain in the modern Olympic Games. It is a kind of peregrination that starts in Olympia and after traveling thousands of km. it gets to the stadium in the inaugural ceremony and it ignites the burner, the sacred flame, that presides all the competition until the end of the Games.

8 The Oath. Under the sacred flame, with the Olympic flag pressing the stadium and with the testimony of the representatives, an athlete and a judge pronounced the words of the solemn oath in which it was declared their desire to participate in a free and impartial competition. "In the name of all competitors, I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules that govern them, in the True spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honor of our teams." Citius, Altius, Fortius. These words, which meaning is "faster, highest, stronger, express how a motto or legend the spirit of overcoming and achieving new marks and records in Games. In like matter, the known phrase " the important thing is to participate" was taken from Coubertin and transformed into what he consider it represented its concept of sports education and life. "The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not the victory, but the participation. The importance in life is not the triumph, but the effort. The essential is not to defeat but to have fought well". The Olympic Program. The International Olympic Committee (IOC), the one that coordinates all actions of the Olympic movement, has established a norm to consider "Olympic" a modality of sport and to incorporate it to the calendar of the Games, that is revised periodically. Nowadays is formed by 35 sports and there are a lot under a "waiting list". Some of this are played in some Olympic Games as exhibition before they are incorporated in the next Games. For 2012 there were 5 candidates: golf and rugby (that were Olympic previously), karate, squash and sports in skates. In this decisions there is a lot of controversy. What is an Olympic Sport? There are 33 criteria that a sport needs to meet in order to be consider Olympic and they go from their history and their development to the gender equality and its impact in the environment. The most determinants are: - The sports should be highly practiced in a minimum of 75 countries, an at least 4 continents for men, and in a minimum of 40 countries and 3 continents for women. - That the sport have adapted the world antidumping code. - The sports that depend on a mechanical means of propulsion are not accepted. - One test cannot simultaneously give place to a classification individually and by team. The Disciplines. A discipline is a modality of an Olympic sport constituted by one or many tests. They should have a level of international recognition. i.e. races, jumps or releases are inside athletics. The tests. A test is a competition inside a sport or one of this disciplines, with a classification that determines the delivery of medals and diplomas. In order to be include in a test, besides from having international recognition, it has to have participated twice in a world or continental championship. i.e. 50 m plane race, the 110 m fences, long jump, or javelin

9 Outstanding Facts in the History of the Games: Aside the sport feats, the history of the Olympic Games is full of dramatic facts that has little to do with the Olympic spirit. Black Power. Mexico 68. In the Olympic Games of Mexico 1968, in the award ceremony in the test of 200 m plane race, the USA athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lower their face and raised their fist with a black glove as the national anthem was playing as a symbol of the Black Power and as a protest for the racial tension that were happening in the USA. This gesture cost them to be expelled from the American team and they had to abandon the Olympic enclosure. When they went back to the USA they were discharged from the North american society. The Attacks in Munich 72. The Olympic Games of 1972 were muddied by a terrorist attack. In September 5, a group of Palestinian terrorists called Black September killed two Israelis athletes, and took other nine as hostages. They were asking for the release of 234 Palestine convicts in Israelis jails. After an unsuccessful attempt to reduce them, the hostages and the terrorists, with the exemption of three, eded up dead. In spite of what happened, the Games continued totally normal, after being suspended for 24 hours. Boycott. Moscow 80 and Los Angeles 84 The politics stormed the sport competition with the boycott to the Games of Moscow and Los Angeles. After the soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, president Carter proposed the boycott to the Games that were going to be celebrated in Moscow. 65 countries didn't show up. 80 nations participated in the Games, the lowest number since After the American Boycott to Moscow, it was no surprise that Moscow asked not to show up to the Games in Los Angeles in Only 14 countries followed the boycott, the URSS. Doping. Seul 88. Even though the scar of doping is present in the high competition before the Olympics in Seul, is here where it had more resonance when a Canadian athlete, Ben Johnson who won the fastest 100 m race at the moment, was tested positive for the consumption of an anabolic steroid, stanozolol. Since this case, the fight against doping was intensified and today is one of the major worries in all different Olympic committees.

