Transverse Flow Measurements at the Olkiluoto Site in Eurajoki, Drillholes OL-KR32, OL-KR40 and OL-KR42

Transcription

1 Working Report Transverse Flow Measurements at the Olkiluoto Site in Eurajoki, Drillholes OL-KR32, OL-KR4 and OL-KR42 Kyösti Ripatti Jari Pöllänen Jere Komulainen Pöyry Finland Oy June 214 Working Reports contain information on work in progress or pending completion.

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3 TRANSVERSE FLOW MEASUREMENTS AT THE OLKILUOTO SITE IN EURAJOKI, DRILLHOLES OL-KR32, OL-KR4 AND OL-KR42 ABSTRACT The Posiva Flow Log, Transverse flow method (PFL TRANS) measures the flow of groundwater across a drillhole. A part of a drillhole is enclosed and transverse flow rate and direction is measured across this section. PFL TRANS was used to measure a number of fractures selected on the basis of the previous difference flow (PFL DIFF) measurements. The aim of the measurements was to detect the transverse flow rate and direction in the chosen locations. This report presents the principles of the method and the results of the measurements carried out in drillholes OL-KR32, OL-KR4 and OL-KR42 at the Olkiluoto investigation site between May 212 and August 212. The TRANS probe comprises a sensor for single point resistance (SPR). SPR is used to place the device accurately on the chosen fracture. The measurements were carried out in natural (i.e. un-pumped) conditions. The same measuring programme was employed in all chosen fractures. Keywords: Groundwater, transverse, flow, measurement, bedrock, drillhole, Posiva Flow Log.

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5 POIKKIVIRTAUSMITTAUKSET EURAJOEN OLKILUODOSSA, KAIRAN- REIÄT OL-KR32, OL-KR4 JA OL-KR42 TIIVISTELMÄ Posiva Flow Log poikkivirtausmenetelmällä (PFL TRANS) mitataan pohjaveden virtaus reiän poikkisuunnassa. Laitteella rajataan mitattava syvyysväli kairanreiästä ja mitataan poikkivirtauksen suuruus ja suunta tässä syvyysvälissä. PFL TRANS -menetelmällä mitattiin rakoja, jotka oli valittu aikaisemman virtauseromittauksen (PFL DIFF) perusteella. Mittausten tarkoituksena oli määrittää poikkivirtauksen suuruus ja suunta valituissa kohdissa. Tässä raportissa esitetään PFL TRANS -mittauksen periaate ja tulokset poikkivirtausmittauksista, jotka tehtiin kairanrei issä OL-KR32, OL-KR4 ja OL-KR42 Olkiluodon tutkimusalueella toukokuun 212 ja elokuun 212 välisenä aikana. PFL TRANS -laite sisältää lisäksi maadoitusvastusanturin (single point resistance, SPR). SPR -mittausta käytetään laitteiston tarkkaan kohdistamiseen mitattavan raon päälle. Mittaukset suoritettiin kairanreikien ollessa luonnontilassa (pumppaamatta). Mittausohjelma oli sama kaikkien valittujen rakojen kohdalla. Avainsanat: Pohjavesi, poikkivirtaus, mittaus, peruskallio, kairanreikä, Posiva Flow Log.

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7 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄ 1 INTRODUCTION PFL TRANS, DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD Principles of operation Specifications INTERPRETATION Hydraulic head Fresh water head EXECUTION OF MEASUREMENTS RESULTS General description Transverse flow measurements in drillhole OL-KR Transverse flow measurements in drillhole OL-KR Transverse flow measurements in drillhole OL-KR Comments on the results SUMMARY REFERENCES... 23

8 2 Appendix KR32.1 Drillhole OL-KR32, Flow rate and single point resistance (fracture 21.7 m) Appendix KR32.2 Drillhole OL-KR32, Transverse flow measurement (fracture 21.7 m) Appendices KR KR Drillhole OL-KR32, Time series of transverse flow and related measurements (fracture 21.7 m) Appendix KR32.4 Drillhole OL-KR32, Flow rate and single point resistance (fracture 51.3 m) Appendix KR32.5 Drillhole OL-KR32, Transverse flow measurement (fracture 51.3 m) Appendices KR KR Drillhole OL-KR32, Time series of transverse flow and related measurements (fracture 51.3 m) Appendix KR Drillhole OL-KR32, Visualization, top view Appendix KR Drillhole OL-KR32, Visualization, horizontal view Appendix KR4.1 Drillhole OL-KR4, Flow rate and single point resistance (fracture 284. m) Appendix KR4.2 Drillhole OL-KR4, Transverse flow measurement (fracture 284. m) Appendices KR4.3.1 KR4.3.6 Drillhole OL-KR4, Time series of transverse flow and related measurements (fracture 284. m) Appendix KR4.4 Drillhole OL-KR4, Flow rate and single point resistance (fractures 67.6 m and m) Appendix KR4.5 Drillhole OL-KR4, Transverse flow measurement (fracture 67.6 m) Appendices KR4.6.1 KR4.6.4 Drillhole OL-KR4, Time series of transverse flow and related measurements (fracture 67.6 m) Appendix KR4.7 Drillhole OL-KR4, Transverse flow measurement (fracture m) Appendices KR4.8.1 KR4.8.4 Drillhole OL-KR4, Time series of transverse flow and related measurements (fracture m) Appendix KR4.9.1 Drillhole OL-KR4, Visualization, top view Appendix KR4.9.2 Drillhole OL-KR4, Visualization, horizontal view Appendix KR42.1 Drillhole OL-KR42, Flow rate and single point resistance (fracture 64.4 m) Appendix KR42.2 Drillhole OL-KR42, Transverse flow measurement (fracture 64.4 m) Appendices KR KR Drillhole OL-KR42, Time series of transverse flow and related measurements (fracture 64.4 m) Appendix KR42.4 Drillhole OL-KR42, Flow rate and single point resistance (fracture 87.3 m) Appendix KR42.5 Drillhole OL-KR42, Transverse flow measurement (fracture 87.3 m) Appendices KR KR Drillhole OL-KR42, Time series of transverse flow and related measurements (fracture 87.3 m) Appendix KR42.7 Drillhole OL-KR42, Flow rate and single point resistance (fracture m) Appendix KR42.8 Drillhole OL-KR42, Transverse flow measurement (fracture m) Appendices KR KR Drillhole OL-KR42, Time series of transverse flow and related measurements (fracture m) Appendix KR Drillhole OL-KR42, Visualization, top view Appendix KR Drillhole OL-KR42, Visualization, horizontal view

