Estatística e Modelos Probabilísticos - COE241. Aula de hoje Análise da dados através de gráficos

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1 Estatística e Modelos Probabilísticos - COE241 Aula de hoje Análise da dados através de gráficos

2 Gráficos - Histograma Frequência das amostras

3 Gráficos - Histograma Escolha do tamanho do intervalo Considere n amostras divididas em m intervalos

4 Gráficos - Histograma Escolha do tamanho do intervalo Pode ser feita plotando-se vários gráficos com tamanhos de intervalo diferentes Seja b=tamanho do intervalo, n=número de amostras, m=número de intervalos, s=desvio padrão m=1+3.3 log 10 (n) b=3.49σn 1/3

5 Gráficos Função Distribuição Computa P[X<x]

6 Gráficos Scatterplot Relação entre duas variáveis (x,y) X=% de votação do candidato, Y=IDH do município

7 Gráficos BoxPlot Mediana: divide o conjunto de amostras em duas partes Exemplo: Mediana=43 50% das amostras estão abaixo da mediana 50% das amostras estão acima da mediana

8 Gráficos BoxPlot p quantil ou percentil: p% das amostras estão abaixo do valor Suponha x (1), x (2),..., x (n), um conjunto com n amostras ordenadas em ordem crescente O p-ésimo quantil pode ser calculado a partir de: q n ( p)=x (k) +α(x (k+1) x (k) ), 0< p<1 k= p (n+1), α= p (n+1) k

9 Gráficos BoxPlot

10 Gráficos BoxPlot Lower quartile: é o 25th percentil Upper quartile: é o 75th percentil q n (0.25) q n (0.75) IQR: Interquartile range IQR=q n (0.75) q n (0.25)

11 Gráficos BoxPlot Exemplo: Temperaturas medidas Mediana=42 q n (0.55)=? k= = 6.6 =6 α=0.6 q n (0.55)=x (6) +0.6(x (7) x (6) )=42+0.6(43 42)=42.6 Lower quartile: Upper quartile: q n (0.25)=41 q n (0.75)=43 IQR=43-41=2

12 Gráficos BoxPlot Cálculo de outliers: acima de upper_quartile+1.5*iqr ou abaixo de lower_quartile-1.5*iqr Maior valor menor ou igual a upper quartile + 1.5*IQR Menor valor maior ou igual a lower quartile - 1.5*IQR outliers

13 Gráficos BoxPlot Exemplo: Temperaturas medidas Lower quartile: Upper quartile: IQR=43-41=2 q n (0.25)=41 q n (0.75)=43 Cálculo de outliers: acima de 43+3=46 e abaixo de 41-3=38 Máximo=58, Mínimo=41 Lower whisker=41, Upper whisker=43

14 Gráficos QQPlot The quantile-quantile (q-q) plot is a graphical technique for determining if two data sets come from populations with a common distribution. A q-q plot is a plot of the quantiles of the first data set against the quantiles of the second data set. By a quantile, we mean the fraction (or percent) of points below the given value. That is, the 0.3 (or 30%) quantile is the point at which 30% percent of the data fall below and 70% fall above that value.

15 Gráficos QQPlot

16 Gráficos QQPlot A 45-degree reference line is also plotted. If the two sets come from a population with the same distribution, the points should fall approximately along this reference line. The 2 batches do not appear to have come from populations with a common distribution. The batch 1 values are significantly higher than the corresponding batch 2 values. The differences are increasing from values 525 to 625. Then the values for the 2 batches get closer again.

17 Gráficos QQPlot The q-q plot is used to answer the following questions: Do two data sets come from populations with a common distribution? Do two data sets have common location and scale? Do two data sets have similar distributional shapes? Do two data sets have similar tail behavior?

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