REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Transcription

1 Chapter -2 exä xã Éy _ àxütàâüx

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE The research scholar has made sincere effort to locate and collect the literature relevant to this study. The related literatures collected from different sources have been presented in an abstract form in this chapter. Bemics (1900) reported the results of the study of five outstanding track athletes. The runners and jumpers were found to be 2 inch above average in height and with the arm reach an inch longer, with longer legs and also with the lower leg than other persons of the same height. The calf and thighs averaged smaller and the hips an inch narrower. He suggested that these leg proportions gave a quick-acting upper leg a long reach with the lower. Amar (1920) pointed out that people of small stature were relatively strong as compared with tall the tall ones, and quicker because the weight decrease in proportion to cube of the size, whereas the force decrease in proportion to the square of the size, being approximately proportional to the cross sectional of the muscle. Short heavy-set people are remarkably strong and make good weight-lifters, carters and heavy labourers. The grasshoppers types with relatively long legs make good jumpers, runners, vaulters, hurdlers, and agility athletes. Kohlrausch (1929) studied the athletes who participated in the 1928 Olympic Games at Amsterdam. He discovered that the best sprinters in the world were Lb in weight and 67.9 inches in height, with a weight/height index of 2.17 and a vital capacity of 4300 cc as average measurements. The 400 meters runners were slightly taller (69.2 inches), slightly heavier (143.7 Lb.), and more linear (2.10) with vital capacity of 4500 cc. The middle distance runners averaged Lb in weight, 58.9 inches in height, 2.19 for body built and 4800 (25)

3 cc as the vital capacity. The long distance runners averaged Lb in weight, 66.8 inches tall, 2.10 for body built and 4300 cc the vital capacity. Jumpers were found to be tall with long legs and quicker. Vaulters, hurdlers and middle distance runners were quite similar in built. Krakower (1935) secured various anatomical measures on 600 men and analyzed the data to discover what factors if any might be helpful on predicting success in the high jump. Anthropometric measures thought to have the greatest bearing on ability in the running high jump were chosen for study on the basis of the opinion of track coaches. The items selected were weight, height, length of legs, breadth of foot and girth of hips. He found that long legs were advantageous. Correlation ranged between leg length and jumping ability being r =.25 to r =.37. Although the correlations between skeleton measures and jumping were too small to be used for to be long legged and short trunk, compared to the unselected group. Cureton (1936) studied vital capacity of high school boys to determine whether it could be used as a strength, a cardio respiratory test, or only a test of thoracic size. He concluded that strength was only a small factor contributing to vital capacity and no positive Correlation-ship could be claimed between vital capacity and organic condition. Cureton (1941) stated that in general, people with long legs and long arms, and relatively short and small trunks were physically weak types in long sustained heavy work, but they might show great speed and endurance at high levels of athletic activity. Long third class levers are noted for speed and range of action as well as for their efficiency for force. Cureton (1951) reported 22 track and field champion athletes of the United States and reported typical track men to be slight in skeletal framework with longer fore legs relative to thighs, and longer legs relative (26)

4 to length of the trunk, but were exceedingly slim muscled. The jumpers, hurdlers and vaulters were relatively slim in skeletal built and were typically taller with longer legs and shorter trunks. The shoulder width /biiliac hip width index was shown to be important for differentiating javelin throwers and gymnasts from other types of athletes. The typical throwers (including shot putters) were those with greater arm span /height and greater upper arm length forearms length. The jumpers, hurdlers and vaulters had relatively great leg length /trunk length and relatively large fore legs length / thigh length. Cureton, (1951) developed a system that combined inspectional photoscopy, palpation of musculature, skinfold measurements using a Franzen caliper, height-weight ratios, and assessments of strength and vital capacity. Although Cureton claimed that this somatotype estimate was sufficiently similar to Sheldonian ratings but for practical purposes, the ratings clearly differed on ectomorphy (Carter and Heath, 1971). Lamp(1954), conducted a study on junior high school boys and girls and found positive correlations between the volleyball playing ability and age, height, weight and strength. And Dutler(1962) concluded that the measures and indices which were significantly larger at.05 level, for good vaulters were tibial height, chest girth, shoulder girth, shoulder width, right grip strength, leg power and speed, iliospinal height/thigh length and shoulder width plus shoulder girth and sitting height. Wells (1963) conducted a relationship study of the leg strength, body weight ratio and length of the lower limb segment to vertical jump on 49 male college students, he concluded that none of the relationship studied proved to be statistically significance. And in a study conducted (27)