9 3 1 INTRODUCTION Olkiluoto in Eurajoki is the selected site for the final disposal of high-level spent nuclear fuel deep into the bedrock. Transverse flow measurements are a part of the site investigations at Olkiluoto. The measured drillholes are relatively close to ONKALO, the underground research facility excavated in the bedrock of Olkiluoto. The Posiva Flow Log, Transverse flow method (PFL TRANS) is used to determine groundwater flow rate and flow direction across a drillhole. The obtained results can be used in subsequent hydrogeological characterization. The PFL TRANS flowmeter includes an electrode for single point resistance (SPR). SPR has a good depth resolution and it is used for depth synchronizing of PFL TRANS with other logs, especially with PFL DIFF (Difference flow method). The equipment employed in the PFL TRANS method can be used in drillholes of depths up to 15 m that have a diameter of 76 mm. The equipment consists of a trailermounted winch and cable, a downhole probe and a computer. Measurements using the PFL TRANS method were performed in drillholes OL-KR32, OL-KR4 and OL-KR42 at the Olkiluoto investigation site between May 212 and August 212. Technical information of the drillholes is listed in Table 1-1. The locations of these drillholes are shown in Figure 1-1. Table 1-1. Technical information of the drillholes. Drillhole Diameter (mm) Ground level coordinates X (north) (m) Y (east) (m) Z m.a.s.l Azimuth (degrees) Inclination (degrees) Length (m) OL-KR OL-KR OL-KR

10 4 Figure 1-1. Drillhole locations at the Olkiluoto site. The measured drillholes are circled in red.

11 5 2 PFL TRANS, DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD 2.1 Principles of operation The Transverse Flowmeter (PFL TRANS) measures the flow of groundwater across a drillhole (Figure 2-1). The equipment used in the transverse flow measurements confines a test section (across which flows are measured) inside the drillhole. The test section is a.4 m long part of the drillhole. The test section is confined by hydraulically expandable packers and it is also divided into two parts by two longitudinal packers. The parts are connected through a flow sensor. The flow direction in the flow sensor can be either positive or negative. Flow along the drillhole is directed through the test section by means of a bypass pipe and is discharged at the upper or lower end of the probe. The flow rate is measured by thermal techniques as in the Difference Flowmeter (Väisäsvaara et al. 29). The angular position of the probe is detected by a position sensor. Figure 2-1. Schematic drawing of the probe used in the PFL TRANS.

12 6 After transferring the probe to a new position (a new depth and/or a new direction), a single flow measurement is usually conducted before inflating the packers. Then the packers are inflated and a series of flow measurements is initiated. This is just for checking the flow change. The inflation of the packers is usually visible in the results. A waiting period (normally about 15 minutes) is allowed to elapse between each flow measurement at the same position. The aim is to repeat measurements at the same position until a steady state condition is achieved. In addition to flow measurements, the PFL TRANS probe can also measure: The single point resistance (SPR) of the drillhole wall (grounding resistance). The electrode used for SPR measurements is located between the uppermost rubber sealing disks as in PFL DIFF and it is used for the high-resolution depth determination of fractures and geological structures. It is an essential tool in deep drillholes for finding a predetermined target fracture. Water temperature in the drillhole. The position of the probe. The sensor includes a magnetometer, accelerometer and gyroscope, all in a three component device. When evaluating the flow around a drillhole, a simplified flow model used. A planar, constant flow at right angle to the drill hole is assumed, Figure 2-2 (Englert, A, 23). The drillhole is hydraulically more conductive than its surrounding and stream lines are curved near the drill hole. Flow rate is about double in the drill hole compared with the flow rate further away from the drillhole. No multipliers for the results are used to correct this, because it is not known whether the flow is planar, channeled or inclined. The TRANS results are directly the flow rates from the TRANS flow sensor. Figure 2-2. Theoretical flow pattern around a drillhole.

13 7 Usually a single target fracture is measured using several probe orientations. The effect of the probe orientation is illustrated in Figure 2-3, the green curve. When the measuring channel is parallel to the stream lines the flowmeter gives the maximum response (at a angle, Figure 2-3). As the probe is turned, the measured flow decreases and is zero when the probe is perpendicular to the flow field (at a 9 or at a 27 angle, Figure 2-3). The flow rate will be negative if the probe is turned further. The minimum or the negative maximum is at a 18 angle. The form of the flow pattern is such that the maximum is wide but the minimum is narrow. Only the positive side of the flow pattern is sketched to Figure 2-3. When the TRANS flow rates are presented on the polar plots, only the positive side of the flow pattern is presented. If negative flow is detected, its direction is changed 18 and the sign is changed to positive. The result remains equivalent in this transformation. Flow field direction Direction of the measuring channel Flow % Figure 2-3. Flow pattern with different probe orientations In reality the situation is more complicated. The open drillhole draws the flows towards itself in such a way that the detected flow in the drillhole is double to that far from the drillhole (Figure 2-2). This effect makes the flow maximum even wider than the circle in Figure 2-3. Channeled flow may have similar effect depending how the channels are distributed. The packer itself has an effect to flow pattern.

