Climate Impact on the Architecture Ardabil City

Transcription

1 International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 2015 Available online at ISSN X / Vol, 9 (1): Science Explorer Publications Climate Impact on the Architecture Ardabil City Fardin Nazafati Namin 1, Neda Khoshvalad 2 1. Department of Geography Payamnoor University, Iran 2. Master Climatology Payamnoor University, Iran Corresponding Author fa_nazafati52@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: The importance and necessity of the climatic conditions in the design and construction of all buildings that are used by humans has proven. According to the climate characteristics that affect the structure formation is important in two respects: On the one hand, buildings in harmony with the climate and on the other the harmony of building with climate in terms of human thermal comfort are more efficient. Harmony of building with climatic conditions saves fuel consumption for controlling environmental conditions in these kinds of buildings. Method in this article is descriptive speculative. Also, in this article the influence of each of the climatic elements (sun and wind) is studied on architecture in Ardabil city. Among these elements, sunlight - that creates natural light and heat - is the most important element. The results suggest that, in general, in open spaces most days in the cold days of the cold months of the year even in the hottest hours of the day is cold and to achieve thermal comfort conditions the mechanical heating or climate-appropriate coating should be used. Keywords: Climate, Architecture, sun, wind, Ardabil. INTRODUCTION The importance of climate influence on architecture causes comprehensive studies and research in this field. Especially in our country, that the variety of climatic conditions is quite evident. Extensive research in this field is inevitable. Overall, these researches are carried out in two ways: theoretical and practical. In the first aspect, theoretical issues related to climate and building is studied. In the second aspect, by utilizing the climatic of different regions and climate zoning and also by using sample buildings of different climate zones, detailed experiments and calculations are done. Because practical experiments are carried out within the framework of building research institutes duties and this is only possible with the allocation of funds and sufficient time by the relevant organizations. Also, due to the lack of practical facilities to fulfill these plans and the lack of climate data from different parts of Ardabil, most of the present study is based on the first aspect. Architecture and Climate relationship is more look like the baby and the hug relationship, or like any plant and soil relationship, safe bed for growth, with the evolution making dependency, inspiring and of course not environment maker. In this sense, hug, soil and climate, are the interface of life and vitality and their absence si symbol of mortality. Vernacular architecture experiences across the world and its experience in Iranian architecture is also an evidence for the idea of creating a form of climate considerations in architecture than limitation factor or bondage of Architects. Various combinations of different climatic factors that caused the difference in various regions of the geographical situation, created a different climate zones in the world that each has special features. The environment, cities and monuments related to these fields of climate, obtained particular characteristics appropriate to its climate. The main purpose of this article is the influence of climate on buildings of Ardabil in relation to their architecture and providing information to achieve a reasonable architecture plan and coordinated with climate is concerned. Historically, human attempts to get the safe shelter for residence,harmonizes it with his surrounding environment to provide very favorable conditions for the continuation of his life and in fact, geographical conditions and climate has the direct involvement in shaping these environments. In Iran, due to having four different climate hot and humid, hot and dry, mild and wet and cold, different architectures (especially in local housing designs) developed in harmony with the climate. In such made spaces using local materials that are least harmful to the environment and also reducing energy consumption by using local materials, resulted to environmental sustainability and increase in buildings durability. Therefore, in this discussion, we will try to investigate Iranian architecture in different climates due to environmental sustainability and energy conservation and evaluate briefly disadvantages of the new architecture in each climate in terms of applying inconsistent materials with the region condition, improper construction design, lack of savings in energy consumption and degradation. Finally, we will sum up and present strategies on energy saving in building due to new technology. (Bozorgmehri, Zohreh., 2002, p 198).

