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1 Australien meetings on safer Roads THE SAFE ROAD TRANSPORT SYSTEM APPROACH Here mainly by The Hierarchies of the Road Network from Motorways to Destributors This is saving millions of Lives 1 Dipl. Ing. Hans-Joachim Vollpracht Road and Traffic Director General a.d. in Brandenburg Honorary member of the World Road Association (PIARC) Foundation member of the UN Road Safety Collaboration

2 Key facts: More than 1.24 million people die each year on the World roads and between 20 to 50 million suffer from injuries. The reduction of travel times on roads is one of the most crucial objectives for enhancing the economies in emerging countries. This is regularly done first just by resurfacing the old roads, which had been designed for low speeds. So it has been done in Eastern Germany after reunification where we got 36 fatalities per inhabitants and in other countries world wide as well. World wide Road accidents are the leading cause of death of young people aged years 2 Example of the republic of SRPSKA, Balcan)

3 Road traffic deaths World wide 46% of road traffic deaths are pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists 46% Pedestrian, cyclists and motorized two-wheels and riders 6% Others 48% Car occupants 3

4 The Decade of actions for Road Safety was declared by the United National General Assembly in March The Global Plan for the Decade is intended as a guiding document that will facilitate, coordinated and concerted actions towards Road Safety. It is in many aspects the Safe Road Transport System Approach 4

5 The Goal The overall goal of the Decade is to stabilize and then reduce the forecast level of road traffic fatalities around the world by and to follow the safe system approach to develop a road transport system that is better able to accomodate human errors and mistakes (chapter 4 of the Global Plan)

6 Pillars of the Plan Road safety management Safer roads and mobility Safer vehicles Safer road users Post crash response PIARC Objectives 6 Many countries could reduce the number of fatalities from bringing vehicles and post crash response on high levels. But how to succeed on the other 3 pillars? They are my special objectives.

7 Road safety management Strengthen institutional capacity Put in practice United Nations road safety conventions Establish a lead agency Develop a national road safety strategy Set realistic and long-term targets Develop data systems Road safety management Safer roads and mobility Safer vehicles Safer road users Post crash response 7

8 Safer roads and mobility Improve safety-conscious planning, design, construction and operation of roads Assess regularly safety of roads Explore various forms of transport and safe infrastructure Road safety management Safer roads and mobility Safer vehicles Safer road users Post crash response The combination of these 2 pillars by Human Factors in road design and operation is the objective of PIARC since

9 The UN safe System Approach along pillar 2 1. Promote road safety ownership among road authorities, - engineers and urban planers - making them legaly responsible for improving road safety on their networks through cost effective measures. - establishing a road safety unit to improve the safety of the road network. ( Development projects) - promoting the safe system approach and the role of self explaining and forgiving road infrastructure. (PIARC Human Factors in Road Design and Operation) 2. Promoting the needs of all road users - planning land use to respond to safe mobility access needs, geographik and demographik conditions. 9

10 The Legal Responsibilities of Road Adminstrations Among others access control to private and public properties is a must for a safe highway system. A permission for access can only be granted if endangerment of road safety is excluded, such as for fire brigades, emergency services or the road maintenance. Otherwise we get linear settlements, the most crucial road safety problem! 10 Romania EuropeAid/121354/D/SV/RO/6

11 They call them coffin roads False settlement policies and endless linear settlements may be 11 the most crucial disaster for road safety in emerging countries, here in Vietnam (R&R 347)

12 Ministerialdirigent Dipl.-Ing. Hans-Joachim Vollpracht The PIARC Catalogue on safe design is a result of international cooperation on safer standards Accident severity of cross sections, 14m 12m Gravitatea Accident accidentelor severity

13 We may compare our Road Transport Network with our blood system Main arteries for high capacity and fast transport 13

14 Our blood system: a hierarchy of Arteries and Vanes Arteria mesenterica 16,8 cm/s, it is the motorway system Main arteries to legs and arms 5.8 cm/s are the express roads system Distributors about 1 cm/s are the rural roads passing through towns and villages And arterioles and capillaries to access the single cells in the muscles and organs cm/s are the roads in settled areas 14 14

15 Network Hierarchy of the Transport system is a most important safety approach, it is for us the Trans European Road Network TERN: Germany 15

16 Orientation: Recognition of different road types and functions. One function mixed function > drive safe >pedestrian trap 16 Design different road types with invariant and recurring features! BSVI 2001 / Vollpracht 1999