5 by Ambegaonkar and Dikshit (1964), on 27 Indian Hockey players, the mean age, height and weight were found to be 24.5 years, cm and 60.8 kg respectively. Baacke (1964) utilized data from 87 male students of high school, to determine the relationship of selected anthropometric and physical performance in the running hop step and jump. He concluded that all the variables as measured in study showed significant relationship with criterion beyond the.05 level of significance. Tanner (1964) studied 137 competitors of Olympic, British Empire and Commonwealth games. This sample represented a little over a third of all those at Rome who had achieved the Olympic standard. He found that only half the somatotypes in the general population were present in the Olympic sample which ranged from endomesomorphs through ectomesomoephs to mesoectomorphs. There were marked differences in somatotype distribution between competitors in different events. The discus, javelin and hammer throwers and shot putters mostly had somatotype around or The track athletes and jumpers, on the other hand, had somatotypes mostly ranging between and Among the runners there was a clear difference between sprinters and others. The average somatotype of the sprinters was ,of the 400 m. runners , and of the 1500 m, 5000m and marathon In Tanner s data, the 110 m hurdlers had the same average somatotype as the sprinters, and the 400 m hurdlers the same average as the 400 m runners. The average somatotype of steeplechase and walk competitors was not far from middle and long distance average. The numbers of long jumpers, triple jumpers, and pole vaulters were small: the long jump average was , triple and pole vaulters There were (28)

6 ten high jumpers with somatotype ranging to 2-3-6; the more successful jumpers, however, all rated 4 or more in mesomorphy. Nocker (1964) stated that coordination, balance, and relaxation play important roles in triple jump. Agility development of the highest degree is required for fast reaction in controlled movement where accuracy is also a feature. The ability to handle the body quickly and precisely with maximum force is required in all phases of triple jump. Speed training improves the functioning of the nervous system. Hirata (1966) reported data in respect of the participants of Rome, Tokyo, Munich and Montreal Olympic with respect to different games and events. Among athletes, the short and middle distance runners and jumpers were, as a whole, younger, but the long distance runners and throwers were older. These data indicated that the participants in events which need great muscular strength reached the climax in the early period, whereas the participants in events, which needed much endurance or technique, had delayed climax, which continued longer. As the distance progressively increased from 100 m to 200 m, 400m and 800m, the runners gradually become a little taller and leaner. But in Munich and Montral Olympics, the 400m men were taller than the other three groups. The tendency of increasing leanness was observed from sprinters to the long distance athletes, in all the Olympics referred. Regarding 1500m, 5000m. and 10000m. runners, they gradually become somewhat less tall as well as lean. The walkers were as large as the sprinters but leaner. On the other hand, the hurdlers and steeple chasers were found to be large and lean than the sprinters. Westlake (1967) conducted the study on somatotypes of female track and field athletes of San Diego College who were divided in four (29)

7 groups on the basis of their best event and somatotype them using Heath- Carter anthropometric method. The mean somatotypes for each group were: sprinters 3-3, 5-4, jumpers , distance runners , and throwers Throwers differed from the other groups in being heavier, more endomorphic, more measomorphic and less linear than sprinters and jumpers. High endomorphy and mesomorphy seemed to be assets to throwers. As with male throwers the body mass was important. Berg (1969) conducted a investigation to determine the relationship between age, height, weight, distance from the greater trochanter to the floor, thigh length, leg length, foot length, and performance in the standing broad jump. Boys (N=231) in fourth, fifth and sixth grades were used as subjects. All correlations were found to be statistically significant beyond the.05 level. Although significant r s were low, and body segments size could be eliminated as a determinable factor in predicting the success one might achieve in performing the standing broad jump. Eiben (1972) studied 125 women athletes during the European athletic championship. He found that in each anthropopological characteristics the sprinters had smaller dimensions than all over women athletes. Their small stature was due mainly to their short trunk. Their lower extremities, especially their thigh, were long as compared with the trunk. The upper extremities less muscular, the lower limb, especially the lower legs were strong with well developed muscles. The hurdlers were strong and muscular. Their stature was almost identical with sprinters. The middle distance runners were the most linear and slender. They were the shortest and lightest of all measured European women athletes. Their trunk was longest and narrowest. Between the two groups of jumpers, the women long jumpers were some what smaller. Their trunk was longer and (30)

