WORK SAFELY IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Transcription

1 Department of Commerce WORK SAFELY IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY National Code: CPCCOHS1001A Resource Guide Kelyn Training Services Building F, WBEC Murray Road (South) WELSHPOOL WA 6106 Ph: Fax: National Provider Number:

2 Acknowledgement Civil Contractors Federation (CCF) and the Construction Training Fund (CTF) are acknowledged for granting permission for use of copyright material from the Civil Contractors Federation (CCF) Occupational Health and Safety Induction Course (2003). Accreditation This course is nationally accredited for quality assurance purposes. Kelyn Training Services offer a wide range of courses! Visit our website at

3 Introduction Requirements for safety awareness training for workers working on construction sites in Western Australia came into effect in January To meet this requirement the Work Safely in the Construction Industry unit has been developed as an enabling course that is nationally accredited. Completion of this course is designed to enable people to work in the building and construction industry. This course supersedes the Course in Safety Awareness Training. Course Outline Module One: OSH THE LAW, YOUR EMPLOYER & YOU The Legislative Framework & Duty of Care 2 Roles and Responsibilities 6 Resolution of Workplace Issues & Right to Refuse Work 7 Workplace Policy and Procedures 7 Reporting and Documentation 8 Module Two: MANAGING RISKS IN THE WORKPLACE Risk Management 10 Hazard Identification 10 Risk Assessment & Risk Control 12 Contingency & Emergency Plans 15 Module Three: STAYING SAFE IN THE B&C INDUSTRY Job Safety Analysis 16 Health and Fitness 16 Accident Awareness & Prevention 16 Personal Protective Equipment 19 Manual Handling 22 Equipment & Tool Safety 22 Smoking, Alcohol & Drugs 26 Evacuation Plans 27 Fire Safety Equipment 28 Module Four: ENVIRONMENT & OTHER CONSIDERATIONS Weather Conditions 29 Environmental Factors 29 Confined Space & Working at Heights/Falls Prevention 34 Electrical Safety 36 Hazardous Substance Management 37 1

4 MODULE ONE: OSH THE LAW, YOUR EMPLOYER AND YOU This module covers the legislative requirements for working in the Building and Construction industry and provides information on the roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders. It gives information on the rights and requirements of employers and employees. 1.1 Occupational Safety and Health Law in Australia In Australia the OSH legal structure is designed to keep people safe while they are at work. The structure consists collectively of a group of Acts, Regulations, Codes of Practice, National and Industry Standards and Guidance Notes. The following diagram shows how the legal framework all comes together to achieve optimum safety and health for people whilst at work. SAFETY AWARENESS TRAINING ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES AUSTRALIAN OSH PERSPECTIVE Safe Work Australia (formally ASCC) Codes of Practice Standards WORKSAFE Commission for Occupational Safety & Health WESTERN AUSTRALIAN OSH LAWS Acts Regulations Codes of Practice Standards DUTY OF CARE EMPLOYER EMPLOYEE SAFETY & HEALTH COMMITTEES & SAFETY & HEALTH REPRESENTATIVES 2

5 1.1.1 Acts The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984 outlines the legal rules in Western Australia that must be adhered to in an effort to ensure people are safe whilst at work; is legally binding hence failure to comply with the Act is regarded as an offence, and therefore compliance is compulsory; is created and passed by Parliament and administered by Worksafe who are responsible for ensuring it is enforced correctly; and determines the role of the Commission for Occupational Safety and Health Regulations Regulations: are designed to support and provide detailed requirements to follow in order to achieve compliance with the Act; provide requirements that are specific to a particular hazard or safety and health issue, such as asbestos; are also legally binding therefore compliance is compulsory; and if breached, may incur a penalty which is indicated along side each regulation Codes of Practice Codes of Practice: are documents that provide guidance for controlling identified hazards and risks in the workplace; offer sound advice and recommendations so legal obligations set out in the Acts and Regulations are met; and are not legally binding but can be used in court to highlight that an employer could have done more to meet the requirements under the Act and Regulations to ensure safety and health in the workplace Standards Standards: provide advice and guidance and set a benchmark or minimum standards that should be met in relation to a particular topic; are not legislation unless they are mentioned in a State or Territory Safety and Health Regulation in which case are enforceable by law; and consist of two main types of Standards National Standards developed by Australian Safety & Compensation Council (ASCC) and Australian Standards developed by Standards Australia. 3

6 1.1.5 Guidance Notes Guidance Notes: offer detailed and practical advice on how to deal with hazards and safety and health issues in the workplace; are explanatory documents and are not legally binding but provide information on how to achieve legislative requirements; and are developed by ASCC or Commission for Occupational Safety and Health Occupational Safety and Health Law in Western Australia The Occupational Safety and Health Act (1984) outlines the OSH laws applicable in Western Australia. The aim of the Act is to promote and improve safety and health within the workplace. The Occupational Safety and Health Regulations (1996) support the Act. Workplaces can be similar yet very different. To achieve consistency across a diverse range of settings such as commercial, general and civil construction sites, offices, hospitals, schools and vehicles, the Act is purposely general in nature. The Act applies to any place workers or self employed person(s) work. Commonwealth Agencies and Mining and Petroleum Industries do not fall under this category and each have their own Act. This is stipulated in Part 1 Section 4 Application of the Act. Consultation and cooperation between employers and employees is the basis upon which the Act is developed Definitions There is a section in the Act dedicated to definitions. The purpose of providing definitions allows people to come to the same understanding for a specific work. This section is referred to in the Act as Part 1 Section 3 Interpretation. Many words are defined in the Act, for example: Employer An employer is a person who engages workers under a contract of employment, apprenticeship or traineeship scheme. (Guidance Note - General duty of care in Western Australian workplaces: Commission for Occupational Safety and Health 2005). Employee An employee is a person who works under a contract of employment, apprenticeship or traineeship scheme under the Industrial Training Act. (Guidance Note - General duty of care in Western Australian workplaces: Commission for Occupational Safety and Health 2005) Role of WorkSafe Enforcement is paramount if the effectiveness of the Act and Regulations are to be achieved. WorkSafe has the responsibility of administering the OSH Act (1984) and OSH Regulations (1996). To ensure the legislation is appropriately enforced, WorkSafe has a team of specialised Inspectors who have powers to visit a workplace at any time and must be granted right of entry. It is an offence for a person to threaten or interfere with an Inspector. Inspectors are covered in Part 5 of the Act. Three important tools for Inspectors to use to help organisations reach compliance are the issuing of Verbal Direction, Improvement Notices and Prohibition Notices. Verbal Directions if a problem is evident and can be rectified there and then, an Inspector may give a verbal instruction for a person to fix the problem that is in breach of the Act or Regulations. 4