17 Following the German Guideline for the design of Motorways (RAA) 17

18 Design classes EKA 1A EKA 1B Designation Long distance Motorway Interregional Motorway Design speed 13o km/h Distance between junctions > m 120 km/h > m EKA 2 Express Road 100 km/h > m EKA 3 Urban Motorway 80 km/h None 18

19 Cross section (right hand traffic) 19

20 Standard cross sections for EK 1 motorways 20

21 German Motorway EKA1 21

22 Standard Cross sections and averadge daly traffic volume 22

23 Horzontal Alignment 23

24 The Safe System Approach is focusing the interfaces of the Transport System and how to adjust the subsystems Enforcement Man/Machine Interface Vehicles Human Education Road human factors interface physical factors (f r + q =v 2 /g*r) Road engineering interface.and is so promoting the self explaining and forgiving road infrastructure 24

25 Misbehaviour - Abuse of drugs - speeding - risky overtaking Road users behaviour - not respecting traffic rules such as left bevor right, or of the primary road before the secondarty roads - Not respecting the red traffic light Education and enforcement Mistakes and Errors - about the road course - About the right of way - About the type of road - About the function of intersections - About the possible speed - And others - Road Design for Human Capability

26 HF I.2: Undercharge by Monotony HF I.1: Yerkes-Dodson-Law. quality of performance high low low level of workload high Hacker 1984 HF I.3: Overcharge by information and events 26

27 HF IV.1: The faster the speed - the farther the focus distance.and reverse! 600m Speed-related point of focus: 100km/h = 600m 65km/h = 350m km/h Roth, 1973 in: Cohen, m km/h 400m km/h 300m 200m 100m 300m 300m 0m 90 m 130 m Offer fixation points at short intervals!

28 The design of the first German Motorways had been straight, like zigzag with many single accidents. 28

29 In these cases massive midium barriers from concrete back filled wit gravel are avoiding head on accidents 29

30 Today transition curves and the range of radii are well known standards! German Guideline

31 The horizontal Alignment has to be consitent The minimum horizontal radius for EKA 1 A motorways is 900 m, EKA 1B: 720 m and their minimum length 75m. But >1.300 m radius is recommended after long straights of > 500 m Transition (spiral) curves are necessary between straight and curves and curves and curves Their minimum parameter is Min A = 300 m EKA 1 A 240 m EKA 1 B 31

32 The purposes of transition curves 32

33 The alignment of the new Motorway A 20 in the North of Germany 33

34 Vertical Alignment EKA 1A: max s = 4%, EKA 1B Max s = 4,5 % Vertical radius EKA 1A on Hilltops = m and in dips m Vertical radius EKA 1B on Hilltops = m and in dips m 34

35 The 3 dimensional alignment 35 Both turning points of the vertical and horizontal alignment should be at the same spot

36 Drivers view 36

37 Drivers view 37

38 Drivers view 38

39 Crossfall in curves 39

40 Crossfall based on the radius of the curve 40

41 Drainage considerations 41 And more in the RAA

42 Junctions Spacing between 2 consequence Junctions of EKA 1 motorways should be about 8 km and they have to be grade separated. There are no acesses to properties at all, like here in Chile 42

43 Motorway T- Interchanges for right hand traffic 43

44 The left facing trumpet for right hand traffic 44

45 Trompet for left hand traffic 45

46 Other solution for left hand traffic 46

47 Interchange for right hand traffic 47

48 Same solution for left hand traffic 48

49 Systems of four way interchanges Main directions 49

50 Normal access for left hand traffic 50

51 Other soltions for left hand traffic 51 traffic signals may be necessary

52 Exits and entrances for left hand traffic basic examples Exit Entrance 52 More solutions in the RAA depending o the traffic volume and road status

53 Example of a motorway exit 53

54 Service and Rest Stations have to be in regular distances 54

55 55 The German Motorway network There are km of roads (out of cities); of them are Motorways (MW)= 5.6% They are carrying 224,2 billion vehicle km/year, these are 31% of the whole traffic volume in Germany with accidents with victims But only of those are occuring on motorways = 6.3 % The fatality rate on MWs is 1,9 but in total 4,6 per1 billion km

56 The crossection for express roads with a high cost benefit used in Sweden and Germany is the Up to vehicles per day

57 2+1 cross sections are building a secondary network between smaller centres and the TERN in Sweden and Germany 57