8 lower extremities shorter than those of the high jumpers. The lower legs of the long jumpers were very long. Malhotra et.al. (1972) studied the functional capacity and body composition of the throwers, jumpers, sprinters, and middle and long distance runners. The track men and jumpers were found to have a higher lean body mass with less fat content than the throwers who were tall and heavily built. The middle and long distance runners had highest and the throwers, the lowest maximum oxygen intake capacity values in terms of body weight and lean body mass. Similarly, the trackmen had lower maximum heart rate than the other groups of athletes. The jumpers and throwers had stronger muscle power, however, the latter were strong in arm and shoulder muscle strength too. Cureton (1973), conducted a study on 22 track and field champion athletes of United States and reported to be light in skeletal frame work with longer forelegs relative to thigh, but were exceedingly well muscle. The jumpers, hurdlers, and vaulters were exceedingly well muscle. The jumpers hurdlers and vaulters were typically taller with longer legs and shorter trunk. The shoulder width / bi-illiac hip width index was shown to be important for differentiating javelin throwers and gymnasts from either types of athletes. The throwers were those with greater arm span, height and greater upper arm length and forearm length. The jumpers, hurdlers and vaulters had relatively greater leg length, trunk length and relatively larger fore leg length and thigh length. Muthiah and Venketswarlu (1973) studied the Indian track & field athletes and noticed the throwers to be heavier, taller and older than other athletes. Among runners, the age increased and the height and weight decreased with the increase in the distances, they run. The jumpers (31)

9 and hurdlers were taller and heavier than sprinters, but were shorter and lighter than throwers. The decathletes were the second heaviest, they were all rounders. Malhotra et.al.(1973) conducted a study for physiological assessment of Indian hockey Olympic players. They reported a mean resting pulse of 5.7 beat per minute and ranging from 54.6 to 66.7 beats per minute. De. Garay et al. (1974) conducted a comprehensive study on the Mexico Olympians. Their entire track group had similar Somatotype distributions and were concentrated mainly in the ectomesomorphic category, sixty one percent of their throwers were endomesomorphs the remainders being dominant mesomorphic. On the other hand, the jumpers. Vaulters and decathlon athletes had no dominant endomesomorphy. The throwers of Mexico Olympic were considerably heavier than the other group of field events. The former had significantly broader shoulders and longer trunk than the latter. The hips of jumpers were narrower than the throwers. Their legs were found to be longer than the javelin throwers. Edmund and Brush (1979) carried out a study on physiological and anthropometric assessment of successful teenage female distance runners. Physiological and anthropometric measurements were taken in a group of young women. Mean age 16.2 years who had been training regularly by running approximately 50 mile per week for two years. Their mean VO 2 max ml/kg/min. is among the highest recorded in a group of young women. The anthropometric measures include: skin folds and circumferences. These young women appeared to be of average height, low in body fat, have a high component of ectomorphy and a smaller over all skeletal frame work than the non athletes. (32)

10 Gooden (1979) conducted a relationship study on selected anthropometric measurement of leg and foot to speed and vertical jump of male collegiate track and field athletics. Ss= (n=32) were assigned to five group according to their respective events; short sprinter, long sprinter, middle distance runner, distance runner and jumpers. All the subjects were exposed to a one week training period before the testing of the vertical jump and 50 yard dash. ANOVA was used to determine differences between performance score of all five groups, in the vertical jump, 50 yard dash and selected anthropometric measurement. The Newman-keals follow up best was employed to make multiple comparison and a multiple r was used to determine the relationship of selected anthropometric measurement to vertical jump and 50 yard dash. There was a high positive relationship between speed of 50 yard dash and vertical jump. There was no significant relationship between the 12 anthropometric measurement and speed in the 50 yard dash. The short sprinter and jumpers performed significantly greater in vertical jump and 50 yard dash when compared to the other groups. The short sprinters and middle distance runners performed significantly greater in the vertical jump and 50 yard dash when compared to the distance runners. Heath and Carter (1982) stated that the athletes who wish to achieve success in sports at a high level can compare their physique with those Olympic athletes. If the athlete is with in the limits of the Olympians, than the appropriate structure for high performance is achieved. Consideration can then be given to whether changes in physique such as lower body fat or increased muscle mass would enhance or hinder his performance. This problem is of special significance in games like weight lifting, boxing judo and wrestling which are competed on the basis (33)