7 Improvement Notices If a problem is evident, an Inspector will give a written direction that will state the reason for issuing the notice and the action(s) to take to rectify the breach of Act or Regulation. If the problem is not fixed by the set date the prosecution action may be taken. Prohibition Notice If an Inspector believes there is an immediate risk of serious injury or harm to person(s), they may issue a written direction that prohibits the work from continuing. The notice will make reference to the specific Regulation that has been breached. The Inspector will ensure the employer has been informed and that the work has ceased. Failure to abide by the notice could lead to prosecution. 1.2 General Duty of Care The OSH Act (1984) details general duties of care. Essentially everybody in the workplace has a duty of care, nobody is exempt. The duty of care is designed to ensure people are safe whilst at work and not exposed to hazards. Activity Definition of Duty Of Care Duties of Employers Employers must, so far as is practicable, provide and maintain a working environment where their employees are not exposed to hazards. General duties include: safe systems of work; information, instruction, training and supervision; consulting and cooperating; personal protection; safe plant and substances; and reporting of fatalities, injuries and disease. (Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984 (WA), s.19) Duties of Employees Employees must take reasonable care for their own safety and health at work and avoid harming the safety and health of other people through any act or omission at work. General duties include: follow the employer s safety and health instructions; using personal protective clothing and equipment; 5

8 taking good care of equipment; reporting hazards; reporting work related injuries or harm to health; and co-operating with employers so that employers are able to carry out their duties under the Act. (Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984 (WA), s.20) 1.3 Safety and Health Representatives and Committees Employees have the right to have a workplace occupational safety and health committee with elected employee representatives and appointed employer representatives. Employees also have the right to elect a safety and health representative. Consultation about safety and health matters usually takes place between management and the employees through OSH representatives or committees. Safety and health representatives: inspect the areas the safety and health representative was elected to represent; immediately investigate accidents or risk of serious injury or harm; keep up with information provided by the employer on hazards in the workplace, and liaise with government and other bodies; report hazards in the workplace to the employer; refer safety and health matters they think appropriate to the safety and health committee (if the workplace has one); consult and cooperate with the employer on safety and health matters; and liaise with employees about safety and health in the workplace. Safety and health representatives are responsible only for safety and health in the workplace or that part of the workplace that was agreed between the employer and employee delegates before the election. Safety and health committees are vital because they provide an opportunity for employers and representatives of employees to regularly discuss and make decisions about occupational safety and health issues. These may include policy development, planning, monitoring programs, emergency procedures, safety and health training, trends in accident and illness reports, accident investigations and new plant or processes to be introduced into the workplace that may affect employees safety and health. The committee may also take part in resolving safety and health disputes (see section on Resolution of Issues). A safety and health committee must be established if any employee requests their employer to start a committee, the employer decides to establish one or the Commissioner gives a notice to the employer requiring the employer to establish one. 1.4 Roles and Responsibilities The law says the employer has the main responsibility to make sure that the workplace is safe and healthy. Managers and supervisors are required to help the employer meet these responsibilities. Employers are required by law to consult with their employees about the health and safety aspects of their work, or any changes to the workplace that could affect their health and safety. As well as employers and employees, other people who have workplace health and safety responsibilities include people who sell materials and equipment, or who provide services to a workplace (e.g. maintenance, repairs, cleaning, building and construction). They must ensure that the goods they design, make, supply, install, maintain or repair will not cause injury or damage the health of people in workplaces. 6

9 1.4 Resolution of Workplace Issues The Act provides for the resolution of workplace issues under Part 3 Section 24. Workplaces are encouraged to develop and implement procedures for the resolution of workplace issues that are in tune with organisational needs. It is paramount that if the organisation is to develop an in house procedure that it can be agreed upon between employers and employees. If there is no workplace procedure, organisations can refer to the Regulation 2.6 as it provides a step by step guide for the resolution of workplace issues. Effort should always be made to ensure the process reaches a resolution fast and effectively through consistent consultation and cooperation between all parties involved. 1.5 Right to Refuse Work The Act deals with the refusal by employees to work in certain cases under Part 3 Section 26. An employee may be asked to participate in alternate duties until it is safe to resume normal working duties. Question Can an employee refuse to continue their work if they believe it is unsafe? Employees can refuse work under the Act provided they have a legitimate reason to believe continuing work would place themselves or others at risk of serious and imminent injury or harm to health. However they may be required to carry out alternate duties in the meantime, as refusal to work does not automatically mean time off, but does protect employees from the immediate threat of danger. Only those persons who are in serious and imminent risk of injury or harm to health can refuse to work. Employees may be required to carry out alternate duties in the meantime, as refusal to work does not automatically mean time off, but does protect them from the immediate threat of danger. Employees must notify the employer and the safety and health representative(s) of the problem. Attempts must be made to resolve the problem so work can resume. If this cannot be achieved a WorkSafe Inspector may be requested to resolve matters. Question Will an employee still be entitled to their pay if they walk out? Not if the employee leaves work without permission from the employer or refuses to participate in suitable alternate duties offered at the time. Employees are entitled to normal pay conditions if procedures are correctly adhered to. Employees who are faced with an immediate threat of risk do not need permission to stop work, which is different to walking out. 7