2 Ardabil is one of the ancient cities in Iran which its history dates back about 5,000 years ago. In ancient times, when the country was divided into four provinces Ardebil was the provincial capital of West including Azerbaijan. Ardabil was released in the Safavids times and reached the pinnacle of glory and his greatness. After the Islamic Revolution, at 24 Persian date March 1993 became the capital of the province. Climate is the weather conditions of a geographic area, such as temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall and other meteorological characteristics attributed to the relatively long period. (Amid Persian Dictionary, 1978). Expressing the issue How to deal with the nature and architecture in it, is an interaction which any human in different parts of the world has and will have and architecture with residual value from the past represents its full or partial overcoming on factors such as the climate, the weather is and etc. Hence, we see a variety of native architecture in different countries of the world in harmony with the climate and culture which shows the specifics of its area. Iran, due to different conditions of climate and culture has special features and there has been different architecture in harmony with the area. The importance and necessity of research The importance of climate impact on architecture will require a comprehensive studies and research in this area. Especially in our country that the variety of climatic conditions is quite evident, extensive research in this field is inevitable. (Sultanzadeh, Hossein., 1996, p 40). Research Questions In order to study the traditional architecture of the region, particularly local housing design, we have some points to consider including the following: A. How will the climatic characteristics of each area affect the architecture? B. The method of the using local materials and renewable energy in architecture of each region according to climatic conditions. The applied purpose of this study is climate studies in urban planning because weather conditions along with other environmental factors are of the most important factors in the formation and development of cities and urban survival. In fact, cities, urban elements and their performance have been influenced by climatic elements then and now. In this regard, we must note that in the interactions between climate and weather construction projects, there are two general aspects. First, the effects of weather on the design and form of the building and its deployment Second, the direct effects of weather on construction activities RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Generally, this research is carried out in two ways: theoretical and practical. In the first aspect, theoretical issues related to climate and building is evaluated and in the second aspect, by utilizing the statistics of different regions climatic and climate classification, also by using the sample construction in different regions climate, testing, and detailed calculations are done. Because practical experiments are carried out in the framework responsibility of building research institutes and this is possible just by budget allocation and enough time by the relevant organizations, also, due to the lack of practical resources for these programs and the lack of climate statistics and information about different zones, the present study is more based on first aspect. Figure1. 79

3 The study area The study area in this research consisted of Ardabil which is the capital city of Ardabil Province. Ardabil province is located in the North West of the country, between the meridian 47 degrees 15 minutes and 48 degrees 56 minutes east longitude and 37 degrees 9 minutes and 39 circuits degrees 42 minutes north latitude and from West is near to East Azerbaijan, from the north and northeast to the Azerbaijan country, including areas east and southeast of that and in form is an extended province that the distance from the northernmost and southernmost point is about 290 km and the distance between the easternmost and westernmost it is more than 132 km. Generally has mountainous temperate climate. Due to the diversity of natural conditions the amount of temperature and precipitation in this area varies in different areas of the province. The population density in the study area in 1996, was 65 square kilometers of subjects which in compared with the total population of the country is (4.36 persons per sq km). Ardabil province should be considered as populated areas of the country. The province covers an area of 1/09 percent area of country which has about 2 percent of the country s population. General climatic of Ardabil Extreme cold in winter and temperate in summer Too high difference between night and day temperature Heavy Snow Low air humidity The mean temperature in the warmest month of the year in this region is over 10 C and the mean temperature in the coldest month of the year is less than -3 C. Temperature fluctuation during the day is greater in mountainous areas. In this climate the valleys are very hot in summer and mild in the winter. The amount of sunlight in summer in this region is high and low in the winter. Winters are long, cold and hard, and until some months of the year, the ground is covered with ice, and spring is short-term and separates summer and winter. The cold starts from early December (Azar) and continues more or less to late April (Farvardin). Throughout this region of Azerbaijan to the Fars province, winter is extremely cold. In these areas, rainfall is low in summer and high in winter and is mostly snow. Successive snow covers most peaks. At altitudes above 3000 meters there is snow and these mountains are the source of rivers and aqueducts in the country. Snowfall in parts of the north and northwest region is more than southwest parts of it. Despite abundant rainfall, humidity is low in this region. Also Western Mountains as dam prevent