10 Legend Athletes. Philippides. Even when he didn't participate in the Games, from Philippides' feat one of the most emblematic tests in the Olympic program is born. In 490 b.c. the persian invasion troops landed in Marathon bay, 40 km. away from Athens. The greek troops, much inferior in number, decide to attack by surprise and won the battle. One of the soldiers, Philippides, traveled the distance between Marathon and Athens to announce the news. When he arrived to the city he yelled "Rejoice, we have defeated" and fell dead from fatigue. This legend inspired the Olympic tests. Spyridon Louis. (Athens 1896). First Marathon champion. Agains all forecast a farmer defeated several renown athletes from the time. Spyridon Louis (2h58:50), appeared at the marble entrance in the stadium where prince George and the heir Constantin approached to welcome him and one on each side, traveled with him the rest of the journey until the finish line. Merchants from all Athens tried to inundate him with gifts, including watches, jewelry, wine, hair cuts for free, clothes for live, free food, free coffee for a whole year, monthly remunerations, a shotgun and a Singer swear machine. Louis graciously reject all the offers, except the one of a horse and a car, that he needed to help carry water for his town. Jesse Owens. (Berlin 36). Hitler pretended that Berlin could be the stage to announce the world superiority of the arid race and to show the excellence of the nazi system. A black man, Jesse Owens, won 4 medals at the growing nazi Germany. But it was at the length test where the historic fact took place. Owen did an invalid jump in the first two trials. His rival, German Luz Long helped him classify to the finals, by putting a jersey next to the place where the jump had to start. Owens got to the final and won. Long felt in second. Adolf Hitler abandoned the stadium early to prevent shaking hands with him in the award ceremony. The friendship between Owens and Long embodied the Games's spirit and it lasted more. Luz Long's gesture was not exempt of punishment. When the second world war started, Luz was mobilized exceptionally as all the other elite German athletes were exempt of going to war, but he had his gesture of friendship and provocation pending. He was wounded in Sicily and died later because of the wounds. When the war ended Owen went to Germany to meet the family of this grat man and athlete, and talked about his friend in an interview. "All medals and cups I've won, could be melted and they wouldn't worth anything in front of the 24K friendship I had with Luz Long in that time". Emil Zatopek (Helsinki 52). The human locomotive. This Czechoslovak athlete of eternal suffering gesture, became Olympic history after defeating along one week, the 5000 m, 10,000 m and the marathon. Maybe inspired by this splendid victory, his wife won the gold medal in the javelin only an hour after her husband won the competition of 5000 m plane. In Czechoslovakia he was consider a national hero and he got promoted to colonel.

11 Mark Spitz (Munich 72). In the Munich Olympics of 1972 he earned 7 gold medals in the 7 tests he participated at, plus the broke seven world records. He has only being defeated by Michael Phelps in Pekin 08, 36 years later. Abebe Bikila (Rome 60) Ethiopian athlete, member of the imperial Guard obtained the gold medal in the marathon of the Olympic Games in Rome 1960, that disputed barefooted in 2 h, 15 m 16 s, establishing in this way a new world record. In Tokio 64, he got into surgery for his appendix 6 weeks before the marathon. Even like this, and this time wearing his trackers, he won the gold again establishing a new world record of 2 h, 12 m, 11 s. Bob Beamon (Mexico 68). This US athlete won the world record in long jump, called the jump of the century, registered at 8.90 meters improving 55 cm the previous mark. This record lasted 22 years, 10 months and 22 days until it was heated in the world final in Tokio (1990) by Mike Powell. Nadia Comanecci (Montreal 76). The rumanian gymnast is consider the best gymnast in history. Her legend started to forge in the Olympic Games of Montreal 1976 with only 14 years old, 1.50 height and 40 kilos of weight. She was the indisputable queen of those Games, becoming the first gymnast in obtaining the maximum score, a 10. She obtained 7 other tens (3 for teams, 2 individual ones and 2 in the finals of parallel and bars). The electronic score board of the mark, (max of three digits) reflected an anecdotal 1,00. Carl Lewis (Los Angeles 84). Nicknamed "Son of the wind" he is one of the best sprinters of history. He won 9 gold medals in between Los Angeles 84 and Atlanta 96. It was in the Games of Los Angeles where he won 4 golds, equating Jesse Owens from the Olympics of Berlin He was awarded with the prize of "Principe de Asturias" of sports in 1996.