14 8 2.2 Specifications The main parts and features of the PFL TRANS equipment are listed in Table 2-1 and range and accuracy of the sensors in Table 2-2. Table 2-1. Equipment and features. Part/Feature Description Flowmeter Measurable drillhole diameters Length of test section Method of flow measurement Additional measurements: Winch: Depth determination PFL TRANS probe 76 mm.4 m Logging computer: PC (Windows 7) Software Thermal pulse and thermal dilution Temperature, Single point resistance, Magnetic field, Water pressure, Air Pressure, Packer pressure, Hydraulic head of measurement section Mount Sopris Wna 1,.55 kw, conductors, Gerhard-Owen cable head Based on a digital distance counter Based on MS Visual Basic Table 2-2. Range and accuracy of sensors. Sensor Range Accuracy Flow 2 1 ml/h 1 % curr.value Temperature (central thermistor) 5 C.1 C Temperature difference (between outer C.1 C thermistors) Magnetic field G* 2 % full-scale Single point resistance (SPR) % curr.value Groundwater level sensor.1 MPa 1 % full-scale Packer pressure 1.6 MPa 1% full-scale Air pressure 8 16 hpa 5 hpa *1 Gauss = 1-4 Tesla

15 9 3 INTERPRETATION 3.1 Hydraulic head The absolute pressure sensor measures the sum of air pressure and the hydrostatic pressure in the drillhole. Air pressure is also registered separately. The hydraulic head along the drillhole under natural and pumped conditions can be determined from the measured data. The air pressure recorded at the site is first subtracted from the absolute pressure measured by the pressure sensor and the hydraulic head can then be calculated. The hydraulic head (h) at a certain elevation z is calculated using the following expression: h = (p abs - p b )/(ρ g) + z 3-1 where h is the hydraulic head (masl) p abs is absolute pressure (Pa) p b is barometric (air) pressure (Pa) ρ is unit density 1 kg/m 3 g is standard gravity m/s 2 and z is the elevation at the measurement location (masl) An offset is subtracted from all absolute pressure results. Exact z-coordinates are important in hydraulic head calculation as a 1 cm error in the z-coordinate leads to a 1 cm error in the calculated head. 3.2 Fresh water head An important variable in hydrogeological characterization is the fresh water head. Traditionally, this is measured in drillholes using a tube filled with fresh water and open at both ends. It is important to note that the density of the water in the tube is not exactly 1 kg/m 3 as the precise value is also dependent on temperature and compressibility - thermal expansion reduces the pressure measured with the absolute pressure sensor while compressibility increases it (Pöllänen 22). A density correction was applied to the results obtained with the absolute pressure sensor to render them comparable with measurements made with a tube full of fresh water, and the effect of the two factors mentioned was eliminated by calculation. In this study all head values presented or used in calculations are fresh water heads.

16 1 The fresh water head (h fw ) at a certain elevation z is calculated using the following expression: h fw = h + Corr Temp - Corr Compr 3-2 where h fw is the fresh water head (masl) h is the hydraulic head (masl) Corr Temp = Corrections for thermal expansion Corr Compr = Corrections for compressibility

17 11 4 EXECUTION OF MEASUREMENTS The PFL TRANS measurements discussed in this report were conducted between May 212 and August 212 in drillholes OL-KR32, OL-KR4 and OL-KR42. The drillholes were measured in natural conditions (i.e. without pumping). Although each fracture was planned to be measured using at least four different probe orientations in order to detect the maximum of transverse flow rate and to determine its approximate direction, in one case fewer measurements were considered to be sufficient. This was the case for fracture 21.7 m in drillhole OL-KR32, in which only zero flow rates were measured and therefore further measurements were unnecessary. The performed measurements are listed in chronological order in Table 4-1. The results are discussed in more detail in Chapter 5. Table 4-1. Activity schedule. Started Finished Drillhole Fracture Activity OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T1

18 12 Table 4-1. Activity schedule (continued) OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T OL-KR m Transverse flow measurement, direction T4

19 13 5 RESULTS 5.1 General description The results are presented in the plots of the appendices, see the list after Table of Contents. The selected fractures were measured using the PFL TRANS probe in drillholes OL- KR32, OL-KR4 and OL-KR42. Before any transverse flows were measured, the correct placement of the probe in the drillhole had to be ascertained. The test section is short and it may be difficult to place the tool on a target fracture. The probe was initially positioned a few meters below the target fracture and then lifted. In order to find the correct placement, the acquired SPR data was then compared with the SPR data from the earlier PFL DIFF measurements which shows the SPR anomalies at the target fracture and near it (Appendices KR32.1, KR32.4, KR4.1, KR4.4, KR42.1, KR42.4 and KR42.7). Several transverse flow measurements were carried out at the same depth but with different probe directions. Usually a single transmissive fracture was within the test section. The fracture-specific results of the measurements are presented in date scale in the appendices titled Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KRnn. Air pressure, temperature at the TRANS probe, pressure of the TRANS packer, water level in the measured drillhole, water level in OL-KR23 and fresh water head in the target fracture are presented with the TRANS flow rate on date scale. The positive direction of the TRANS probe is also presented in these plots (right top corner). OL-KR23 measurements are shown in order to monitor and detect changes in the background conditions in Olkiluoto. ONKALO is likely the strongest cause of such changes. OL-KR23 is close to ONKALO and should be sensitive to any possible deviations. The depth intervals in the OL-KR23 multi-packer measurements are presented in Table 5-1. Table 5-1. Water level measurement intervals in drillhole OL-KR23. Interval number Depth interval [m]

20 14 Each of the appendices titled Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KRnn shows the flow rate of a single orientation of the probe (at a certain depth). The orientation of positive flow in the measuring channel is shown in the upper right-hand corner. The orientation is the direction where the flow is going to. If the numerical value of the flow rate is negative the actual flow direction differs by 18 from the shown orientation. The aim was to measure each fracture at least four times using different probe directions (the probe was rotated around the drillhole axis between the measurements) in order to detect the direction and magnitude of the transverse flow. Measurements at the same depth are combined to polar plots, appendices Transverse flow measurement in drillhole OL-KRnn. The polar plots show the directions and magnitudes of the measured flows at a certain depth as well as direction of maximum flow calculated on the basis of measured flows. The maximum flow rate was simply taken from the maximum measured flow rate. The direction for maximum flow was taken from the direction of zero flow with added 9 degrees towards the maximum measured flow. The zero flow must be somewhere between positive and negative flow directions and nearer the smaller flow rate. Interpolation is utilized in determining the direction of zero flow between chosen positive and negative flows. The determined flow direction is based on the flow minimums, not on the maximums. As presented above (Figure 2-3), the maximum flow response is flat while the zero is narrow when the TRANS probe is turned. In many cases the flow pattern is not as round as in Figure 2-3 which is an estimate for an even fracture. Fracture width may vary in real fractures and flow may be channelled. Repeated measurements to same or opposite direction did not always give the same results for various reasons. The measured flow pattern may be more complicated at these depths. Flow direction can at least partly be ambiguous in such cases. The lower limit of measurable flow rate is estimated to be about 2 ml/h. Flow rates smaller than this are presented, though they are uncertain. The drillholes are drilled to different inclination and azimuth angles (Table 1-1). The results are presented in polar plots on a plane perpendicular to the drillhole, i.e. the flow direction is always assumed to be at right angle to the drillhole. The zero (or 36 degrees) direction is chosen to be upwards, i.e. if a spectator looks down to the drillhole, zero is up. Compass directions are shown as well as a reference. In steep drillholes compass directions are as accurate as directions perpendicular to the drillhole. In drillholes with small inclination compass directions show the drillhole direction but directions of flows are estimates in relation to compass directions. The estimates of compass directions of summary flow rates are presented in Tables Summary of the results is presented in Tables The fracture depths, flow rates and probe directions (flow directions) are shown. The measured flow rates are the actually recorded flow rates. Since the flow sensor is able to measure the flow rate to