the penetration of Mediterranean moist air into the Iranian plateau and keep humidity only in their amplitudes. Unlike the northern part of the Caspian Sea that air concentration and rainfall is high due to the postal lands in cold climate, this concentration is less and this reduces the use of natural ventilation air. Features of monuments of Ardabil Although Ardabil is known as the natural tourism province in the country because of the unique nature, the existence of historical monuments including ancient caravanserais and castles and firm and valuable fortresses are of the most important features of Ardabil province. Climatic characteristics affecting the city of Ardabil General winds of Ardabil Province East wind: In different seasons of the year which is known as Caspian wind or fog wind blows from the East to the West and brings the Caspian Sea humidity to different areas. West wind: This wind blows in different seasons of the year and in the local term is known as the Garmij wind and occurs due to crossing Mediterranean and Black Sea air masses and is the most famous wind in the region which causes evaporation and ground dry. Wind is one of the atmospheric parameters that can be considered in relation to the city context. Orientation of streets and the city context especially on the development in cities or expandable regions should be developed to deal with pesky winds and take advantage of favorable winds. For this purpose, the intensity and direction of types of the winds and especially the prevailing wind shall be reviewed and identified then based on that, it should be designed. In relation to the prevailing and annoying wind (wind armed with sand) crossings must be designed in way that this wind can easily pass through the city. The effect of rain on context of mountainside cities should not stay away from planner s consideration because the alleys and streets which are almost perpendicular to the slope or slant decrease the intensity of the rainfall runoff and flooding and vice versa streets in the slope and add to the intensity of that. Determination of building orientation in relation to the sun and wind flow 6 to 15 degrees east to 15 degrees west, are suitable for interior spaces in the provision of sunshine hours in winter. 80

4 7 and 45 degrees east to 45 degrees west, are acceptable directions in the provision of sunshine hours to the interior spaces in winter. There are two dominant winds in the reign which one of them blows from northeast and the other blows from southwest and according to variable situation in this region, this wind brings dust in the summer and cold and rainfall in the winter with itself And because optimal orientation relative to the axis is 30 degrees, dominant angles toward the front of the building is less than 25 degrees is ineffective. But towards the two faces perpendicular to the main faces acts effectively and since the reign is cold and mountainous does not need for air turbulences. As a result in this front penetrating winds will be prevented. Therefore, with these interpretations 20 degrees west to 30 degrees east most have been identified as appropriate ways in dealing with all the factors. Sunshine and the effect on buildings and the surrounding environment Sunlight is always necessary for natural lighting in the building. But since this light ultimately is converted into heat the amount of radiation required for each building should be determined by type and climate of its location. At each point the earth, the movement of the sun in the sky on different days of the year is different. For example, the motion of the sun towards the building located in the northern hemisphere and facing south, in the summer sun rises from north-eastern area of the building and it goes down in the northwest. In the winter, the sun rises from southeast and sunset is in southwest in the mentioned premise. Only in first of March ( farvardin) and (Mehr) September, the sun rises exactly from East and sets In the West. Architecture of the old houses in Ardabil Settlements were built with thick walls and tall windows with wooden shutters (to avoid intense sunlight) and high bumps on the roof, with a pond in the middle of yard. Which in consistent with the climate, were the best kind of buildings. Because the thick walls absorb sunlight and due to the sun it never sets in the peak. In relation to these cases and related Planning, the following should be considered: A: suitable and desirable locating B: arrangement of buildings to each other and in relation to the influence of climatic elements C: strength of materials used against climatic elements Project location In this case, two elements of temperature and wind have the maximum role. Therefore in order to preparation of the city and especially new construction it is necessary that the places with good weather and more favorable heat conditions allocated to residential, educational, office, service and recreational places and buildings such as warehouses, polluting industries and so on lead to the reigns with less favorable weather. The arrangement and the direction of building Morphology or structure and context of the city as it is affected by other natural factors also influences of climate. For example, a river or a lake apart from other items along their coasts create a special and sometimes bracing microclimate which this could be one reason for making longitudinal or tape cities in these regions or the city overlooking the mountains because of the healthy and conditioning air of the mountains suck up to the slopes and such an expansion, while influencing the city construction creates a social classification which becomes effective in the city context. This means that the marginal welfare in the high and range parts of mountains creates a large and wide and non-dense context (large houses and villas with smaller passageways) while the low height parts of the city have more inappropriate