11 of body weight. In these games, the competitors are required to compete with in their respective weight categories. Out of many measures of physique, the stature being of most common interest has been thoroughly invested. It has already been mentioned that in some sports greater height is an advantage, whilst in others, shoulder stature is preferable. All these studies are based on adult athletes who in most cases are a product of many years of training starting from childhood. Carter at el.(1982) In their study on Montreal Olympics athletes, concluded after examination that the jumpers were heavier and had larger thigh and calf girth than the sprinters and distance runners, they also had larger lower extremity length than the sprinters and larger sum of six skin fold than the distance runners. The distance runners had smaller upper arm and forearm girth than sprinter or jumper, but larger bi-illiac breadths than sprinters. There were no significant difference in age, height, sitting height, upper extremity length or bi-acromial breadths. Chetia( 1982) conducted a study to find out the relationship of leg length, thigh girth calf girth and abdominal strength to standing broad jump on 44 college male students. The results indicates that there was a significant relationship between standing broad jump and leg length, calf girth and abdominal strength. Kansal (1982) in an attempt to develop scientific criteria for the selection of budding athletes based on their morphological status, studied 246 male students in the age group of 11 to 17 years. Their height, weight, bisacromial, humerus, bi-condyler, chest and calf circumference and performance in 100 meters running, shot put and standing broad jump were examined. He concluded that the above said body measurement showed significant degree of relationship with individual performance (34)

12 tests. Further with the help of these differential role, preparation of selection criteria for choosing budding athletes at a young age was also attempted. Fleck (1983) conducted a study to determine body composition of elite American Athletes, five hundred and twenty eight athletes participating in 26 Olympic events and 298 female athletes participating in 15 Olympic events underwent determination of body fat% and lean body mass. All groups of athletes were below the average values of fat % of college age men and women of 15% and 25% respectively. Athletes involved in sports events had 6.5±1.2% (male) and 13.7±3.6% (female) that are very anaerobic in nature and extremely aerobic events such as the marathon (6.4±1.3% male ) demonstrated lower % fat values. Athletes involved in sports where body size is a definite advantage, such as basketball( male 84.1±6.2kg. female 55.3±4.9kg) and volley ball ( males 75.0±6.6kg, female 58.4 ±4.5 kg) tended to have larger lean body mass. Schmolinsky Gerhardt (1983) pointed out that movement in field throws serve to throw or put the implement over as long a distance as possible. In doing this athlete must observe physical laws (e.g. biological and mechanical laws) and general regulations laid down in the International competition rules. Hence the athlete s performance depends on his ability to tackle environmental factors and on his knowledge of their inherent laws. The better he is familiar with them, the more his movements will be properly directed and efficient. Wilmore (1983) compared the body composition and anthropometrical characteristics of men and women participating in different sports and games, and he found that basketball players and volleyball players have more height and weight than sprinters and cross country runners. The percentage of body fat was 12.4%, 10.2% and 10.6 (35)

13 for sprinters, cross country runners and basketball players respectively in male section and 16.5%, 17.7%, 20.8% and 21.3% for sprinters, cross country runners basketball players and volley ball players respectively in female section. Sodhi and Sidhu (1984) studied long, high, and triple jumpers and found them to be lighter in weight with proportionately longer lower extremities and shorter trunks than those of other athletes. However, the Indian athletes were proportionately slender in hip width with narrow biacromial diameter and smaller chests. They had smaller bicondylar diameters with less of lean tissue area as well as the total body fat than other athletes. The Indian pole vaulters were taller with a longer lower extremity but not as long as that of the other jumpers. However Tanner(1964) reported a distinctly greater shoulder breadth in the case of pole vaulters than the length of their trunk but not as great as that of the throwers. The Indian pole vaulters were more mesomorphic but less fatty than other jumpers. Murlidharan (1984) conducted a study to find out the relationship between anthropometric and physical variables to performance in long jump. The average age of the subject were 22 years. Pearson product moment correlation was used to compute correlation between performance and each independent variable namely standing broad jump, 50 yards dash, shuttle run(4 10 yards), sit and reach, vertical jump, leg length, height and weight. The data were tabulated in the form of scatter grams. The independent variables were taken on x axis and the dependent variables on y axis for testing hypothesis the level of significance was set at 0.05 level of significance. The finding indicated that the anthropometric and physical performance variables were very reliable for predicting (36)

