Luca Bertolini Integrating transport and urban planning. Why necessary? Why complex? How to cope? Amsterdam, for example. University of Amsterdam

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Gwendoline Phelps
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1 Luca Bertolini Integrating transport and urban planning Why necessary? Why complex? How to cope? Amsterdam, for example University of Amsterdam

2 Why necessary? A mobile society, borderless cities

3 A mobile society: dispersed activity places, held together by mobility (Kattenbroek, NL) (Reijndorp et al.)

4 A mobile society: multi-sited production processes, held together by mobility (Philips in NWE) (Boelens)

5 Cities: from self-contained and compact to borderless and networked

6 Then: self-contained, compact cities (Amsterdam, 1538) (Cornelis Anthonisz)

7 Now: borderless, networked cities (Amsterdam, 2012)

8 Why complex? A core dilemma

9 We depend on mobility

10 but mobility is not sustainable (WBCSD)

11 Dilemma: dependency vs. sustainability No more predict and provide No more predict and prevent

12 How to cope? Finding a balance

13 Balance For mobility to be sustainable, it must improve accessibility while avoiding disruptions in societal, environmental, and economic well-being that more than offset the benefits of the accessibility improvements (WBCSD)

14 Balance For mobility to be sustainable, it must improve accessibility while avoiding disruptions in societal, environmental, and economic well-being that more than offset the benefits of the accessibility improvements (WBCSD)

15 Accessibility In the large majority of cases people travel in order to get access to something or somebody, not just for the sake of it Accessibility is the goal, mobility is a means What matters is: What can be accessed (which jobs, shops, friends, etc.) = places of activity How it can be accessed (how fast, cheap, etc.) = travel conditions

16 improve accessibility Increase the amount and diversity of places of activity (e.g. workplaces) within an acceptable travel time/cost/etc. Land use density and functional mix (proximity) Transport speed and network form (mobility and connectivity)

17 avoid disruptions with no more use of resources (e.g. energy) than what is sustainable Share of resource-efficient transportation means Average distance traveled

18 Solution space ( mobility environments ) Transport policy ICT infrastructure Facilitate (infrastructure) Increase speed, flexibility Selective use (pricing) Activity coupling Without travel Walking, biking By PT By car Land use policy Multifunctional homes/workplaces Diverse neighborhood/city Concentration around stations Balanced region

19 Amsterdam, for example

20 World cities: modal split, emissions, income (1995) North American Car (% all trips) Public transport (% all trips) Biking and walking (% all trips) Per capita transport emissions (kg/p Per capita transport CO 2 emissions (kg/p) Per capita metropolitan income (USD) 88,5 3,4 8, Rich Asian 41,6 29,9 28, Western European 49,7 19,0 31, Amsterdam 31,3 17,2 51, (Kenworthy & Laube)

21 Amsterdam: modal split % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% walking bike public transport car 20% 10% 0% (O+S Amsterdam)

22 Biking and walking environments? Historic city: within the motorway ring

23 Modal split by area (dro Amsterdam, MON) BIKE CAR PT BIKE CAR PT CAR PT BIKE

24 Accessibility by bike (people and jobs within 30 minute travel) (divv Amsterdam)

25 Solution space ( mobility environments ) Transport policy ICT infrastructure Facilitate (infrastructure) Increase speed, flexibility Selective use (pricing) Activity coupling Without travel Walking, biking By PT By car Land use policy Multifunctional homes/workplaces Diverse neighborhood/city Concentration around stations Balanced region

26 Policy change: from facilitating the car and pursuing functional separation (up to the 70s)

27 to constraining car use, facilitating alternative modes, and preserving the functional mix (since the 70s) 27

28 Public transport environments? Railway station areas along the ring line

29 Modal split workers ring line corridor (home to work trips) Bike 9% PT 51% Car 40% (divv Amsterdam)

30 Accessibility by public transport (people and jobs within 30 minute travel) (divv Amsterdam)

31 Solution space ( mobility environments ) Transport policy ICT infrastructure Facilitate (infrastructure) Increase speed, flexibility Selective use (pricing) Activity coupling Without travel Walking, biking By PT By car Land use policy Multifunctional homes/workplaces Diverse neighborhood/city Concentration around stations Balanced region

32 Developments in the railway network Built-up area, 1967 Built-up area, Railways, 1967 Railways, Purmerend Motorways, 1967 Zaandam Motorways, Centre, 1967 Amsterdam Centre, Haarlem Schiphol Airport Almere Haarlemmermeer 5 km N Amstelveen

33 Developments in the railway network Built-up area, 1967 Built-up area, Railways, 1967 Railways, Purmerend Motorways, 1967 Zaandam Motorways, Centre, 1967 Amsterdam Centre, Haarlem Schiphol Airport Almere Haarlemmermeer 5 km N Amstelveen

34 Developments in urban centres Built-up area, 1967 Built-up area, Railways, 1967 Railways, Purmerend Motorways, 1967 Zaandam Motorways, Centre, 1967 Amsterdam Centre, Haarlem Schiphol Airport Almere Haarlemmermeer 5 km N Amstelveen

35 Developments in urban centres Built-up area, 1967 Built-up area, Railways, 1967 Railways, Purmerend Motorways, 1967 Zaandam Motorways, Centre, 1967 Amsterdam Centre, Haarlem Schiphol Airport Almere Haarlemmermeer 5 km N Amstelveen

36 CAR CAR BIKE/WALK PUBLIC TRANSPORT CAR The corresponding urban form

37 Accessibility by car (people and jobs within 30 minute travel) (divv Amsterdam)

38 What about other cities?

39 Solution space ( mobility environments ) Transport policy ICT infrastructure Facilitate (infrastructure) Increase speed, flexibility Selective use (pricing) Activity coupling Without travel Walking, biking By PT By car Land use policy Multifunctional homes/workplaces Diverse neighborhood/city Concentration around stations Balanced region

40 The corresponding urban form Urban reach, high intensity Regional reach, high intensity Urban PT Regional PT Interregional PT Regional reach, low intensity (car) Motorway Local reach (walk, cycle) Interregional reach, high intensity Origins (homes) Destinations (workplaces, other facilities)

41 Let s discuss!

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