weather and dense and intensive context (small, multi-storey houses with a lot of streets and alleys). It seems that among the climate elements, the two elements of sun and wind over the rest of the elements influence the construction and especially the city context. Despite local and seasonal variations in sunlight angle and thus the duration and intensity of solar radiation considering this parameter and the calculation of it in city construction, urban planning and designing the city passageways network (city context) is essential and inevitable. STRENGTH OF USED MATERIALS Materials used in traditional buildings in Ardabil, like other areas of climate are the materials available at that climate. These materials must have the capacity and thermal resistance in order to keep heat in the interior of the building. So the body of the monuments is made of stone (or wood, thatch mortar, clay and brick) and the cover of the ceiling and roof of wood and thatch. For construction of building s foundation, stone and heavy resistant materials are used. In some places, the Chinese seat with heavy materials used to prevent moisture, however, buildings in these areas, in general, are built on earth. 81

5 Building forms in Ardabil Too much cold in the major part of the year in Ardabil, has caused essential the maximum use of sunlight, the use of daily fluctuations in temperature, conserve heat and prevent the cold wind in residential areas. So the form the building is designed to withstand the intense cold. In the following, we will describe the general characteristics of the building forms in this climate. Introverted buildings with a central courtyard Traditional buildings in cold climates like central Iranian plateau have central courtyard and the other areas are arranged around this courtyard. Rooms located on the north side of the courtyard are larger than other parts and the hall or main living room is also located on this side of the yard to use of direct exposure to sunlight and heat in the cold season of winter. Southern side of the building due to short and mild season summer, rarely used. So south, east and west rooms - if there is any are used as service areas such as storage or servant rooms or bathroom. Unlike temperate and humid southern coast of the Caspian Sea, homes in these areas often have a basement with short ceilings are low in the winter to stay that coolness of its air in the summer is used for residence and the comfort of the residents of the house. Using porch and small courtyard in the building Since most of the days of the year it s cold or very cold in the mountainous regions most daily activities are done at rooms. So dimensions of courtyard in these areas are slightly smaller than the areas of the central plateau of Iran. The buildings in this area have a porch, but the depths of porch in compare to the porches in south of the country is far less and like Caspian region porch, are not used for sitting and merely are used to protect the building inputs from rain and snow. The other point is low floor buildings in cold climate about 1 to 1.5 meters from the sidewalks so that water flowing in streams and rivers can be led to the garden in courtyard or water storage located in the basement of building. On the other hand, the earth such as a thermal barrier around the building and surrounding prevents the exchange of heat between the building and its environment and keeps the temperature inside the building. The plan, building form and method of its placement In cold climates and mountainous areas of Ardabil, buildings have dense plan and texture. The form must be such that make lower the levels of contact with the outside cold so that less heat is transferred from the inside to the outside. So of the volumes of the cube or rectangular cubic are used to reduce the ratio of the outer surface toward the inner volume and keep it to a minimum. Buildings are located between 20 degrees and 45 degrees to the East and West in the together shadow of the wind and out of the shadow of the sun, in north - south axis. Sunny walls and windows Using winter sun through the doors and windows of facing sun for heating a building is used in several practical methods. Increasing earth reflecting and outside surface of the windows facing the winter sun Form and placement of the building in order to increase the amount using sunlight in winter Using materials with high thermal capacity to store solar heat Using walls and solar collectors on the roof surfaces facing south. Increasing south-facing windows. Embedding reflective surfaces outside the window to increase reflection in the winter Using the traditional windows to capture solar energy and natural light. Window sizes The main task of building windows in this climate is to adjust internal room temperature conditions through air flow in the spaces and replace the inside air. In this relation, it is necessary to predict the quite large and pop-up windows. But it is better the windows of the facade does not exceed 40 percent or 20 percent of the space. The building materials and external surfaces colors In this climate, due to the humid weather and high levels of precipitation it is necessary to predict the roof and exterior walls of the building of materials resistant to precipitation. The thickness of exterior walls (with the heat transfer capability of 0.8 watts per square meter of grade Celsius) should not be less than 22 cm. Internal wall materials should have low thermal capacity, or at least their surface covered with such material. 82