21 15 both directions, there can be negative flows as well. They are changed to positive flows by the direction change of 18 degrees (final flow rates). The accuracy of the probe direction is estimated to be ± 2 degrees if the inclination angle of the drillhole is more than 85. The probe direction is measured by a magnetometer in these drillholes. The method is not accurate because of magnetic minerals in the bedrock. The accuracy of the probe direction is estimated to be ± 5 degrees if the inclination angle of the drillhole is less than 85. Then accelerometers are used to determine the probe direction. Drillholes under discussion in this report are all drilled into less than 85 inclination angles and therefore only accelerometers are used to determine probe direction in all conducted measurements. The summary results for each fracture, i.e. the maximum flow rate and its direction were also estimated and written in bold font (Max. Flow). The summary result (Max. Flow) is a rough estimation for several reasons. The actual flow pattern is different even for a simple case of constant thickness fracture cutting the drillhole at right angle. Theoretically the flow rate in the drillhole should be double compared with the flow rate far from the drillhole because the flow friction in the open drillhole is smaller than in the fracture. On the other hand the probe has flow friction and the longitudinal packers have certain thickness preventing flow below the packers. In practice fractures can be in any direction in relation with the drillhole. Natural fractures are uneven and flow is known to be channelled in natural fractures. For comparison, DIFF flow rates are added to Tables The DIFF flow rates are from the latest measurements in open un-pumped drillholes. When a drillhole is at rest (un-pumped) there are still internal flows in it, i.e. there are source fractures or zones and sink fractures or zones. In a source fracture water is flowing from the fracture into the open drillhole. Positive DIFF flows are sources and negative flows are sinks. Flow direction is given on a plane at right angle to the drillhole (Flow direction 1 in Tables ). Flow direction 1 is a little difficult to imagine since one has to keep the drillhole direction in mind. Therefore a compass direction (Flow direction 2) is also estimated for the summary flows. For the estimate it is assumed that the drillhole is vertical. Naturally, this assumption is not reasonable if the drillhole is horizontal or close to horizontal. In all cases discussed in this report, there was only one fracture within the test section in the TRANS measurements. It is reasonable to assume that groundwater flows along such predetermined hydraulically conductive fracture. The inclination and azimuth of the target fracture is one factor in determination of the actual flow direction. For the present, the flow direction in the fracture is not calculated. 5.2 Transverse flow measurements in drillhole OL-KR32 Two fractures were measured in drillhole OL-KR32 (Appendices KR32.1 KR32.6.4). DIFF flow measured in 212 was positive (from the bedrock into the open, un-pumped

22 16 drillhole) in the fracture at 21.7 m and DIFF flow was negative (from the open, unpumped drillhole into the fracture) in the fracture at 51.3 m (Table 5-2). All TRANS measurements in both of the target fractures at 21.7 m and 51.3 m resulted flow rates under the measurement limit 2 ml/h, being very close to zero and therefore no direction for maximum flow could be reliably determined (Table 5-2). The drillhole position in relation to the tunnel is presented in Appendices KR and KR Table 5-2. Transverse flow measurements in OL-KR32. Drillhole Fracture (m) Flow (ml/h) * DIFF 212 T (m 2 /s) Repeat no. Flow rate (ml/h) Measured Flow direction1 (degrees) ** Flow rate (ml/h) Final Flow direction1 (degrees) ** Flow direction2 (degrees) *** OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR E-6 Max. flow **** - **** -**** 8/212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR E-5 Max. flow **** - **** -**** 8/212 * Measured in 212 w ithout pumping the drillhole. Negative sign means flow from the open drillhole into the fracture (Appendices KR32.1 and KR32.4). ** Direction at right angle to the drillhole seen from the top. : to the upper side of the drillhole, 18: to the low er side of the drillhole, 9: to the right *** Approximate compass direction, : to the north, 9: to the east **** All measured flow s w ere close to zero, therefore maximum flow direction could not be determined. Date (month/ year) 5.3 Transverse flow measurements in drillhole OL-KR4 Three fractures were measured in drillhole OL-KR4 (Appendices KR4.1 KR4.8.4). DIFF flow measured in 21 was positive (from the bedrock into the open, un-pumped drillhole) in the fracture at 284. m (Table 5-3). The fracture at 284. m was measured twice. The first set of measurements was conducted in May 212 and the second, as to verify the first results, between June and July 212. The results are relatively consistent as regarding the measured flow directions and the determined direction of maximum flow. However the flow rates are somewhat different. This is due to that the TRANS probe was positioned on the target fracture slightly differently when comparing the two measurement sets (Appendix KR4.1). DIFF flow was negative (from the open, un-pumped drillhole into the fracture) in the fractures at 67.6 m and m (Table 5-3). Measured TRANS flow rates were considerable in these fractures (16.2 ml/h in fracture 67.6 m and 11.6 ml/h in fracture m).