10 1.6 Workplace Policies and Procedures Policies and procedures outline the companies preferred way of dealing with issues in the workplace and may include a range of topics including: Access to site amenities (water, toilets etc) Drugs and alcohol First aid / emergency procedures Smoking areas Storage and removal of debris Provide information on the way work happens Contain minimum standards for workplace behaviour Prescribe processes for dealing with issues / concerns Policies must be clear and simple and detail what the company expects. Procedures should reflect the policy and outline instructions to be followed for achieving the objectives set out in the policy. Policies and procedures must be well communicated to all employees as employees have a duty of care to ensure they act and work in accordance with the set policies and procedures. For example, if a company has developed a policy to ensure employees wear suitable personal protective equipment such as a helmet or fall protection while working at heights, then employees must follow and practice the safe working procedures. For policies and procedures to work effectively, commitment is needed from both employers and employees. Employers should: provide employees with copies of all policies and procedures; display copies throughout the workplace; provide adequate training; supervise work to ensure requirements are being met; and regularly review and update contents of all policies and procedures. Employees should: follow instructions; report problems; ask questions if unsure; and be actively involved in the development and review of policies and procedures. 1.7 Reporting and Documentation To help prevent accidents from occurring it is important to have an effective system in place for the reporting of workplace hazards. Reporting allows for comprehensive documents to be developed that record valuable information used as a reference point so that procedures can be established to prevent similar events from occurring. If an employee notices a hazard, then they have a legal obligation under their duty of care to report that hazard. It is important that everyone is made aware of the hazards present in their work area. All accidents and injuries, including near misses no matter how minor or major, should be reported and noted down in a book or appropriate forms must be filled out. Report forms must be completed immediately so that the correct information is documented and an investigation (if needed) or remedial action can be quickly activated. If for some reason an accident cannot be reported immediately, it should still be reported to the employer within 24 hours. 8

11 Note!! The OSH Regulations (1996) provides for serious injuries and certain diseases to be reported to Worksafe. Any injury of disease that results in death must be reported to WorkSafe. The OSH Regulations (1996) outline other types of injury and disease that must be reported. Any first aid material used should be documented in a report book. Employees must know the location of report forms or books, how to correctly fill them out, and the people they can turn to voice concerns. Types of Injury Fracture of the skull, spine or pelvis Facture of any bone in Arm or Leg Amputation of an: Arm Hand Finger Finger joint Leg Foot Toe Toe joint Loss of eye sight Any injury which, in the opinion of a medical practitioner, is likely to prevent the employee from being able to work within 10 days of the day on which the injury occurred. Types of Disease Infectious diseases including: Tuberculosis Viral hepatitis Legionnaires disease HIV Occupational zoonoses (diseases acquired from animals) Q fever Anthrax Leptospiroses Brucellosis (Occupational Safety and Health (Occupational Safety and Health Regulations 1996 (WA), r 2.5) Regulations 1996 (WA), r 2.6) 9

12 MODULE TWO MANAGING RISKS IN THE WORKPLACE This module covers the risk management aspects of working in the Building and Construction industry, including the process of identifying, assessing and controlling hazards and potential hazards. The focus is on the work that is done in the Building and Construction industry. 2.1 Risk Management The inclusion of risk management strategies in any organisation s work system is crucial to effectively reduce or at best eliminate workplace hazards. Risk management can be simplified in a three-step process: Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Identification Assessment Control Note!! The Code of Practice provide a detailed overview of the process. 2.2 Hazard Identification What is a hazard? Hazard, in relation to a person, means anything that may result in: (a) injury to the person; or (b) harm to the health of the person. (Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984 (WA), s.3) Examples of workplace hazards Physical Chemical Biological Psychological Ergonomic Mechanical noise liquids bacterial Stress poor design of work stations unguarded machines heat vapours viral Fatigue height of work benches sharp cutting equipment electricity gases animal Harassment vibration dusts Anxiety radiation metals 10

13 Hazards can also be classified according to their energy source such as: kinetic mechanical electrical Chemical thermal Radiation Note!! The OSH Regulations (1996) provides for identification of hazards and assessing and addressing risks in the workplace Hazard Identification Activity List 6 common workplace hazards Question How are hazards identified in the workplace? To identify hazards in the workplace it is important to recognise and produce a list of all the types of hazards existing in the workplace. To identify hazards it may be useful to: Carry out workplace inspections formal (planned) or informal (walk through); Review previous accident and workers compensation reports; Encourage consultation between workers to discuss safety and health matters and receive feedback; Look at the types of activities workers perform in their day to day activities and identify which parts of the task could expose workers to hazards; and Complete checklists and surveys. 11

14 2.3 Risk Assessment Question How are hazards and risks assessed in the workplace? To assess the risk of hazards that have been identified in the workplace it is important to determine if the hazard poses a threat (risk) to the worker. Hazards have to be ranked and those showing the greatest degree of risk become the first priority. Factors to consider when assessing risk are the likelihood of the injury occurring and the consequences or outcomes of the seriousness of the injury or harm to a person. 12

15 2.4 Risk Control Activity Identify risk control measures from case study above Question How are hazards controlled to ensure they do not affect the workers? It is important to choose and initiate a method of control that will eliminate or minimise the levels of risk associated with the hazards. 13

16 The most effective control measure is to completely eliminate the hazard from the workplace. When deciding which control measure to use it is useful to refer to the preferred line of action, commonly known as the Hierarchy of Controls. Hierarchy Of Controls Elimination Can the substance, process or activity that creates the hazard in the first place be eliminated? Substitution Can the hazardous substance, process or activity be substituted for a less hazardous one? Engineering Change the physical environment or surroundings in which hazards exists, such as general workshop design and machine guarding. Isolation Can welding screens/ curtains be used to stop hazardous light emissions and sparks from effecting other workers? Enclosure Is it possible to place sound barriers around noisy equipment such as generators? Could a local exhaust system designed to remove contaminants before they enter the atmosphere be used? Administration The establishment of policies and procedures to minimise exposure to a particular hazard, such as strict safe work practices. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) After all other measures have been employed and there is still a risk of injury or illness, the appropriate PPE must be worn. Ensure correct type, use handling and maintenance at all times. 14