14 performance in long jump. From the findings of the study it may be concluded that 1.) leg length, height, standing broad jump, 50 yrds dash, shuttle run(4 10yards), sit and reach and vertical jump were most significant independent measurement in prediction sources in running long jump, 2.) body weight did not prove to be reliable when single independent variable was correlated with the performance of running long jump, therefore weight should not be used single for predicting performance in running long jump. Ross and Ward (1985) assessed the quantitative interface between human structure and function. Their data assembly is cross-sectional or longisidual or in complex designs, a combination of both. The purpose of developing norms and reference models is to help assess structural or functional status or monitor change. Sharma and Dixit (1985) investigated that physique is one of the most important factors, which becomes pre-requisite for better performance in games and sports. They compared jumpers with throwers and found that the jumpers were less meso-morphic and more ectomorphic. Kalra(1986) studied 30 middle distance and thirty long distance runners from different colleges of Delhi University. The anthropometrical measurements, physical and physiological variables of all subjects were tested and the results showed that the performance in long distance running was found to be significantly correlated with cardio respiratory endurance, weight, leg length, resting pulse rate, and body composition. Performance was not significantly correlated with muscular strength, endurance, calf girth, thigh girth and blood pressure. The performance of middle distance runners was found to be significantly correlated with muscular strength, endurance, but not related with height, (37)

15 weight, leg length, thigh length, fore leg length, calf girth, thigh girth, blood pressure and body composition. Sodhi (1986) studied skin fold pattern of top Indian athletes and sports persons. For this purpose he selected 289 male sportsmen and 59 normal persons from NIS,Patiala. From skin fold measurements were taken for each individual at biceps, triceps, sub scapular, Supra-illiac, thigh and calf region. The sports men studied, belong to track & field, aquatic sports, gymnastic, and wrestling. The athletics and aquatic sportsmen have been further classified according to their weight categories. The study has been conducted to understand the distribution of fat pattern in Indian athletes and sportsman specializing in different sports. Sodhi (1991) studied 22 track and field champion athlete of the United States and reported typical track men to be slight in skeletal frame work with longer fore legs relatively to thighs, and longer legs relative to the length of the trunk but were exceedingly well muscled. The jumpers, hurdlers, and vaulters were relatively slim in skeletal build and were typically taller with longer legs and shorter trunks. The shoulder width/biiliac hip width index was shown to be important for differentiating javelin thrower and gymnasts from other types of athletes. The typical throwers (including shot putters) were those with greater arm span /height and greater upper arm length / forearm length. The jumpers, hurdlers and vaulters hade relatively great leg length, trunk length relatively large foreleg length/thigh length. Mokha et.al. (1993) carried out a study on Indian athletes of different level of composition. Six skin fold measurements (biceps, triceps, forearm, sub scapular, supra iliac, calf) were made on 157 track and field athletes (42 throwers, 35 jumpers, and 80 runners). Athletes (38)

16 ranged from state (highest level) through intervarsity to district ( lowest level). Eighty one subjects acted as controls. Total body fat was calculated by the formula of Durin and Wonersley (1974). It was found that the throwers possessed significantly more fat of all the six measurement parameters than the jumpers & runners. The jumpers & runners did not differ much from each other. With the increase levels of competition a trend of increasing in fat was observed in throwers & a decrease in jumpers and runners. Vujovic and Lozovina (1999) examined the differences between two groups of elite athlete s anthropometrics measurements. The groups were from sports of water polo and rowing. Subjects were measured with set of 18 anthropometric measurements. Multivariate analyses on manifested measurements as well as on scores on latent dimensions were employed to analyse the differences between the groups. Differences were based on differences in measurements that can be attributed to muscle tissue and fat tissue, which were both in favors of water polo players. There were no differences in measurements of skeleton except for the measurements of bicristal width and leg length. Different training procedures and different surroundings in which activities were taking place cause the differences. No differences in skeleton measurements were the consequence of the selection process. Wood et. al. (2000) compared initial field test results of indigenous and non indigenous Northern Territory Institute of Sport (NTIS) AFL squad players. The indigenous players were significantly shorter and tended to be lighter. They were also significantly faster over 40m, due to better acceleration, which supports the sterotype. Other measurements of anaerobic and aerobic power were not different. Further analysis showed (39)