6 Using unevenness of the ground, the adjacent buildings and plants to take advantage of summer breezes like vicinity collection to the Aras River. Shaping and giving direction to buildings body to maximize the use of the summer breeze. Determination of building orientation in relation to the sun and wind flow 6- From 15 East and 15 west, are suitable for interior spaces in the provision of sunshine in the winter. 7- From 45 East to 45 west, are acceptable in the relation to providing sunshine hours in the interior spaces in the winter. 8- There are two kinds of dominant wind which one of them is blowing from northeast and the other from southwest. And according to variable state of the region this wind brings dust in the summer and rainfall and cold in winter. And dominant angles towards the main front of the building with less than 25 degrees are ineffective. But towards the two perpendicular fronts to the main front acts effectively and since the region is cold and mountainous does not need air turbulence. As a result in these fronts wind penetration are prevented. Therefore, these interpretations the 20 West and 30 east have been identified the most appropriate directions in the relation to all the factors. The shape of building and the wind To deal with damaging effects of wind, although the strength of building materials should be carefully considered, the design and shape of the building, and its placement can be much more significant. In the planning and designing buildings and structures studying following items is necessary: A. Wind conditions and characteristics: Wind characteristics in relation to the building design are basically wind turbulence (the storm), wind speed (especially high speed), wind direction, wind blowing and consistency of the wind at ground level. B. The general effect of the wind: Wind effects on objects in its path and fixed effects can be expressed as follows: Positive direct pressure: Levels in the face of wind and in perpendicular direction to it bear a direct pressure because of movement of air masses. Such a situation makes the major part into force on the object or effect unless in terms of shape are very natural. Aerodynamics Stretch: Because wind does not stop colliding with objects and flows around it like a liquid so there is a tensile impact on surfaces parallel to the direction of the wind. Negative pressure (suction) On one side or the back to the wind side in the object, usually there is a suction effect containing external pressure on the surface of the object. Kinetic effect: An object in the way gust of wind usually gets hit, quivers or vibrates. Thus, objects with weak or loose surfaces containing flexible surfaces against these effects are more susceptible and sensitive. Cleaning and cleansing effect Friction caused by the air mass tends to smooth objects in its path, or take them out of the way. This act has greater effect on canopy, parapet, chimneys and signs and symptoms. Any of these or a combination of these effects can be a critical situation for the objects located in the wind s way. The extent of damage depends on the situation and the problem form. Important effects of wind on buildings Ardabil: The major effects of wind on buildings can be placed in several broader categories: Buildings with circular shape structures compared with the angular structures and with a smooth surface reduce wind resistance and durability, such as buildings with domed roofs Tall and high buildings with short horizontal dimensions against overturning or full flexion in their upper parts are more vulnerable. Since an open-sided structures or forms of deflector tend to grab the wind will increase the wind s power. Bump build-up parapet walls, canopies and balconies and ephemeral and unstable walls of the building, add all-round traction on the structures. Symptoms, signs, chimneys, antennas and other equipment on the roofs of buildings are also subject to the effects abrasion. CONCLUSIONS Thermal equilibrium between the body and the environment is one of the basic needs of one human's comfort. Making such equilibrium depends on combination of different climatic and physiological factors. Studies of climate and comfort in residential areas, especially in cold climates which heating energy consumption of buildings will increase in cold seasons can provide energy savings. The result shows the effect of climate can affect the type of building and architecture. Due to the weather and the type of the building facing 83

7 the sun or the wind direction or the other, different types of materials need to be used. One of the most important findings of this study suggest that the state of open spaces for all days in the cold months of the year it was cold even during the hottest hours of the day. And to achieve thermal comfort conditions mechanical heating systems or seasons appropriate attire should be used. Therefore, in the construction in any area environmental requirements protection and conservation of energy must be considered. Due to the low temperatures in the winter and lack of possibility of using solar energy for space heating the prediction of mechanical heating systems is essential. However, because the period of cold weather in this region is muchthe capacity of systems for space heating will be high. Due to the hot weather in the summer, and possibility of adjusting normal thermal condition by using air flow prediction of ceiling fans can be quite useful. REFERENCES Amid, Persian Dictionary Amid Publication Amirkabir, Tehran. Bozorgmehri Z, building materials, Azhand, plated Amood in the ancient monuments of Iran, Cultural Heritage. Daker N, Steemers K Daylight Design of Buildings- London: James and james. El Said O, Ayeshe P translation by Massoud Rajabnia, the geometric in Islamic art, Tehran, Soroush. Farshad M History of Engineering in Iran, g 2, Tehran, publication Balkh. Ghobadian V Climatological study of traditional buildings, Tehran University, Third Edition. Goter Building Architecture. Kasmaee M Climate and Architecture, Publication Khak, Fourth Edition. Marzban P scientific and cultural progress of human, Vol 1, part 2, Tehran, Translation and Publication firm Pirnia K Introduction to Islamic architecture, Soroushe Danesh, Ninth Edition. Soltan Zadeh H Tehran old windows, Cultural Research Bureau in Tehran. 84