58 With median barriers in Sweden 58

59 ..the width of one carriageway for Motorways in the European Road Network according to German standards. So, the extension of the 2+1 to a motorway by a second carriageway will be easy to do later; but this has to be taken into considerations when designing the intersections 59

60 The third level are the destributor roads or rural roads connecting villages and towns where the Safe Transport System Approach will regulate the speed sustainable safe by the geometric design and urban rooms 60

61 Round abouts are most effective for connecting those distributor roads This Y interection of 2 rural road in Germany was a black spot with many heavy accidents with fatalitiers and injuries. Those cost had been about Euro each year. The reconconstruction to a round about needed ca Euro So the time for amortization was less than 1 year. There are no other investments so effective 61

62 Those roads need transitions for changes from rural to urban roads 1. Principle Announce entrance areas by: o traffic islands o shifts in the road course o narrowed lane in the shifts. Drivers must adapt and slow down. 62 OD-Richtlinie, MSWV 2000 / examples Belgium

63 Settlements along highways are the hard attack of the Road Transport System 63 M 16 in republic SRPSKA Accident spots 63

64 Design roads within settled areas as an arrangement of rooms and places! 64

65 65 More Activities of Pillar 2 and the tools elaborated by PIARC 3. Promote safe operation, maintenance and improvement of existing road infrastructure by - Black spot and network safety management (Piarc Accident Investigation Guideline) - Safety assessments of existing roads (PIARC Road Safety Inspection Guideline) - Speed sensitive design (PIARC Catalogue) - Work zone safety (PIARC Guideline) 4. Promote the development of safe new infrastructure -.By using Road Safety Impact Assessment and Road Safety Audits (PIARC Guideline on RSA) 5. Encourage capacity building and knowledge transfer 6. Encourage research and development in safer roads

66 Pillar 2 activity 4: Implement a Road Infrastructure Safety Management the EU Directive and the PIARC tools Road Safety Impact Assessment Road Safety Audit Road Safety Inspection Network safety ranking Ranking of high accident concentration (RIA) (RSA) (RSI) (NSR) (RAC) Pro-Active (Prevention) Re-Active (Cure) New Schemes Existing Roads 66 EU Directive 2008/96/EC

67 The pro-active approaches: RSA and RSI 67

68 PIARC Manuals have been developed on Road Safety Audit (RSA) ROAD SAFETY AUDIT (RSA) Road Safety ROAD SAFETY INSPECTION (RSI) Inspections (RSI) RSA CHECK LIST RSA Checklists CATALOGUE OF DESIGN SAFETY Catalogue PROBLEMS of design AND safety COUNTERMEASURES problems and countermeasures RSI Checklists RSI CHECK LIST 68 IMPROVED ROAD SAFETY To improve the safety of our Road Infrastructure

69 The safe road transport approach reduces driving time of cars to the next TERN (motorway) access 69 Shadow rooms without the blue net With the blue net

70 But driving times to TERN Roads may still be too long and dangerous from some parts of countries. Because of that a blue Network of safe express roads has to be developed for the country side settlements Prenzlau Perleberg It has to be An arterial Network like in our body (and not a collection of single sections) bypassing the organs, towns and villages, for vehicles only. Neuruppin Oranienburg Rathenow BERLIN Brandenburg Potsdam Luckenwalde Eberswalde Lübben Beeskow Cottbus 800 km Motorways 800 km Expressroads Seelow Frankfurt (Oder) Forst = 12% km carry 57% of the Traffic Volume Example of Brandenburg 70 Herzberg Senftenberg

71 Work on vehicles and rescue services - 80% in 20 years Work on roads for users 71 By such measures the safe Road Trasport System Approach was successfull in Germany

72 But the safe Road Transport System Approach has different stakeholders: Budget planning Traffic Police Legislation + Organization Information + Education Health sector Urban development +Land use planning Automobile Industry Road Administration 72

73 The safe System Approach will arrange them to concentrated actions Traffic Police Budget planing Legislation + Orghanization Information + Education Health + social sectors Land use + Urban development And the knowledge about Human Factors Automobile Industry Road Administrations will fill the gaps inbetween 73

74 The safe System Approach will widen their cooperation and angle of perception within the National Road Safety Council supported by the RS Agency Budget planers Legislative Traffic Police Health sector Road Safety Agency Institutions for Information and Education Land use Authorities Automobile Industry Road Administrations 74

75 The safe System Approach Will guide the Decade of Action successfully Thank you for Your attention 75