17 the six regional based indigenous players achieved lower scores of fitness than their city-based counterparts. Analysis of playing positions showed a greater representation of indigenous players along the centerline. While there were more nonindiganous players in key field positions, the track and along the half lines. Positional segregation has also been founded in Rugby Leogue (Hallinan 1991). The positional differences may relate to the body size requirements for each position. While skill and agility were not measured, the smaller and lighter indigenous players may require greater agility and skill levels to compare with larger non-indigenous players. Shamim and Singh (2002) carried out a study to ascertain the difference between physical and physiological variables of high and low performance basketball players and found that the high performance basketball players had greater height, weight, lower leg, thigh, upper arm and lower arm length. They had greater shoulder and hip width and greater calf and biceps muscle girth with greater diameter of humerus and femur biepic condyle. They are meso-ectomorph and their sitting height is greater than low performance basketball player. They had lesser sum of four-skin folds measurement than that of low performance basketball players. High performance basketball player had better body proportionality in relation to mechanical advantage. They also had lesser heart rate and greater vital capacity. However there was no significant difference in the blood pressure of high and low performance basketball players. Chauhan (2004) carried out a study on prediction of performance of university level throwers in relation to their anthropometrical measurements. The findings of that study lead him to certain conclusions. Age, body weight, height, sitting height, trunk length, leg length, fore-leg (40)

18 length, thigh length, total arm length, upper and fore-arm length, all have positive and significant correlation with performance of university level throwers. The circumferences i.e. shoulder chest, abdomen, hip, arm and thigh circumferences have significant and positive correlation with the throwing performance. Biacromial, bicristal and elbow diameters possess positive and significant correlation with the performance in throwing event. Among skin fold measurements, biceps, sub scapular, Suprailiac and calfskin folds have positive and significant correlation with performance in throwing event. Body density and lean body mass have negative and significant but fat percentage and fat weight had positive and significant correlation with throwing performance. Multiple correlation of body weight, height and total arm length collectively has significant correlation with the throwing performance. The size of multiple correlation is quite sufficient and hence the regression equation can be used for the prediction of throwing performance of university level throwers. Khan and Singh (2005) Carried out a study to ascertain the differences between high and low performance volleyball players in relation to their Anthropometrical and physiological variables and found that the selected National or high level performance volleyball players were taller, heavier in proportion to stature, broader shoulder, wider hip, longer upper and lower extremities then the low performance volleyball players. They had lesser rating of endomorphic and mesomorphic components but a higher rating of ectomorphic component. The fat free mass was also greater in the high performance volleyball players. Samant (2005) conducted a comparative study of anthropometric and physical variables of female netball players in relation to different playing position. In anthropomerical variables body weight, standing height, leg (41)

19 length, arm length, and palm length. In physical variables agility, dynamic balance, dynamic flexibility and explosive leg strength. For the purpose of the study 70 female netball players for each position were selected. She observed significant differences in anthropometrical and physical variables of different position players. Daudayal and Singh (2007) conducted a study on selected anthropometrical characteristics of Indian elite male athlete of different throwing events. Purpose of the study was to find out the anthropometrical differences among four type of throwers (shot put, discus, javelin and hammer throwers). For this purpose100 Indian elite male throwers 25 each were selected from various national level tournaments. The analysis of variance was applied on gathered data of selected anthropometrical variables. Results of the study had shown that the shot putter were greater in weight, Femur Biepicondylar, Humerus Biepicondylar, Hip Breadth, Shoulder Breadth, wrist breadth, skin folds, biceps muscle girth, calf muscle girth, thigh muscle girth, chest girth, chest depth, endomorphy, mesomorphy, upper arm length lower arm length index, hip breadth stature index and fat percentage than other throwing groups. And the discus throwers were greater in height, forearm muscle girth and total leg length than the other throwers groups. Whereas the javelin throwers were greater in total arm length, ectomorphy and ponderal index than the other throwing groups and the hammer throwers were greater in shoulder breadth- stature index than the other throwing groups. Ansari and Singh (2007) conducted a study on physical and physiological differences between elite middle and long distance runners of India. For the purpose of this study three sample groups of different categories of runners from various National level competitions (42)