23 17 As described earlier, the positioning of the TRANS probe on the chosen fractures is based on the single point resistance measurement. During the measurements in the fractures at 67.6 m and m the TRANS probe was positioned using the SPR curves of the PFL DIFF measurements from 21 rather than the first available SPR curves from 29. The actual flow anomalies from this newer measurement start c. 2 cm deeper than compared to the latter, which is due to incomplete SPR synchronization between the 29 and 21 measurements in that certain depth interval. As a conclusion, the TRANS probe was correctly placed on the target fracture (Appendix KR4.4). During the measurement T2 in the fracture at 67.6 m the flow rate suddenly drops from then-current c. 12 ml/h to as low as 1.8 ml/h. This drop does not correlate with other simultaneous measurements conducted and is most likely caused by loose debris gotten into the flow sensor and clogging the measuring channel (Appendices KR4.5 and KR4.6.2). The drillhole position in relation to the tunnel is presented in Appendices KR4.9.1 and KR Table 5-3. Transverse flow measurements in OL-KR4. Drillhole Fracture (m) Flow (ml/h) * DIFF 21 T (m 2 /s) Repeat no. Flow rate (ml/h) Measured Flow direction1 (degrees) ** Flow rate (ml/h) Flow direction1 (degrees) ** Flow direction2 (degrees) *** Date (month/ year) OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR / /212 OL-KR E-7 Max. flow /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR E-8 Max. flow /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR E-8 Max. flow /212 * Measured in 21 w ithout pumping the drillhole. Negative sign means flow from the open drillhole into the fracture (Appendices KR4.1 and KR4.4). ** Direction at right angle to the drillhole seen from the top. : to the upper side of the drillhole, 18: to the low er side of the drillhole, 9: to the right *** Approximate compass direction, : to the north, 9: to the east Final

24 Transverse flow measurements in drillhole OL-KR42 Three fractures were measured in drillhole OL-KR42 (Appendices KR42.1 KR42.9.4). DIFF flow measured in 212 was positive (from the bedrock into the open, un-pumped drillhole) in the fractures at 64.4 m and 87.3 m (Table 5-4). Small TRANS flow rate was measured in the fracture at 64.4 m. The flow direction was approximately to the North-northwest (Appendix KR42.2). The flow rates were under the lower measurable limit in the fracture at 87.3 m and therefore the determined direction for maximum flow is uncertain (Appendix KR42.5). DIFF flow was negative (from the open, un-pumped drillhole into the fracture) in the fracture at (Table 5-4). Measured TRANS flow rate was quite small in this fracture. The flow direction was approximately to the South (Appendix KR42.8). The drillhole position in relation to the tunnel is presented in Appendices KR and KR Table 5-4. Transverse flow measurements in OL-KR42. Drillhole Fracture (m) Flow (ml/h) * DIFF 212 T (m 2 /s) Repeat no. Flow rate (ml/h) Measured Flow direction1 (degrees) ** Flow rate (ml/h) Flow direction1 (degrees) ** Flow direction2 (degrees) *** Date (month/ year) OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR E-7 Max. flow /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR E-6 Max. flow **** 296**** 25**** 7/212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR /212 OL-KR E-8 Max. flow /212 * Measured in 212 w ithout pumping the drillhole. Negative sign means flow from the open drillhole into the fracture (Appendices KR42.1, KR42.4 and KR42.7). ** Direction at right angle to the drillhole seen from the top. : to the upper side of the drillhole, 18: to the low er side of the drillhole, 9: to the right *** Approximate compass direction, : to the north, 9: to the east **** Result is uncertain. The measured flow s are under the low er measurable limit of 2 ml/h. Final 5.5 Comments on the results The tunnel of ONKALO is the main hydraulic sink in the area. Large magnitude negative DIFF flow may indicate a hydraulic connection to ONKALO when the flow

25 19 rate is measured without pumping the drillhole. Negative flow means flow out from the drillhole. Such large DIFF flow is a potential place for a TRANS flow, especially if transmissivity is high. DIFF and TRANS flows are cross plotted in Figure 5-5. Note that OL-KR32 is also plotted in the graph for representative purposes even though the direction for maximum flow could not be determined (all measured TRANS flows were under the lower measurable limit as listed in Table 5-2). In all measured drillholes small DIFF flow rate indicates small TRANS flow rate. The correlation between the two flow types is quite coherent. TRANS Flow rate (ml/h) Cross plot of DIFF and TRANS flow rates OL-KR32 OL-KR4 OL-KR DIFF Flow rate (ml/h) Figure 5-5. Cross plot of DIFF and TRANS flow rates. DIFF flow is measured without pumping the drillhole. Negative means flow out from the drillhole.

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27 21 6 SUMMARY The measurements using the Transverse Flow Method (PFL TRANS) were performed in drillholes OL-KR32, OL-KR4 and OL-KR42 at Olkiluoto between May 212 and August 212. The tunnel of ONKALO is the main hydraulic sink on the area. Large magnitude negative DIFF flows in un-pumped open drillholes have been found in some fractures, especially near ONKALO. Measurable TRANS flow was detected in many fractures where negative DIFF flow was found. Approximate TRANS flow directions were calculated to these flows. A large magnitude negative DIFF flow does not necessitate TRANS flow since the methods have different measuring geometry and they are complementary.

28 22

29 23 REFERENCES Englert, A., 23. Measurement, Estimation and Modelling of Groundwater Flow Velocity at Krauthausen Test Site. Berichte des Forschungszentrums Jülich ; 484 ISSN , Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre, Aachen, RWTH, 23. Pöllänen, J., 22. Density and pressure of water in deep drillholes. Helsinki, Posiva Oy. Working Report (in Finnish). Väisäsvaara, J., Kristiansson, S. and Pöllänen, J., 29. Monitoring Measurements by the Difference Flow Method during the Year 29, Drillholes OL-KR22, -KR3, - KR31, -KR35, -KR36 and KR4, Working Report