12 Steve Redgrave. This British rowed to the legend of being the only athlete to obtain 5 consecutive gold medals between Los Angles 84 and Sydney Redgrave is diabetic and has to inject a daily dose of insulin. Kristin Otto. (Seul, 88). Swimmer of the old RDA. At 22 years old, won 6 gold medals in the 6 competitons she disputed, the first time an athlete (not only swimmer) obtained tremendous feat in the Games, and almost equating the feat of Mark Spitz when he won 7 golds in In Seul Kristin Otto managed the competition winning in all styles except in free style (50 free style, 100 free style, 100 butterfly, 100 backstroke, 4x100 styles). She was with no doubt the queen of those Games. After the unification of Germany and the fight against doping, she was accused by the media and the trainers of consuming drugs. She defended herself by saying "Nobody can take away the success I obtained in Seul. I was like Mark Spitz, why the luck of having a gray gift, and the six medals were the result of many yard of hard work. Yeleana Isimbayeba (Athens 04 and Pekin 08) Born in Volgograd on June , she had to leave rhythm gymnastics because of her body type at the age of 16. Since 1998 she practices the pole vault. She is a double Olympic champion in Athens 04 and Pekin 08, she also heated the world record 27 times. She was awarded with the prize of "Principe de Asturias of Sports" in Michael Phelps. (Athens 2004, Pekin 08, London 2012). This American swimmer is considered the best swimmer in history. He obtained 8 gold medals in the swimming competitions of the Pekin In total he has earned 18 Olympic gold medals (Athens 2004 and Pekin 2008). In the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Phelps won 4 golds and 2 silver medals, making him the most successful athlete of the Games for the third Olympics in a row. Athens 2004, 100 m butterfly Athens 2004, 200 m butterfly Athens 2004, 200 m styles Athens 2004, 400 m styles Athens 2004, 4x200 freestyle Athens 2004, 4x100 styles Pekin 2008, 400 m styles Pekin 2008, 4x100 freestyle Pekin 2008, 200 m freestyle Pekin 2008, 200 m butterfly Pekin 2008, 4x200 freestyle Pekin 2008, 200 m syles Pekin 2008, 100 m butterfly Pekin 2008, 4x100 m styles London 2012, 4x200 freestyle London 2012, 200 styles London 2012, 100 butterfly London 2012, 4x100 styles Usain Bolt (Pekin 08, London 2012). Jamaican Athlete, world and Olympic champion of 100 m and 200 m plane, and the fastest man in history until today. With a hight of 1,96 m and a weight of 86 kg. He holds the best world record of the 100 m plane, with a record of 9,58 s obtained on 16 August, 2009; and the 200 m plane with a mark of 19,19 obtained on 20 August, In the Olympic Games of London, he created history again and became a legend at the 2012 Olypic Games in London by defending all three Olympic titles with 100m., 200 m. and 4x100m. Victories, the latter in a new world record time of 36,84 secs.

