Welcome to the world of wind energy Wind Farm design. Dr. D. V. Kanellopoulos OPWP Renewable Energy Training Program December 2016 Muscat, Oman

Transcription

1 Welcome to the world of wind energy Wind Farm design Dr. D. V. Kanellopoulos OPWP Renewable Energy Training Program December 2016 Muscat, Oman 1

2 Wind farm design What are the 2 main parameters that DICTATE the LAYOUT of a future wind farm? Wind rose Absolutely necessary to measure them on the site for at least one year. ALWAYS REMEMBER, they can change over large distances.

3 Wind farm design What are the 2 main parameters that DECTATE the LAYOUT of a future wind farm? Get a topographic survey, look for detailed maps in order to start preliminary layouts, maps scaled 1:5.000 are needed

4 Wind farm design What are the 2 main parameters that DECTATE the LAYOUT of a future wind farm? Gulf of Gela, Sicily, Italy Get a topographic survey, look for detailed maps for the sea bed if available

5 A step by step procedure will be presented to demonstrate the ability to design a preliminary layout without the use of specialized programs California, USA Operating wind farms

6 In the mountains of California the ridges dictate the line layouts

7 Wind farm design, the theory The wake area extends downstream of the wt for a distance 10 times the diameter, D

8 Wind farm design, the theory 2 wts must be placed along the axis x-x in such a manner that the second turbine B is clear off the wake area created by the first turbine A. The wind direction is at an angle of ε with the proposed axis What is the minimum distance AB?

9 Wind farm design, the theory 2 wts must be placed along the axis x-x in such a manner that the second turbine B is clear off the wake area created by the first turbine A. The wind direction is at an angle of ε with the proposed axis β=90 o +δ, α+β+γ=180 ο, α=90 o -ε, and γ=ε-δ. also AD/sin(β)=AE/sin(γ). ΑΕ=D/2 thus the length AD=Dcos(δ)/(2sin(ε-δ)). For same diameter machines, AD=DB so ΑΒ= Dcos(δ)/sin(ε-δ) (1) Normally we express distances as multiples of diameters so ΑΒ=nD, then: n= cos(δ)/sin(ε-δ) (2) Theoretically when ε=0 ο then wt Β could be placed tangentially as it is shown in the next slide. For small values of the angle ε wt B is always in the wake so it is recommended to put a distance of 10 D. For n=10 and δ=12 ο, equation 2 gives ε=17.7 ο. This means that equation 2 should only be used for angles: 17.7 ο < ε < 90 ο.

10 Wind farm design, the theory Wind turbine A creates the wake. If we are not restricted by space, then the closest the second turbine can be placed is along the line E-D-C or at the ark C-B which is 10 diameters behind.

11 Wind farm design, the theory n ελάχιστη απόσταση μεταξύ μηχανών, nd n= cos(δ)/sin(ε-δ) ε γωνία ε ο μεταξύ της διεύθυνσης του ανέμου και του άξονα ανάπτυξης των μηχανών Dimitrios Kanellopoulos, ISBN

12 Wind farm design, the theory If ε is greater than 90 ο then the same analysis shows that: n= cos(δ)/sin(ε+δ) (3) equation 3 is valid for angles 90 ο < ε < 162,3 ο. In case that 162,3 ο < ε < 180 ο then a value of n=10 is recommended. In case of turbines with different diameters D1 και D2 then the minimal distance is given by: ΑΒ=AD+DB= (D1+D2)cos(δ)/2sin(ε-δ) (4) for 17,7 ο < ε < 90 ο and AB=(D1+D2)cos(δ)/2sin(ε+δ) (5) για γωνίες 90 ο < ε < 162,3 ο.

13 An applied example, STEP 1 Dimitrios Kanellopoulos, ISBN Assume that the available land is along the hill tops defined by lines, AB, CD, DE, EF, FG, GH and IJ 2 scenarios: wt NP=300 kw, D=30 m and wt NP=1 MW, D=45 m

14 An applied example Location: Chiotes, Rhodes, Greece The wind rose, measurements were conducted between 1978 and Prevailing or dominant wind directions are WNW and NW This means that future wind farm must perform without wake losses at least in these 2 wind directions

15 η case WNW=292,5 ο, same for ESE, AB ,5 1,51 45,3 6,3 7 CD ,5 1,51 45,3 6,3 7 DE ,5 4,19 125,7 2,5 3 EF ,5 2,36 70,8 1,7 2 FG ,5 1,04 31,2 3,9 4 GH ,5 1,31 39,3 3,7 4 IJ ,5 1,08 32,4 6,4 7 2 η case W=270 ο AB ,16 94,8 3 4 CD ,16 94,8 3,2 4 DE EF ,4 1 FG ,09 32,7 3,7 4 GH ,03 30,9 4,7 5 IJ ,05 31,5 6,6 7 3 η case NW=315 ο, same for SE AB ,1 33 8,6 9 CD ,1 33 9,3 10 DE ,66 49,8 6,3 7 EF ,34 53,8 2,3 3 FG ,34 53,8 2,3 3 GH ,23 66,9 2,2 3 IJ ,46 43,8 4,7 5 Desired distances along each line in order to avoid wake effects for W, WNW, NW, ESE και SE. AB 3,16 4 CD 3,16 4 DE 10 2 EF 10 1 FG 1,34 3 GH 2,23 3 IJ 1,46 5 1: name of line 2: length of line in m 3: angle between line and the north to south axis 4: angle ε 5: n( from equations) 6: nd, minimum distance among wts in m 7:dived value of column 2 with column 6 8: maximum number of wts that can be placed at this line