30 24

31 25 Appendix KR Olkiluoto, drillhole OL-KR32 Flow rate and single point resistance Flow without pumping (L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 1 with pumping (drawdown = 6 m - 4 m, L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 2 with pumping (drawdown = 4 m m, L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 3 with pumping (drawdown = 4 m, L =.5 m, dl=.1 m), Flow 4 without pumping (L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 5 with pumping (drawdown = 4 m, L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 6 with pumping (drawdown = 4 m, L =.5 m, dl=.1 m), Flow 7 with pumping (drawdown = 9.4 m, L =.5 m, dl=.1 m), Sinle point from transverse flow logging, Location (middle of section) for fracture-specific electrical conductivity measurement Lower limit of flow rate Interpreted flows of borehole sections: Flow (L=2 m, Flow into the hole) Flow (L=2 m, Flow into the bedrock) Flow 1 (L=2 m, Flow into the hole) Interpreted fracture-spesific flows: Flow (Flow into the hole) Flow (Flow into the bedrock) Flow 2 (Flow into the hole) Depth (m) S/m Flow rate (ml/h) Single point resistance (ohm)

32 26 Appendix KR32.2 Transverse flow measurement in drillhole OL-KR32 Fracture Depth: 21.7 m Drillhole azimuth = 352. o Drillhole inclination = 54.8 o Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) 9 = Right 18 = Down 27 = Left Flow across the hole: Without pumping, Without pumping, last Lower limit of the measurable flow rate N Flow Angle W Flow (ml/h) E S

33 27 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR32 Measurement T1, Fracture Depth: 21.7 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: W = Up (drillhole azimuth) 27 9 = Right 18 = Down 27 = Left Drillhole azimuth = 352. o Drillhole inclination = 54.8 o N S E Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR32 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 12: / 18: / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 6: / 12:

34 28 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR32 Measurement T2, Fracture Depth: 21.7 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: W = Up (drillhole azimuth) 27 9 = Right 18 = Down 27 = Left Drillhole azimuth = 352. o Drillhole inclination = 54.8 o N S E Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR32 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 9: / 12: / 15: / 18: / 21: / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 3: / 6: / 9:

35 29 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR32 Measurement T3, Fracture Depth: 21.7 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: W = Up (drillhole azimuth) 27 9 = Right 18 = Down 27 = Left Drillhole azimuth = 352. o Drillhole inclination = 54.8 o N S E Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR32 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 15: / 18: / 21: / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 3: / 6: / 9:

36 3 Appendix KR Olkiluoto, drillhole OL-KR32 Flow rate and single point resistance Flow without pumping (L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 1 with pumping (drawdown = 6 m - 4 m, L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 2 with pumping (drawdown = 4 m m, L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 3 with pumping (drawdown = 4 m, L =.5 m, dl=.1 m), Flow 4 without pumping (L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 5 with pumping (drawdown = 4 m, L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 6 with pumping (drawdown = 4 m, L =.5 m, dl=.1 m), Flow 7 with pumping (drawdown = 9.4 m, L =.5 m, dl=.1 m), Sinle point from transverse flow logging, Location (middle of section) for fracture-specific electrical conductivity measurement Lower limit of flow rate Interpreted flows of borehole sections: Flow (L=2 m, Flow into the hole) Flow (L=2 m, Flow into the bedrock) Flow 1 (L=2 m, Flow into the hole) 4.1 Interpreted fracture-spesific flows: Flow (Flow into the hole) Flow (Flow into the bedrock) Flow 2 (Flow into the hole) Depth (m) S/m Flow rate (ml/h) Single point resistance (ohm)

37 31 Appendix KR32.5 Transverse flow measurement in drillhole OL-KR32 Fracture Depth: 51.3 m Drillhole azimuth = 352. o Drillhole inclination = 54.8 o Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) 9 = Right 18 = Down 27 = Left Flow across the hole: Without pumping, Without pumping, last Lower limit of the measurable flow rate N Flow Angle W Flow (ml/h) E S

38 32 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR32 Measurement T1, Fracture Depth: 51.3 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: W = Up (drillhole azimuth) 27 9 = Right 18 = Down 27 = Left Drillhole azimuth = 352. o Drillhole inclination = 54.8 o N S E Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR32 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 6: / 12: / 18: / : / 6: / 12: / 18: / : / 6: Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 12: / 18: / : / 6: / 12:

39 33 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR32 Measurement T2, Fracture Depth: 51.3 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: W = Up (drillhole azimuth) 27 9 = Right 18 = Down 27 = Left Drillhole azimuth = 352. o Drillhole inclination = 54.8 o N S E Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR32 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Program crash: pause in data recording Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 12: / 18: / : / 6: Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 12: / 18:

40 34 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR32 Measurement T3, Fracture Depth: 51.3 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: W = Up (drillhole azimuth) 27 9 = Right 18 = Down 27 = Left Drillhole azimuth = 352. o Drillhole inclination = 54.8 o N S E Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR32 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 12: / 18: / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 6: / 12:

41 35 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR32 Measurement T4, Fracture Depth: 51.3 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: W = Up (drillhole azimuth) 27 9 = Right 18 = Down 27 = Left Drillhole azimuth = 352. o Drillhole inclination = 54.8 o N S E Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR32 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 7: / 9: / 1: / 12: Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 13: / 15:

42 36 Top view, the north up KR32 Appendix KR32.7.1

43 37 View horizontally from the east KR m 51.3 m Appendix KR32.7.2

44 38 Appendix KR Olkiluoto, drillhole OL-KR4 Flow rate and single point resistance Flow 3 without pumping (L = 2 m, dl =.25 m), Flow 4 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L = 2 m, dl =.25 m), Flow 5 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L =.5 m, dl =.1 m), Flow 7 without pumping (L = 2 m, dl =.25 m), Flow 8 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L = 2 m, dl =.25 m), Flow 9 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L =.5 m, dl =.1 m), Single point from transverse flow logging, Single point from transverse flow logging, Location (middle of section) for fracture specific electrical conductivity measurement Lower limit of flow rate Interpreted flows of drillhole sections: Flow 7 (L=2 m, Flow into the hole) Flow 7 (L=2 m, Flow into the bedrock) Flow 8 (L=2 m, Flow into the hole) Flow 8 (L=2 m, Flow into the bedrock) Interpreted fracture-specific flows: Flow 7 (Flow into the hole) Flow 7 (Flow into the bedrock) Flow 9 (Flow into the hole) Flow 9 (Flow into the bedrock) S/m Depth (m) Flow rate (ml/h) Single point resistance (ohm)