17 2.5 Contingency and Emergency Plans In an emergency, a fast and effective response is critical. A person s ability to face and handle the situation will depend largely on the amount of training undertaken. Procedure and specific training for dealing with emergencies will differ in each workplace. As such every worker must become familiar with the plans and procedures developed and practiced in their workplace. Question How prepared are you to deal with an emergency? First Aid and Accident Procedures Whether trained or not in first aid people can still provide much needed assistance in an emergency. However, only offer help to the level at which you are confident or have been trained. To practice a proactive approach to safety and first aid, workers must be informed of the people who are trained and well prepared to deal with emergencies in the workplace. Emergency response teams often consist of workers employed in other fields who have furthered their skills to offer assistance in emergency situations. Note!! The OSH Regulations (1996) provides for first aid. 2.6 Monitor and Review Once hazards have been identified and controls put in place a process of evaluation needs to be implemented to assess the on-going effectiveness of the control measure and to determine if the control measures introduced any new hazards. This is done by evaluating the risk after a specified period of time. A risk management program is reoccurring. The process only begins when current workplace hazards have been identified and does not end when they are successfully controlled. A system of monitoring and review must be implemented as a method of checking that the controls put in place are achieving the desired outcome. Workplaces are a fluid environment with constant changes which must be reflected in the risk assessments. The opportunity for new hazards to occur in the workplace always exists through the introduction of new technology, equipment or products, work practices or procedures, a change in the work environment including new management and staff. For risk management to be an effective program, hazards associated with changes need to be identified, assessed and eliminated or controlled. 15

18 MODULE THREE STAYING SAFE IN THE BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY This module covers workers preparation and safety in the Building and Construction industry. It focuses on the specific considerations that are required for workers and what the individual worker can and should do to ensure their own safety, as well as duty of care requirements. 3.1 Job Safety Analysis (JSA) A JSA requires planning before commencing work to familiarise people with the work activities involved with the job, the types of hazards they may encounter and developing solutions to control the hazards. A JSA can be broken down to a four step process. i. Choose the job. ii. Break the job down into stages. iii. Identify the hazards for each stage of the job. iv. Determine appropriate controls to address the hazards. Each stage of a JSA collectively becomes the safe work procedure for that job. It is important to continually improve and review JSA s through consultation with employees. A JSA should be developed particularly for jobs: that require risk control measures; that have record high accidents rates; that involve team work so everyone is familiar with all parts of the job; that can result in serious injury; and that is being carried out for the first time. 3.2 Health and Fitness Considerations Worker capacity includes fitness, health, skill, experience, and motivation. When prolonged hard work is involved, fitness is the most important factor in worker capacity. Employees have a duty to report to work in a manner that enables them to do a job safely. If they for any reason do not have the capacity they must discuss this with their employer. Medical conditions may limit, reduce or prevent the person from performing a job effectively. Things to be aware of: A change in health A medical condition that can limit, reduce or prevent a person from performing a new or current job effectively A medical condition that can make it unsafe to do the job A medical condition that is likely to make it unsafe for the worker, their co-workers or the public A medical condition that may be made worse by the job 16

19 3.3 Accident Awareness & Prevention The interaction of people, equipment, material and the environment is an important consideration in accident prevention. People People Includes everybody in the workplace. Problems occur when people are: Environment Materials Equipment unsupervised; untrained and unskilled for the task; lacking in instruction and information; unfamiliar with policies and procedures; young and inexperienced; and do not use personal protective equipment. Equipment Any item used in the workplace including tools, machines and vehicles. Problems occur when equipment is: not maintained; not suitable for the task; and not fitted with guards. Materials Items people use and work with or products such as substances given off in a process. Problems occur when the materials are: present with sharp objects; heavy and in the form of awkward loads; and in the form of toxic substances. Environment Physical surroundings anywhere work is carried out. Problems occur when the environment is: unstable with an uneven ground surface; restrictive to the movement of people; and poor in terms of lighting and noise. 17

20 3.3.1 Definition of an accident An accident can be defined as: an unplanned and unexpected event with undesirable or unfortunate consequences, or an unintentional act which although it may not be the result of negligence or misconduct still results in injury or property damage. An accident may be immediately preceded by an unsafe act or condition. (CCH Australia Ltd, 1992, p1) An incident can be defined as: an occurrence or event. In occupational health and safety, it is often used for an undesired event that disrupts the working routine but causes no further loss or injury, an is therefore less serious that an accident. (CCH Australia Ltd, 1992, p62) A near miss can be defined as: an event or incident which did not result in injury or damage but which had the potential to do so. In accident prevention, investigating the causes of near misses may be as important as investigating actual accidents. (CCH Australia Ltd, 1992, p84) Accident Causation To prevent accidents from happening, an understanding of how they occur in the first place is important. Accidents are generally the result of a series of unfolding events that involve a number of contributing factors. It is important to note that: accidents don t just happen they are caused; steps must be taken to prevent accidents from occurring; and without corrective action, the same type of accident will reoccur. Causes of accidents include: failure to provide a safe system of work; inadequate training; inadequate supervision; protective clothing and equipment provided but not used; failure to use machinery guards; improper use of tools and equipment; and unnecessary haste. poor housekeeping; lack of warning systems and devices; and wind, rain and hot weather. fatigue; illness; lack of knowledge and skills; and/or physical and mental impairment. 18

21 3.3.3 Accident Investigations Conducting investigations after the occurrence of an accident is extremely important in helping to prevent accidents. Investigations are not undertaken to blame, but to discover the causes. Anyone involved in the accident investigation process is encouraged to carry out the investigation as quickly as possible. Generally the make up of the team will depend on the size of the accident. Those likely to be involved range from the safety and health representative, employer, employees and supervisors. Investigations may involve surveying the scene, taking photographs, speaking to witnesses and compiling reports. Ultimately it is important to discover common trends in the causes and events that lead up to the accident so measures can be employed to prevent accident reoccurring Cost of Accidents Failure to prevent accidents can lead to undesirable outcomes such as: death; injury; damage to equipment and property; lowered morale; attitudinal changes; psychological problems; absenteeism and loss of competent staff members; unemployment; loss of wages; compensation claims; higher premiums; or prosecution charges. 3.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Activity Match the appropriate PPE to your current work situation Personal protective equipment (PPE) is generally the last line of defence. If the risk of an identified hazard in the workplace can be further reduced by the use of PPE after all other methods of control have been employed then PPE must be used. 19