20 (1 st group comprises of 14 elite 800 m runners, 2 nd group comprises of 17 elite m runners and 3 rd group comprises of 19 elite m runners) were selected. Analysis of variance was applied to asses the significant difference in the physical and physiological variables of the three groups. Statistical analysis of this study indicated that the 800 m runners were greater in mean weight, stature, sitting stature, shoulder breadth, hip breadth, upper arm length, fore arm length, thigh length, lower leg length, biceps muscle girth, calf muscle girth, sum of five skin fold, endomorphic rating, mesomorphic rating,thigh length lower leg length index, hip breadth stature index, heart rate and vital capacity than m and m. runners. Whereas m runners were greater in mean ponderal index than the 800m and m runners. However no significant differences were found in humerus bi-epicondyler diameter, femur biepicondyle diameter, ectomorphic rating, sitting height stature index, upper arm length lower arm length index and shoulder breadth stature index of 800 m, m and m runners of India. Lal et. al.(2010) conducted a study on Physique and Composition of Hockey Players in relation to their playing positions. For the purpose of the study 70 hockey players, of those, forwards( n=30), halfback (n=20), and fullback (n=20) were selected during inter college competitions of Himachal Pradesh university in the session each subject was measured on 19 anthropometric sites from which somatotype and body composition were calculated. Heath and Carter (1990) somatotype method was used to get the three component of somatotype. Body fat percentage was calculated by Brozek et.al.(1963) method. Bone mass and muscle mass was calculated by using formula (43)

21 by Matiegka(1921) method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find out significance difference among the players of various playing position namely forwards, halfback and fullbacks. In case of any significance of mean difference, Scheffe s post hoc t test was applied for further analysis. From the findings, it was observed that except ectomorphy component of somatotype fullbacks players were superior in all parameters, followed by halfback and forward players, where as in ectomorphy component halfback were superior followed by forwards and then fullback players. The results also reveled that there was significance difference among various playing position players, on height, weight, bone mass and muscle mass. Singh.K.et.al. (2010) compared the anthropometrical characteristics and somatotype of High and low Performer Pole vaulters. Twenty male vaulters of age years were assessed for the study ( 10 high performer and 10 low performer ). The t test was applied on the gathered necessary anthropometrical measurement of the pole vaulters. Results of the study have shown that high performer pole vaulters were significantly greater in weight, total arm length, upper arm length and sitting height and were also significantly greater in all circumference except upper arm circumference compared to low performer pole vaulters. The high performer pole vaulters were also significantly greater in shoulder, knee, and ankle diameters and lean body mass compared to low performer pole vaulters. Where as no significant difference in the somatotyping of high performer and low performer pole vaulters was observed. Singh B.B. et.al.(2010) A conducted a study on Comparison of the body proportionality of Indian elite male throwers (shot putters, Discus (44)

22 , Javelin and hammer throwers). The 100 Indian elite male throwers 25 each were selected from various national and international tournaments. The variable were Ponderal index, Hip breadth -stature index and Shoulder breadth stature index. Results revealed that Javelin throwers were having greater mean ponderal index than other throwers. Hammer throwers were having greater shoulder breadth- stature index than other three throwers and Shot putters were having greater mean hip breadth- stature index than other throwers. Singh B.B.,et.al(2010) B. Conducted a study on Differences in Sitting Height-Stature Index, Thigh Length - Lower Leg Length Index and Upper Arm Length-Lower Arm Length Index of Indian Elite Male Throwers of Different Throwing Events. The 25subjects for each (shot put, discus, javelin, and hammer throwers) were selected from national and international tournaments, India camp, sports authority of India (SAI) and state hostels. Results revealed that mean sitting height-stature index and thigh length lower leg length index are having insignificant difference among all four throwing groups. However lower arm lengthupper arm length index of the four groups differ significantly. (45)