45 39 Appendix KR4.2 Transverse flow measurement in drillhole OL-KR4 Fracture Depth: 284. m Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) 9 = Right 18 = Down 27 = Left W Flow Angle Flow across the hole: Without pumping, Without pumping, last Calculated max flow, Without pumping, Without pumping, last Calculated max flow, Lower limit of the measurable flow rate S 27 Flow (ml/h) 9 N E

46 4 Appendix KR4.3.1 Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR4 Measurement T1, Fracture Depth: 284. m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR4 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Added packer pressure. Data missing due to pause in measurements. Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h Flow (ml/h) / 6: / 12: / 18: / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 6: / 12:

47 41 Appendix KR4.3.2 Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR4 Measurement T2, Fracture Depth: 284. m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR4 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Added packer pressure. Program crash: pause in data recording Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 6: / 12: / 18: / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 6: / 12:

48 42 Appendix KR4.3.3 Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR4 Measurement T3, Fracture Depth: 284. m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR4 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Program crash: pause in data recording Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / : / : / : / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / : / : / :

49 43 Appendix KR4.3.4 Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR4 Measurement T4, Fracture Depth: 284. m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR4 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 9: / 1: / 12: Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 13: / 15:

50 44 Appendix KR4.3.5 Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR4 Measurement T5, Fracture Depth: 284. m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR4 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Program crash: pause in data recording Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 12: / : / 12: / : / 12: / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 12: / : / 12: / :

51 Appendix KR4.3.6 Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR4 Measurement T6, Fracture Depth: 284. m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR4 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 12: / 18: / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 6: / 12:

52 46 Appendix KR4.4 6 Olkiluoto, drillhole OL-KR4 Flow rate and single point resistance Flow 3 without pumping (L = 2 m, dl =.25 m), Flow 4 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L = 2 m, dl =.25 m), Flow 5 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L =.5 m, dl =.1 m), Flow 7 without pumping (L = 2 m, dl =.25 m), Flow 8 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L = 2 m, dl =.25 m), Flow 9 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L =.5 m, dl =.1 m), Single point from transverse flow logging, Single point from transverse flow logging, Location (middle of section) for fracture specific electrical conductivity measurement Lower limit of flow rate Interpreted flows of drillhole sections: Flow 7 (L=2 m, Flow into the hole) Flow 7 (L=2 m, Flow into the bedrock) Flow 8 (L=2 m, Flow into the hole) Flow 8 (L=2 m, Flow into the bedrock) Interpreted fracture-specific flows: Flow 7 (Flow into the hole) Flow 7 (Flow into the bedrock) Flow 9 (Flow into the hole) Flow 9 (Flow into the bedrock) Depth (m) See report p Flow rate (ml/h) Single point resistance (ohm)

53 47 Appendix KR4.5 Transverse flow measurement in drillhole OL-KR4 Fracture Depth: 67.6 m Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) 9 = Right 18 = Down 27 = Left Flow across the hole: Without pumping, Without pumping, last Calculated max flow, Lower limit of the measurable flow rate W Flow Angle S 27 Flow (ml/h) 9 N E

54 48 Appendix KR4.6.1 Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR4 Measurement T1, Fracture Depth: 67.6 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR4 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 4 Flow (ml/h) / 1: / 12: / 13:3 Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 15: / 16:3

55 49 Appendix KR4.6.2 Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR4 Measurement T2, Fracture Depth: 67.6 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR4 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 2 Flow (ml/h) / 15: / 18: / 21: / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 3: / 6: / 9:

56 5 Appendix KR4.6.3 Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR4 Measurement T3, Fracture Depth: 67.6 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR4 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Program crash: pause in data recording Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 2 Flow (ml/h) / : / : / : / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / : / :

57 51 Appendix KR4.6.4 Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR4 Measurement T4, Fracture Depth: 67.6 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR4 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Packer re-pressurisation Program crash:pause in data recording Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 1 Flow (ml/h) / : / 12: / : / 12: / : / 12: / : / 12: Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / : / 12: / : / 12:

58 52 Appendix KR4.7 Transverse flow measurement in drillhole OL-KR4 Fracture Depth: m Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) 9 = Right 18 = Down 27 = Left Flow across the hole: Without pumping, Without pumping, last Calculated max flow, Lower limit of the measurable flow rate W Flow Angle S 27 Flow (ml/h) 9 N E

59 53 Appendix KR4.8.1 Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR4 Measurement T1, Fracture Depth: m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR4 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 1: / 12: / 13:3 Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 15: / 16:3

60 54 Appendix KR4.8.2 Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR4 Measurement T2, Fracture Depth: m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR4 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Program crash: pause in data recording Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 6: / 12: / 18: / : / 6: / 12: Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 18: / : / 6:

61 55 Appendix KR4.8.3 Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR4 Measurement T3, Fracture Depth: m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR4 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / : / : / : / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / : / : / :

62 56 Appendix KR4.8.4 Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR4 Measurement T4, Fracture Depth: m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 27.3 o Drillhole inclination = 7.3 o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR4 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 1 Flow (ml/h) / 18: / 21: / : / 3: Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 6: / 9:

63 57 Top view, the north up 67.6 m Appendix KR m 284 m KR4 Approximate flow directions

64 58 View horizontally from the south 67.6 m m KR4 284 m Appendix KR4.9.2

65 59 Olkiluoto, drillhole OL-KR42 Flow rate and single point resistance Flow 2 without pumping (L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 3 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 4 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L =.5 m, dl=.1 m), Flow 8 without pumping (L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 9 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 1 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L =.5 m, dl=.1 m), Flow 11 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L =.5 m, dl=.1 m), Sinle point from transverse flow logging, Lower limit of flow rate Interpreted flows of borehole sections: Flow 5 (L=2 m, Flow into the hole) Flow 5 (L=2 m, Flow into the bedrock) Flow 6 (L=2 m, Flow into the hole) Interpreted fracture-spesific flows: Flow 5 (Flow into the hole) Flow 5 (Flow into the bedrock) Flow 7 (Flow into the hole) Appendix KR S/m Depth (m) Flow rate (ml/h) Single point resistance (ohm)