22 Everyone in the workplace has a responsibility to wear the correct PPE. Employers must ensure employees: are supplied with the correct type of PPE; receive adequate training in the safe use of PPE; are aware of testing and maintenance requirements; are familiar with location and safe storage of PPE items; understand the limitations experienced when using PPE; know replacement specifications such as expiry dates and what to do with damaged items; and follow safety signs that instruct the use of certain PPE in designated areas. Note!! The OSH Regulations (1996) provides for risks to be reduced in the first instance by means other that protective clothing and equipment. Employees must: use the PPE provided; follow correct instructions for use; maintain PPE in good condition; follow replacement specifications; and adhere to safety signs Safety Helmets Safety helmets are particularly important in the building and construction industry to protect workers against being struck by falling objects. If a safety helmet is required it is important to ensure the helmet: complies with standards, in particular AS/NZS 1801; is worn in designated areas; is replaced every two years; is in good condition as the integrity of a helmet weakens when: - holes are drilled; - cracks occur; - the helmet receives a blow from a solid object; - exposed to the sun; and - contact is made with chemicals. Note!! The OSH Regulations (1996) provides for safety helmets to be worn at construction sites. 20

23 3.4.2 Eye Protection Eye protection is a major consideration especially when working in dusty or windy environments where particles could get caught in the eyes. There are various types of eyewear available to protect the eyes and it is important that: the correct type is used, for the specific task including safety glasses with side protection, mono-goggles and face shields; eye protection complies with standards particularly AS/NZS 1337, AS/NZS 1338; eye protection is worn in designated areas; and items are replaced if scratched, damaged or if they do not fit the person properly Hearing Protection Hearing protection is vital as a vast majority of the work is carried out in and around loud and noisy environments. There are two main types of hearing protection generally available ear muffs and plugs. It is important that the hearing protection used: complies with standards, particularly AS/NZS ; is worn in designated areas; and are kept clean and hygienic at all times, especially reusable ear plugs Glove Protection There are many types of hand protection available such as disposable latex gloves or heavy duty industrial gloves. As with any personal protective equipment item, it must be appropriate for the job and it must be in good condition. It is important that gloves used: comply with standards, particularly AS/NZS 2161; are worn in designated areas; and should never be loose because they could be caught in moving parts of machinery or tight as they could restrict movement Steel Capped Boots Safety footwear (steel capped boots) provides protection against heavy items being dropped on feet, stubbed toes, stepping on nails or sharp objects. Safety footwear comes in the form of full ankle support boots or may look like your average dress shoe. Considerations to ensure they footwear used is effective include: ensuring the correct type are used; complying with standards, particularly AS/NZS 2210; wearing footwear at all time in designated areas; securely tied laces; and ensuring non-slip and/or chemical resistant tread. 21

24 3.4.6 Clothing Protection It is important to choose the correct type of clothing for the specific work activity. Clothing may include overalls, fluorescent vests, wet weather jackets and pants. Considerations for selecting the appropriate types of safety clothing include: clothing that protects the skin from burns and heat should comply with standards, particularly AS/ NZS 2375; clothing that protects the skin from toxic chemicals should comply with standards, particularly AS/ NZS 3765; and ensuring loose clothing is not worn when working with moving parts of machinery for the risk of it becoming caught, however it may be suitable when working outside on hot days to protect the skin from the sun, yet still allow air circulation Respiratory Protection Respiratory protection provides protection against dust, fumes, smoke and fibres that could be detrimental. There are many types of respiratory protection, the most common being the dust mask, which filters out airborne particles before they are inhaled. These are generally used against nuisance dusts that are not deemed toxic but can upset respiratory function. It is critical the equipment is appropriate for the type of hazard you are trying to guard against and the equipment: complies with standards, particularly AS/NZS 1715 and AS/NZS 1716; and is worn is designated areas; and is well maintained and replaced when necessary. 3.5 Manual Handling Manual handling means any activity requiring the use of force exerted by a person to lift, lower, push, pull, carry or to move, hold or restrain an item. Manual handling can affect the entire body. The types of injury sustained from manual handling tasks can range from sprains, strains, hernias, cuts and fractures with the most common being back pain. Injuries can be acute and/or chronic in nature, the latter being more common. Acute Injuries that result from a single movement often causing instant pain and suffering, although the pain may not become severe for hours after. Chronic Progressive wear and tear caused by repetitive and ongoing manual handling activities. 22

25 3.5.1 Factors that Increase the Risk of Manual Handling Injuries As a guide, the risk of back injury increases when loads over 4.5 kg are handled from a seated position or when loads over 16 kg are handled from positions other than seated. As weight increases, the percentage of healthy adults who can safely lift, lower or carry decreases. Generally, no single person should be required to lift, lower or carry loads over 55 kg. THIS LIMIT WOULD ONLY APPLY, HOWEVER, WHEN THE LOAD IS WITHIN THE PERSON'S CAPABILITIES AND NO OTHER RISK FACTORS ARE PRESENT (eg. no bending or twisting is required to pick up the load; the load is compact and easy to grasp; it is held close to the trunk and not carried frequently or for long distances). Other contributing factors include: Note!! size and shape of the object; distance loads are carried over; ability to hold onto the load; surfaces of the floor; amount of working space available; postures sustained through tasks (bending, reaching and twisting movements); height health and fitness status of the person; and/or pregnancy. The OSH Regulations (1996) and the Code of Practice provides for manual handling guidance Preventing Manual Handling Injuries It is important to incorporate risk management principles of identification, assessment and control to effectively prevent problems linked to manual handling. To reduce the risk of manual handling injuries it is important to follow safe working practices such as: Consider splitting a big load into two smaller loads! storing heavier items at waist height to reduce stretching and bending movements. using wheelbarrows and trolleys to transport heavy, awkward and bulky items. minimising the weight of loads. Reducing the load by packaging items in smaller quantities. clear and accessible work areas allowing for the safe movement of people, equipment and materials. ensuring heavy items delivered to the work site are as close to the working area as possible. using cranes, forklifts and other mechanical aids wherever appropriate and only if the person has been fully trained and is competent to use them. practicing team lifting wherever needed. Ensuring there is a delegated leader to signal instructions. Team lifting should be exercised when loads are long or awkward. 23