13 UNIT 2: VOLLEYBALL

14 Volleyball Volleyball is a team game where the 6 players must prevent the ball to bounce inside their field. They will also try that the ball bounces in the opposite field by a maximum of 3 hits. The court. A volleyball court is 18 m long and 9 m wide, divided into 9 m x 9 m halves by a one-meter wide net: The players. Each team is formed by 6 players that occupy a determined position inside the court. The positions are enumerated from 1 to 6. Through rotations all the players are obligated to go through all the positions. Everytime your team gains the posession of the ball, your whole team must rotate one position clockwise. So the player that was in position number 6 goes to position number 1 and serves. Player that was on number one moves to number 2 and so on. Beginning of the game. The game begins with the serve that is made by the player that is in zone 1 (this means in the right back when facing the net, but behind the back line). Basic Rules: Volleyball players hit a ball over a net using any part of their bodies. Points are scored when a team can not return the volleyball over the net or prevent it from touching the court surface. There can be a maximum of 3 hits to the ball by team before passing it to the other side. It is convenient to do the 3 hits because with this, it is easier to arrange the ball in the best way to be topped by the hitter. The logic sequence should be: 1. The defense receive with the forearms, passing the ball to the "server" 2. The fingers' touch setter pass the ball to the hitter. 3. The "front" (hitter) hits the ball. No player can hit the ball two consecutive times. The game is played in three sets. The team that gets 25 points wins. INDVIDUAL TECHNIQUE In volleyball is very important to hit the ball correctly to be able to participate. If you don't have a good technique, you will not be able to send the ball to the correct position, or you'll get a technical foul as the ball cannot be retained but kicked. Because of this, it is important to review in a theoretical way what is going to be done in practical classes.

15 SET or OVERHAND PASS. This is the most precise hit in volleyball. With it, the ball is addressed in a perfect way to where we want to send it. General characteristics: Fundamental medium position: Flexed legs, separated feet to the width of the shoulders, one foot later than the other. Hand positions: Fingers extended and separated, with the fingertips ready for the ball. Form a triangle with the thumbs and index from both hands. Cover the widest possible area of the ball. Hands in front of the forehead. Execution: Extension of all body. Make contact with the ball over the forehead. Continue the extension once the touch is made. Most common mistakes Hand Positions: Hands flat Hands excessively separated Thumbs flexed to the front Elbows wide open or close Execution: Flex the wrist at the hit Not doing the extension of the body Make the contact with the ball at the chest height (in front of the chest)

16 FOREARM HIT/PASS. General characteristics: Fundamental position (lower middle position) Straight arms, together and inclined to the front Hands clasped Shoulder line in the direction where the ball is going to be send. Execution: The ball makes contact with the interior part of the arm Flexion-extension of all body, with an inclination of the trunk to the front The arms are fixed and they only elevate by the extension of the legs. Most common mistakes High position, without flexing the legs Arms at different heights from one another Arms flexed Hit elevating the arms Hit with the wrists or hands Not do the flexion-extension movement completely THE SERVE. The serve begins play, and it can be decissive in a game. A missed serve counts as a fault. There are 2many types of serve, but we will learn two of them: the underhand serve and the overhand serve (or tennis serve). The underhand serve General characteristics The opposite leg to the hit arm should be in the front The hit arm straighten up The hit hand forming a spoon Small flexion of the leg Execution Movement of the hit arm should be from back to front When hitting the ball, the hand that is holding the ball is removed or the ball is thrown vertically Coordination of the hit with the extention of the legs Hitting the ball from underneath Continuation of movement, impulsing to the front

17 Most common mistakes Hitting with the arm flexed Incorrect throw of the ball Lost of coordination in the extension of the legs with the hit Not finish the movement with a step forward Overhand serve or tennis serve This is the most common serve in volleyball for its effectiveness, but is also the most difficult to learn. General characteristics Shoulder line parallel to the net The opposite foot from the hit arm should be in the front The ball at the chest height, on the hand that is not hitting the ball Execution Throw of the ball, with one or two hands vertically and in the line of the front foot. At the same time the hit arm is taken back and up, semiflexing and with the elbow up. The hand near the head. For the hit: Quick extension of the arm moving the arm back-up-front. Hit at the maximum height, on its back. Most common mistakes The most important one is the incorrect throw of the ball. Hit with the arm flexed Hit from the side part of the ball Not follow the movement with all the body.

18 2 nd E.S.O. 1 st TERM WORKSHEET Name: Class: 1.- Explain the following concepts briefly: - Sacred Truce - Women and Olympic Games in ancient times (or ancient Olympic Games) - Olympic Rings - Olympic Flame 2.- Develop two sports of the Ancient Games 3.- What are the requirements to be considered an Olympic sport? 4.- Put in chronological order the last 10 Olympic venues.