66 6 Appendix KR42.2 Transverse flow measurement in drillhole OL-KR42 Fracture Depth: 64.4 m Drillhole azimuth = 269. o Drillhole inclination = 71. o Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) 9 = Right 18 = Down 27 = Left Flow across the hole: Without pumping, Without pumping, last Calculated max flow, Lower limit of the measurable flow rate W Flow Angle S 27 Flow (ml/h) 9 N E

67 61 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR42 Measurement T1, Fracture Depth: 64.4 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 269. o Drillhole inclination = 71. o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR42 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Program crash: pause in data recording Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 12: / 18: / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 6: / 12:

68 62 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR42 Measurement T2, Fracture Depth: 64.4 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 269. o Drillhole inclination = 71. o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR42 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Program crash: pause in data recording Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / : / : / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / : / :

69 63 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR42 Measurement T3, Fracture Depth: 64.4 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 269. o Drillhole inclination = 71. o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR42 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 12: / 18: / : / 6: Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 12: / 18:

70 64 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR42 Measurement T4, Fracture Depth: 64.4 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 269. o Drillhole inclination = 71. o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR42 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Added packer pressure. Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 6: / 12: / 18: / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 6: / 12: / 18:

71 65 Olkiluoto, drillhole OL-KR42 Flow rate and single point resistance 8 Flow 2 without pumping (L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 3 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 4 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L =.5 m, dl=.1 m), Flow 8 without pumping (L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 9 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 1 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L =.5 m, dl=.1 m), Flow 11 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L =.5 m, dl=.1 m), Single point from transverse flow logging, Lower limit of flow rate Interpreted flows of borehole sections: Flow 5 (L=2 m, Flow into the hole) Flow 5 (L=2 m, Flow into the bedrock) Flow 6 (L=2 m, Flow into the hole) 8.1 Interpreted fracture-spesific flows: Flow 5 (Flow into the hole) Flow 5 (Flow into the bedrock) Flow 7 (Flow into the hole) Appendix KR S/m Depth (m) Flow rate (ml/h) Single point resistance (ohm)

72 66 Appendix KR42.5 Transverse flow measurement in drillhole OL-KR42 Fracture Depth: 87.3 m Drillhole azimuth = 269. o Drillhole inclination = 71. o Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) 9 = Right 18 = Down 27 = Left Flow across the hole: Without pumping, Without pumping, last Calculated max flow, Lower limit of the measurable flow rate W Flow Angle S 27 Flow (ml/h) 9 N E

73 67 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR42 Measurement T1, Fracture Depth: 87.3 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 269. o Drillhole inclination = 71. o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR42 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Added packer pressure. Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 12: / 18: / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 6: / 12:

74 68 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR42 Measurement T2, Fracture Depth: 87.3 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 269. o Drillhole inclination = 71. o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR42 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / : / : / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / : / :

75 69 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR42 Measurement T3, Fracture Depth: 87.3 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 269. o Drillhole inclination = 71. o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR42 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 12: / 13: / 14: Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 15: / 16:

76 7 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR42 Measurement T4, Fracture Depth: 87.3 m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 269. o Drillhole inclination = 71. o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR42 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Program crash: pause in data recording Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 12: / 18: / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 6: / 12:

77 71 Olkiluoto, drillhole OL-KR42 Flow rate and single point resistance 3 Flow 2 without pumping (L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 3 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 4 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L =.5 m, dl=.1 m), Flow 8 without pumping (L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 9 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L = 2 m, dl=.25 m), Flow 1 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L =.5 m, dl=.1 m), Flow 11 with pumping (drawdown = 1 m, L =.5 m, dl=.1 m), Single point from transverse flow logging, Lower limit of flow rate Interpreted flows of borehole sections: Flow 5 (L=2 m, Flow into the hole) Flow 5 (L=2 m, Flow into the bedrock) Flow 6 (L=2 m, Flow into the hole) Interpreted fracture-spesific flows: Flow 5 (Flow into the hole) Flow 5 (Flow into the bedrock) Flow 7 (Flow into the hole) Appendix KR Depth (m) Flow rate (ml/h) Single point resistance (ohm)

78 72 Appendix KR42.8 Transverse flow measurement in drillhole OL-KR42 Fracture Depth: m Drillhole azimuth = 269. o Drillhole inclination = 71. o Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) 9 = Right 18 = Down 27 = Left Flow across the hole: Without pumping, Without pumping, last Calculated max flow, Lower limit of the measurable flow rate W Flow Angle S 27 Flow (ml/h) 9 N E

79 73 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR42 Measurement T1, Fracture Depth: m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 269. o Drillhole inclination = 71. o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR42 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 12: / 13: / 14: / 15: Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 16: / 17:

80 74 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR42 Measurement T2, Fracture Depth: m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 269. o Drillhole inclination = 71. o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR42 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 15: / 18: / 21: / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 3: / 6: / 9:

81 75 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR42 Measurement T3, Fracture Depth: m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 269. o Drillhole inclination = 71. o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR42 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Added packer pressure. Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / 6: / 12: / 18: / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / 6: / 12:

82 76 Appendix KR Time series of transverse flow and related measurements in drillhole OL-KR42 Measurement T4, Fracture Depth: m Water level in drillhole OL-KR23 Depth interval 1 Depth interval 3 Depth interval 4 Depth interval 5 Depth interval 6 Depth interval Positive Flow Direction: = Up (drillhole azimuth) S 27 9 = Right 18 = Down = Left Drillhole azimuth = 269. o Drillhole inclination = 71. o W 18 E N 14 Air pressure (kpa) Temperature ( o C) Pressure of packers (m H 2 O) OL-KR42 (masl) OL-KR23 (masl) Fresh water head (masl) Lower limit of the flow rate = 2 ml/h, Upper limit of the flow rate = 1 ml/h 5 Flow (ml/h) / : / : / : / : / : Year-Month-Day / Hour:Minute / : / : / :

83 77 Top view, the north up Approximate flow directions m 64.4 m KR42 Appendix KR42.1.1

84 78 View horizontally from the south m KR m 87.3 m Appendix KR42.1.2