26 3.6 Equipment and Tool Safety The following explores some of the equipment and tools used in the building and construction/ civil construction industries and considerations for effective maintenance Load Shifting Load shifting, whether a pile of dirt or slung load, is a specialised skill and requires a certain level of competency. Considerations for load shifting include: not carrying out the task if untrained and unfamiliar with the skills and knowledge to perform the job properly and safely; lifting gear such as chains to be tagged appropriately and inspected; not exceeding the safe working load; and ensuring the fibre or steel rope or chains used are the appropriate size for the weight of the load to be lifted and in good condition, and not frayed or damaged in any way Portable Ladders If a person uses a single or extension ladder they must ensure: the distance from the ladder base to the base of the support wall is about ¼ of the working length of the ladder the ladder is situated on firm footing and secured to prevent it falling sideways. It is important: To comply with requirements stipulated in the regulations; Portable metal ladders must be designed and constructed in accordance with AS/NZS 1892; and Portable wooden ladders must be designed and constructed in accordance with AS Scaffolding Safety considerations for working with scaffolding include: equipment is to be used in accordance with AS/NZS 1576; areas near scaffolds must be kept clear of rubbish and debris; danger tags and signs must be used when scaffolding is incomplete or not assembled properly (no person is required to use a scaffold that is incomplete); and scaffolds must not be moved or altered in any form without authorisation. Note!! The OSH Regulations (1996) provides for Inspection and marking of certain scaffolds. 24

27 3.7 Smoking, Alcohol and Drugs Smoking Smoking at work is a major issue. People are protected under the OSH Regulations (1996) in regards to tobacco smoke. It is essential that if people are to smoke they do so in an area that has been designated a smoking area. Under OSH Regulations (1996), a designated smoking area means an area of a workplace designated under the regulations to be an area in which a person may smoke. Alternatively, smoking is prohibited by law in an enclosed workplace. The regulations define an enclosed workplace to mean a workplace that has, whether permanently or temporarily (a) a ceiling or roof; and (b) walls, sides or other vertical coverings, so that when the workplace s existing closable openings are closed, the workplace is completely or substantially enclosed. This includes the cab of excavators and loaders. (Occupational Safety and Health Regulations 1996 (WA), r.3.44a) It is imperative that if people are to smoke that they adhere to all signs and rules regarding smoking in their workplace such as No Smoking signs. There are two significant factors regarding smoking: other workers who are non smokers can be annoyed by the smoke and associated health concerns; and the unsafe disposal of cigarette butts and their potential to spark fires. To reduce the adverse effects of smoking it is important to encourage: smokers to keep to designated smoking areas at all times; adhering to any signs and company rules; provision and use of ash trays; careful disposal of cigarette butts (never flick butts away); and adhering to requirements as stipulated in the regulations. Note!! The OSH Regulations (1996) provides for certain persons prohibited from smoking in enclosed workplaces Alcohol and Drugs The presence of alcohol and drugs in the workplace does not only create problems for the user but it can have numerous ramifications for co-workers and the company. 25

28 The effects of alcohol consumption and drug taking on a person will depend on many factors. The following highlights some of these known factors: The effects of alcohol consumption and drug taking on a person will depend on: The use of alcohol and drugs can cause: the type of substance taken; the amount taken; whether the person had eaten much beforehand; combinations of substances taken; the level of fitness; gender; weight; and amount of sleep. death; injuries; damage to plant and equipment; lack of coordination; poor judgement; memory and concentration loss; reduced reaction times; behaviour changes: - mood swings; - dizziness; - headaches; absenteeism; lateness to work; and reduced productivity. It is also important to note that prescribed medication such as anti depressants, painkillers and certain cough medicines can also have an effect on a person such as drowsiness. Employees must ensure they notify the relevant personnel if taking medication that could affect their ability to do the job safely. Prevention Some of the strategies used to minimise the use of alcohol and drugs in the workplace include: 1. Recognition of the problem Management should recognise that alcohol and drug use is a real issue that happens in the workplace. Awareness is vital and policies and procedures should be well communicated to employees outlining the steps that will be taken if a person is found in the possession of, or using alcohol and drugs in the workplace. 2. Education and awareness The dissemination of information is extremely valuable. Employees should be informed if the organisation has access to support groups or assistance programs. Educating employees about the use of alcohol and drugs and the adverse effects it can have on a person is very important. 3. Employee Assistance Programs (EAP) Employee assistance programs (EAP s) can be beneficial to both employers and employees. EAP s are intended to support and offer assistance to workers to overcome problems they may be experiencing as a result of alcohol and drug usage. 4. Provision of adequate supervision Supervision in high-risk activities is very important. 5. Alcohol and drug screening Some organisations require employees to be tested for traces of alcohol and drugs in their system. Testing could be planned for certain days or workers could be chosen at random. 26

29 3.8 Evacuation Plans and Procedures Evacuations generally involve the movement of people from potentially dangerous and unstable areas to safe and secured ground. Every workplace should have evacuations plans and procedures. It is important workers are familiar with the requirements of each workplace. Note!! The OSH Regulations (1996) provides for Evacuation procedures. Evacuation plans and procedures should be realistic to the work environment involved and well documented. They must be communicated to all employees and be practiced and carried out regularly in the workplace so workers can become familiar with the different alarm sounds and pathways to follow to reach muster points. It is important to know: the different roles and responsibilities of certain personnel; the location of emergency exits; the preferred route to take to get to a muster point; the exact location of the muster point; and who to report to after reaching the muster/ assembly point. In an emergency it is important to remember to; always remain calm; call for emergency assistance; gather information; - location of accident; - nature of emergency; - number of people involved; and - nature of possible injuries. reassure the injured that help is on the way and try to keep them calm; wait for instructions; never put your own life at risk; and only assist to the level you have been trained. Training and education is important for a successful emergency response outcome. All employees need to be familiar with the emergency procedures and know what they are expected to do and from whom they should take immediate instruction. Workers should be clear on who is the designated leader. Also refer to AS 3745 Emergency control organisation and procedures for buildings, structures and workplaces. 27