16 An applied example, STEP 2 D=30 m, NP=300 kw, 14 wts, installed power 4.2 MW Remember: Equations help but common sense is also needed

17 An applied example, STEP 3 D=45 m, NP=1000 kw, 10 wts, installed power 10 MW

18 Examples of possible wind farm layouts in an area of complex terrain No of wts D, m NP, kw Wind farm power, MW Melanios, Chios, Greece

19 Canadian wind farm, D=82 m

20 Czech Republic, wind farm, D=82 m

21 Example of proposed wind farm layout in flat areas with plenty of space, D=50 m

22 Austria, D=82 m

23 Brazil, D=72m, multiple rows of wts

24 Wind farms in the American planes of Texas

25 White Deer Wind Farm, Texas USA, rows of wts. A joy for the wind engineer designing this layout SIZE: 80 MW COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS DATE: December 2001 UTILITY: Xcel Energy s Southwestern Public Service Company TURBINE EQUIPMENT: 80 Mitsubishi MHI 1000A 1 MW turbines TRANSMISSION: kv Substation, Adjacent to 115 kv Interconnect Line INTERCONNECT: Xcel Energy s 115 kv line from Nichols to Kingsmill LAND: 20 landowners on 5,760 Acres

26 Vindeby, Denmark. 11 Turbines: Bonus 450/35, NP=450kV, D=35m, Hr=35m AMSL, 2 rows, s = 300 m = 8,6D, nd= 335 m = 9.6 D nd s The first offshore wind farm in the world.

27 Vindeby, Denmark. 11 Turbines

28 Vindeby, Denmark. 11 Turbines: Bonus 450/B35, plan view and interconnecting diagram

29 Denmark, Copenhagen, the Middelgrunden offshore wind park, 20 Bonus, NP= 2 MW, P=40 MW, D=76m, Hr=64m s=2.4d=182 m

30 The Netherlands Princes Amaliawindpark V80-2MW, 60 wts P=120 MW

31 fact-sheets.cfm/uk-content-of-operating-offshore-wind-farms offshore wind farms UK

32 Capacity factors from offshore wind farms All numbers are to the end of December Analysis by EnergyNumbers.info. Raw data from ens.dk Latest rolling 12-month capacity factor Life capacity factor Age (years) Installed capacity (MW p ) Total elec. gen. (GWh) Total 43.4% 41.1% Anholt % 48.3% Avedøre Holme 43.0% 38.9% Frederikshavn 33.6% 30.8% Horns Rev I 43.8% 42.0% Horns Rev II 41.1% 47.8% Middelgrunden 27.6% 25.6% Nysted (Rødsand) I 40.3% 37.3% Nysted (Rødsand) II 46.9% 44.4% Rønland I 45.4% 44.4% Samsø 42.4% 39.6% Sprogø 35.3% 35.4% Tunø Knob 33.6% 30.3% Vindeby 15.5% 22.9%

33 Optimization of wind farm layout I can t wait to produce clean energy!

34 Optimization of wind farm layout Optimization of wind farm layout with respect to: production, visibility, low OPEX and other requirements such as overhead cables, roads, noise etc. Annual Energy Production (AEP) predictions. For complex sites, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) wind flow simulation for optimizing wind turbine life time. Identifications and recommendation of most optimal and suitable wind turbines for the actual wind farm. Environmental assessment (acoustic noise and shadow flickering)

35 Optimization of wind farm layouts, some of the market products available today are: WAsP Furow WindFarm WindFarmer WindPRO meteodyn WT WindSim openwind DTU Wind Energy Solute Ingenieros ReSoft DNV GL EMD International A/S Meteodyn Vector AS AWS Truepower These software simulates wind farm behavior, most importantly to calculate its energy output. The user can usually input wind data, height and roughness contour lines (topography), turbine specifications, background maps, and define environmental restrictions. Processing this information produces the design of a wind farm that maximizes energy production while accounting for restrictions and construction issues.

36 WAKEBENCH: Benchmarking of Wind Farm Flow Models OPERATING AGENT ORGANIZATIONS National Renewable Energy Center (Cener), Spain National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA Operating Agent Representatives: Javier Sanz RODRIGO National Renewable Energy Centre (CENER) Patrick MORIARTY National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) From Greece: