I am a turkey farmer and in need of your help with my water tank. I figured you might know the formula for how much water it holds.

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1 Dear Calculus Student, I am a turkey farmer and in need of your help with my water tank. I figured you might know the formula for how much water it holds. See, in turkey farming, it's all about water. The turkeys get enough water, they're fine. They get too much water, and they go a little loopy. They don't get enough water, and you sell your farm to Butterball and go back to school. So, when I saw this water tank, I thought "great! This looks like just the thing my turkeys need!" The other thing (there's always another thing, isn't there?) is that the loan officer at the bank was unhappy when I just wrote down on the form 10,000 gallons (pure uneducated guesswork), and for obvious reasons it's bad to make a loan officer unhappy. To get the moolah for this new water tank, I need to have "documentary or supporting evidence of the storage capacity". I asked some other braniac about this, and all he said was, "why don't you just fill it up and measure how much water fits?" Yeah, right! First of all, filling something that big takes about a half a week, and second of all, what are you going to measure it with? Scoop it all back out with a milk jug? So much for a college education. That's where you come in. Here is a picture of the water tank (along with yours truly in all my 6 1 glory), and you send me the "supporting evidence of storage capacity" to convince the bank. For Pete's sake, don't go all e = mc 2 on us! I know how you brainy types are! Listening to a loan officer is bad enough. Remember, it's not what you know; it's who you know -- and now you know me. Sincerely, Brent Trachte CEO, Fowl Play, Inc.

2 Calculus Student CCA 5951 Village Center Loop Road San Diego, CA September 22, 2013 Brent Trachte, CEO Fowl Play, Inc. P.O. Box 9182 Gobblingville, PU Dear Mr. Trachte, You asked me to find the volume of your water tank so that you could please the loan officer at the bank. You had guessed that the tank holds 10,000 gallons, but you wanted me to figure out the exact volume of the tank. You provided me with a picture of the tank and yourself beside it, and I am returning the photograph. You also told me that you are 6-foot-1, which was enough to solve your dilemma. Your water tank is capable of holding approximately 1,050 gallons. The exact answer I came up with was gallons, but as we will see, that did involve approximations. In order to find the volume of the tank, it is necessary to make a few basic assumptions. First, we assume that the tank and you are standing vertically in the photograph. Second, we assume that small sections of the tank will be nearly cylindrical. Also, it is important to note that much of the work in finding the volume of the tank involves approximation; therefore, there will be a small amount of error. Finally, please note that from this point on, the heights and widths given will be in centimeters and taken from the photograph unless otherwise specified. There are several steps which we must take before entering the mathematical stage of finding the volume of the tank. First, we must find a scale for the photograph. In the photograph, you are 3.80 centimeters tall. We must then realize that in the photograph, every 3.80 centimeters will equal six feet and one inch, your height. Next, we need to split up the tank into sections of equal height in order to approximate its volume. (See Figure 1, which is attached.)

3 We use 0.50 centimeters because the height of the tank is centimeters, giving us a whole number of sections The next step is where the greatest amount of error will occur. Of the 23 sections, we need to draw lines at the side of each section to form a cylinder. (See Figure 1.) This can become troublesome because each section will probably have slanted sides. However, we will do our best to approximate each section's volume using a cylinder. This is the reason we split the tank into so many parts: smaller sections will yield more accurate results. With the tank split into 23 parts, we can find the volume of each part and add them to find the total volume. To do this, we need to know the width and height of each part. We have already decided the height will be 0.50 centimeters, but we must measure the widths of the sections, which are listed in Figure 2 (see attached). From this point, we only need to apply the mathematics behind the solution. We know that the equation for the volume of a cylinder is the radius squared times the height times. (World Book Encyclopedia 1990, Volume 8, page 16.) Because the width is the diameter of the cylinder, the radius will equal the width divided by two. At this point, we have V = h * (w/2) 2 *, where V is the volume of the cylinder in cubic centimeters, h is the height of the cylinder in centimeters, and w is the width of the cylinder in centimeters. We have already stipulated that the height of each section is 0.50 centimeters, so it follows that V = 0.50 * (w/2) 2 *. In order to find the total volume of the tank, we must add the individual volumes of each section, so we will let T represent the total volume of the water tank in centimeters in the following equation (the " " means the sum of what is on the right side of it): T = [n=1 to 23] Vn

4 = [n=1 to 23] (0.50 * (wn/2) 2 * ). Because both and the 0.50 are constants, they can be brought to the outside of the summation, giving us T = 0.50 * * [n=1 to 23] (wn/2) 2. The easiest method of solving this is to plug our 23 values of w into a list on a graphing calculator. From here we divide each value by two (Figure 2). Finally, we square each value so that the 23 values of (wn/2) 2 are now contained in a single list (Figure 2). Next, we use the summation feature to find the sum of the 23 values, which turns out to be (centimeters). In order to find the total volume, we now only need to multiply by 0.50 and ¹. Doing so gives us cubic centimeters as the total volume of the water tank: T = 0.50 * * = cm 3. However, this is not our solution; we still need to convert this to the actual height of the water tank. Earlier we established that 3.80 centimeters in the photograph was the same as six feet and one inch in reality. At twelve inches per foot, six feet and one inch are the same as 73 inches. (6 * = 73.) We now can convert our photographic size answer to the correct one: T = cm 3 * (73/3.80) 3 inches 3 /cm 3 = 240, inches 3. Finally, we only need to convert this to gallons to find the total capacity of the water tank. One gallon of water takes up 231 cubic inches. (World Book Encyclopedia 1990, Volume 4, page 1,206.) Therefore, the total volume of the water tank is 1, gallons, or approximately 1,050 gallons, which is shown below: T = 240, inches 3 / 231 gallons/inch 3 = 1, gallons = approximately 1,050 gallons.

5 There you have it. The water tank is capable of holding approximately 1,050 gallons of water. I should also note that this problem was made easier by two people. The first is Stephen Crabtree, a fellow Calculus II student at Franklin & Marshall College. He and I conferred about the problem, and we decided that splitting the tank into sections would yield the most accurate results. The other person to whom I am thankful is my father, a math teacher at Pequea Valley High School. I also conferred with him and shared the idea of splitting the tank into sections. He confirmed that this would give a good approximation of the volume of the water tank. Thank you for allowing me to take care of this problem for you, and I wish you the best of luck in running your turkey farm. Please keep me in mind the next time you have a mathematical predicament; I would be more than happy to take a crack at it for you. Sincerely, Jeffrey L. Kauffman Figure 1: You and your water tank, along with my markings showing how I found the total volume of the water tank.

6 Section Width (cm) Width/2 (cm) (Width/2) 2 (cm 2 ) SUM Figure 2: A table of the width of the cylinders and the steps to get to the volume of the cylinders