30 Work safely in the construction industry Participant Resource Guide 3.9 Fire Safety Equipment Clear information needs to be provided to workers on the correct extinguisher for the type of fire concerned. Training may be required before employees are deemed competent with the use of fire safety equipment and fighting fires. All employees need to be familiar with the location of fire safety equipment which could include fire extinguishers, fire hoses, fire blankets, rakes, hoes, water tanks etc. 28

31 MODULE FOUR ENVIRONMENT & OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 4.1 Weather Conditions Weather conditions can have a big impact upon the safety and health of workers, especially in outdoor work environments. Some weather conditions will be immediately obvious such as rain or gusts of wind, others such as exposure to prolonged heat or cold are insidious and the impact may not be realised until the damage is done. While symptoms can vary from person to person, the warning signs of heat stress can include sudden and severe fatigue, nausea, dizziness and light headedness. Working in extreme cold conditions can cause breathing difficulties (especially for asthmatics), and can cause errors due to lower circulation or pain in extremities (hands, feet, ears, etc). Wind gusts can make work environments unpredictable, by varying the stability of the work areas, cause things to fall from above, blow structures over or carry dust and small particles. Other risks include downed power lines. Rain creates wet and slippery conditions that could include slips and falls, driving accidents due to slippery roadways and electrocution. Workplaces must have safe work practices for whatever situation workers are in and have contingency plans that accommodate changing conditions. 4.2 Environmental Factors Work Site Signage and Barriers Signage Signs indicate to workers as well as the general public important information and instructions for particular areas of work. Signs may form written instructions or be expressed as symbols or diagrams. It is important that all signs be adhered to at all times. Signs should be: a good size and clearly visible and not obstructed; in good condition and not faded from exposure to the sun or defaced; and used in accordance with the Standard AS Barriers Barriers divert workers and the general public around dangerous situations. Barriers take many forms but often include: edge protection systems; fall protection covers; working platforms; and guard railing Barriers should be in good condition and clearly visible. 29

32 4.2.2 Lockout and Tagging The purpose of tagging and lockout procedures is to ensure that people and equipment are protected from hazards that could happen when: work is being carried out on equipment and machines; the equipment or machine is faulty and damaged; repairs/ maintenance are in progress; and routine and on the spot inspections are conducted. There are two types of tags, personal danger tags and out of service tags. Requirements for use may differ from each workplace so it is important to become familiar with the work site specific procedures and follow them at all times. Personal Danger Tags In general, personal danger tags: are used to protect people who are working on equipment; inform people that work is in progress and any actions to begin operating could be dangerous to them and the person already working on the equipment; are colour coded black, red and white; must be securely tied to all the main isolation points; must be in place before any work begins; and information on the tag must be filled out correctly detailing the: - date; - persons name; and - signature; are only removed by the person who put it there in the first instance; and must be provided for each person working on the job (if there are two or more people working together then each are required to fill out a danger tag and appropriately tie it to the equipment). Out of Service Tags In general, out of service tags: signify the equipment if faulty or currently undergoing repair and maintenance treatment; are colour coded yellow and black; are only to be removed by a supervisor or the person conducting the repairs; must be securely placed in a noticeable location such as isolation points; if an employee comes across a piece of equipment that is faulty or unsafe to use then they must issue an out of service tag; and information on the tag must be filled out correctly providing the persons name, number, date and a description of the fault detected. 30

33 Lockout Procedures The likelihood of a piece of equipment being activated whilst a person is working on it is reduced when lock out procedures are in place. The process allows the person working on the equipment to hold the only key available for the lock that ensures the equipment is non-operational Public Safety Public safety is a major consideration in the construction industry because the public: can sometimes gain access in or around the site; often share the same roads as the workers; use walkways and cycle paths near sites; and often live and work near construction sites. Section 21 (1) (b) and Section 20 (1) (b) of the OSH Act (1984) has a requirement to ensure the general public are also protected from hazards that may exist at construction sites. There are numerous hazards that could affect the public. Some of the more notable ones include: evacuation areas; collision with vehicles; tripping on uneven floor surfaces; exposure to excessive noise levels; exposure to hazardous substances, vapours, dust, fumes; contact with electrical cables; and objects falling from work platforms. 31

34 Prevention Control measures are essential not only during working hours but outside working hours while the area is unoccupied. Prevention measures can include: planning before any work commences to identify possible hazards that could affect the public during the construction phase; informing neighbours of the project. It is particularly important to notify local schools where the volume of children is greater at school start and finish times; developing and following written policies and procedures for protecting the general public; using appropriate barriers and fences to surround the entire construction site or portion off certain areas with barricades or hoardings; providing warning signs on and around fences; providing security officers to patrol boundaries or remain at the front gate to monitor the entry and exit of people on site; keeping a logbook of all visitors; ensuring all visitors be accompanied by appropriate personnel at all times; requesting visitors report to supervisors and displaying signs so visitors are aware who they should report to; placing temporary road signs to warn drivers, cyclists and pedestrians that construction works are ahead; providing alternative walkways and footpaths for situations where work interferes with normal traffic flow; and providing temporary detours and bypasses Noise Various tools and machinery that subject employees to high levels of noise often surrounds workers. For example the constant humming of an engine, loud banging from hammering or the noise produced from a compactor can all contribute to hearing loss. Workers should not be exposed to any noise that exceeds the exposure standard. Workplaces should meet the requirements of the Code of Practice Managing Noise at Workplaces. The effects of noise range from: physical damage hearing loss; tinnitus (a constant ring effect in the ears); lack of concentration; irritation; interference with communication; and/or decrease work performance. The more common sources of noise include earth/ moving machinery, scrapers, loaders, drills and the sounds made when objects hit against each other. Problems experienced with noise may be acute and happen suddenly or chronic and occur over time. Prevention of Noise Hazards There are a number of preventative strategies that can be used to reduce the effects of noise on workers. Some of these include: at best, eliminate the noise source altogether; segregating or isolating noise from workers; erecting barriers to absorb noise; 32

35 reducing time spent near noise source; choosing quieter tools and machinery; wearing hearing protection, earplugs and muffs; posting signs to warn workers they are entering a noisy environment; and maintaining equipment, as poorly maintained equipment can be noisy at times Environmental Protection The impacts on the environment as a result of work activities can be huge. Taking care and adhering to safe work practices is essential to help protect the environment because in doing so we are protecting: people; waterways; vegetation; animals; and aquatic life. Many materials used could become potential pollutants if they are not safely disposed of, or left unattended. The impacts on the environment depend on the type and amount of pollutant, however keep in mind: it only takes one time for a person to pour a substance down a drain for an explosion to occur; it only takes one plastic bag to tangle and suffocate an animal; and one cigarette to spark a fire. Possible pollutants include: litter plastic, aluminium cans, cardboard, paper, bottles; fuel and oil from vehicles; diesel; paints; tyre rubber; and cement. Prevention To avoid harming the environment, it is important to: follow environmental policies and procedures; use bins provided for litter control; wherever possible reduce and recycle; clean up spills immediately; never pour paints, solvents, chemicals, oils or fuel down a drain; take care when it rains or while using hoses not to cause runoff into drains; and excavations are not to be used as onsite rubbish pits to conveniently dispose of rubbish. 33

36 4.3 Confined Space Awareness A confined space is a enclosed or partially enclosed space which is not intended or designed primarily as a workplace, is at atmospheric pressure during occupancy and has restricted means for entry and exit. It also has either an atmosphere containing potentially harmful levels of contaminants, or an unsafe oxygen level or is of a nature that could contribute to a person in the space being overwhelmed by an unsafe atmosphere or contaminant. (ref. Occupational Safety and Health Regulations 1996 (WA), r.3.82.) All work carried out in relation to a confined space must conform to AS/NZS 2865 Safe Working in a Confined Space. Training requirements are specified in the Regulations. A confined space may involve: a manhole; in some circumstances an excavation; inside a tank or pipe. All employees are to receive adequate training when working with confined spaces especially when: supervising others working in or near a confined space; purchasing and maintaining equipment used by or for the rescue or protection of persons working in or near a confined space; in the immediate vicinity outside the confined space; and involved in rescue teams. Employees should be aware of the associated hazards, control measure and any emergency procedures applicable to confined space. No employee should enter a confined space without a standby person present immediately outside the confined space area. Note!! The OSH Regulations (1996) provides for when a person needs to stand by confined spaces. It is important all employees undergo refresher training to keep skills and knowledge current. 4.4 Working at Heights/ Prevention of Falls A substantial amount of work carried out requires people to work at heights and they must be able to do so safely. The concern is not solely in that someone may fall off a roof but also in the event a worker falls down a hole or trips over an item on the floor and falls and injures themselves. Falls in the workplace can result in: death; paraplegia; fractures; cuts; landing on protruding objects; or damage to plant and equipment. 34

37 Contributing factors that may initiate a fall include: falling objects; openings in railing; fragile roof surfaces; weather conditions (wet/ windy); incorrect use of ladders; poorly maintained ladders; scaffolds not erected or used properly; unprotected holes; no PPE or fall arrest systems in place; and obstructions. To minimise the risk of working at heights it is important to: follow risk management principles and identify, assess and control the hazards associated with falling; train and familiarise the worker with site specific safe work procedures at heights; provide supervision from a competence person who has the necessary skills to ensure safe practices are followed; work in pairs or teams and not alone at heights; ensure holes and openings in the floor are well protected and covered; display suitable signs to inform people; maintain good housekeeping and pack unused items away to reduce clutter; install adequate edge protection for scaffolds, stairs and formwork; be aware of brittle and fragile roofs and be sure to know: - precautions to take; - where to access the roof; and - where safe working platforms are located; select the correct type of PPE and fall arrest systems which may include: - harnesses; - lanyards; - scaffolding; - mesh; - catch nets; and - platforms. ensure regular maintenance of all PPE used. Two important concepts in the prevention of falls include: anchorage which means an anchorage point for a fall injury prevention system ; and fall injury prevention system which means a system designed to arrest a fall. (Occupational Safety and Health Regulations 1996 (WA), r, 3.48.) It is imperative that both anchorage and fall injury systems are designed, manufactured, constructed, selected and installed to be capable to withstand a force applied as a result of a persons fall. Both must be inspected regularly by a competent person before and after use and protected from welding and similar processes. 35

38 . Note!! The Code of Practice Prevention of Falls at Workplaces (2004) provides comprehensive information for employers and employees on preventing falls in the workplace 4.5 Electrical Safety Safe work procedures are a must when working with or near electrical equipment because there is a potential risk of: electric shock and death; burns/ injuries; electricity can throw a person; and/or fire and explosion. Electrical hazards include: faulty equipment; overloading power boards; contact with overhead wires; and electricity and water contact. Safety precautions include: approaching all electrical equipment with care, never assume a switch is turned off and always ensure it has been; if the job requires the services of a fully trained electrician, then only that person should do the job; workers must be trained and capable of carrying out the job involved; whenever using any electrical equipment ensure the equipment is tagged and dated, follow tagging and isolation procedures at all times; checking the conditions of cords, plugs and switches; encourage the use of residual current devices (RCD); reporting faulty or outdated equipment to your supervisor; not over loading power boards; keeping electrical cords tidy; ensuring electrical cords, appliances and switches are well away from water; if you need to hose down work areas or it rains ensure equipment is not effected; do not tamper with equipment or turn switches on and off quickly; staying well clear of fallen power lines; and following and meeting all legislative requirements, particularly Australian Standards. 36