Development and Validation of Newborn Child Head Numerical Model Dummy for Impact Simulations

Transcription

1 Internatonal Journal of Electroncs and Electrcal Engneerng Vol. 4, No. 6, December 2016 Development and Valdaton of Newborn Chld Head Numercal Model Dummy for Impact Smulatons J. M. Nursherda, B. B. Sahar, and A. A. Nuran Department of Mechancal and Manufacturng Engneerng, Faculty of Engneerng, Unverst Putra Malaysa, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysa Emal: {barkaw, A. Manohar Department of Orthopedc Surgery, Faculty of Medcal and Health Scences, Unverst Putra Malaysa, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysa Emal: Abstract Computer smulaton usng Fnte Element Model (FEM) are often used as a substtute for human expermental head njury studes, especally n predctng car accdent njures, enhance understandng of njury mechansm and develop preventon strateges. The use of FEM n crash test dummes s advantageous over physcal dummes because of the lower cost and repeatablty. Numerous adult FEM of the head have been developed, but there are relatvely few paedatrc FEM due to scarcty of materal property data for chldren. Consequently, there are not enough models representng newborn chld. Chld head njury s a costly problem, both n terms of morbdty and drect medcal costs. In fact, t s the leadng cause of death and dsablty for chldren under the age 18-years-old. Despte ts mportance and effect on the populaton, the study of paedatrc head njury s obstructed by the lack of avalable paedatrc Post-Mortem Human Specmen (PMHS) data. As a substtute for PMHS testng, Anthropometrc Test Devces (ATDs) and FEM have been developed to model the head. However, there s a scarcty of data for the desgn and valdaton of these models. Ths paper presents the development and valdaton of a newborn (NB) FEM for head dummy and smulated results compared wth the chld cadaver expermental data under drop test condtons. Its ntended for automotve crashworthness assessment. The model was developed by usng both deformable and rgd body materals. The newborn head anthropometrc data were obtaned from publshed journal artcles. Usng recent publshed materal property data, the nfant skull, skn and scalp FEM of the newborn ATD head was developed to study the response n head drop tests. The head assembly was valdated by usng three dfferent head drop tests setups. The three mpact locatons are one frontal/forehead, and two lateral (rght and left paretal) drop tests. All tests wth drop heght of 130 mm are the certfcaton procedure. The benchmark model used n ths study was a modfed verson of the 6-year-old numercal model developed by Lvermore Software Technology Corporaton and Natonal Crash Analyss Center. A morphng method wthn LSPrepost software was used. Manuscrpt receved December 12, 2015; revsed March 29, Int. J. Electron. Electr. Eng. do: /jeee Index Terms crashworthness assessment, newborn head dummy model, fnte element, head njury crtera I. INTRODUCTION Accordng to epdemologcal studes [1], Traumatc Bran Injury (TBI) s a serous cause of death and dsablty among the young paedatrc populaton. TBI, also called acqured bran njury or smply head njury, occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the bran [2]. Head njury s leadng cause of paedatrcs fatalty and dsablty n the Unted States [3]-[5], n whch drop/fall s one of the most frequent causes [6], [7]. Fnte Element Model (FEM) s a wdely used tool to nvestgate the dynamc response of the adult head under mpact. Nevertheless, compared to adult models, three dmensonal fnte element models of newborn chld s head s stll scarce. A fnte element model of 6 month-old (MO) chld has been developed by DeSants Klnch et al. [8] was used to nvestgate the skull njures n reconstructng accdents that the nfant sttng n rear-facng Chld Restrant System (CRS) suffered from arbag deployment durng motor vehcle crashes. Roth et al. [9], [10] developed a 6 MO chld head numercal model. The same research group also developed a 3 year-old (YO) [11], [12] and a 17 day-old (DO) chld numercal head models [13], n whch the 3YO chld head model was manly used to compare the ntracranal njury metrcs dfferences between ths 3YO model and a scaled adult head model [11], and the 17DO model was used to smulate the paedatrc skull fracture n reconstructng the real world head trauma for neurologcal lesons [13]. Coats et al. [14] developed a 1.5MO head FEM and conducted a parametrc study to nvestgate the relatve mportance of bran materal propertes and the anatomcal varatons n suture and scalp on head responses under drop condtons. Ths model was also used to reproduce Weber s cadaver drop tests [15], [16] that focus on bone fracture. L et al.

2 Internatonal Journal of Electroncs and Electrcal Engneerng Vol. 4, No. 6, December 2016 [17], [18] developed a parametrc paedatrc head FEM and morphed a baselne model to a newborn sze, a 1.5MO, and a 3MO head model, n whch only the newborn head FEM was valdated aganst cadaver experment. Weber [15], [16] dropped 50 chldren aged from 0 to 9MO onto 5 dfferent mpact surfaces under the drop heght of 82cm, whch provded mportant nformaton for studyng the skull fracture mechansm and njury crtera. However, no quanttatve data, such as head acceleraton and contact force were collected from the tests, and only the skull fracture patterns were reported n that study [15], [16]. The latest research about development and valdaton of the nfant head FEM was conducted by Z. L et al. [18] n From the research done by Z. L et al. [18], a statstcal model of cranum geometry for 0 to 3MO chldren was developed by analyzng 11 CT scans usng a combnaton of prncpal component analyss and multvarate regresson analyss [17]. Radal bass functon was used to morph the geometry of a baselne chld head FEM nto models wth geometres representng a newborn, a 1.5MO, and a 3MO nfant head. Model valdaton was conducted aganst peak head acceleratons n cadaver tests under dfferent mpact condtons, and optmzaton technques were used to determne the mechancal propertes. The results showed that the statstcal model of cranum geometry produced realstc cranum sze and shape, suture sze, and skull/suture thckness, for 0 to 3MO chldren. The paedatrc head models generated by morphng had a mesh qualty comparable to the baselne model. It s observed that, the elastc modulus of skull had a greater effect on most head mpact response measurements than other parameters. The same research group developed a 6MO chld head FEM and the smulated results were compared wth the chld cadaver expermental under compresson and drop condtons [17]. Comparson of results ndcated that the FEM showed good bofdelc behavour n most dynamc responses. The valdated FEM was further used to nvestgate the effects of dfferent drop heghts and mpact surface stffness on the head dynamc responses [19]. The European Enhanced Vehcle-safety Commttee wants to promote the use of more bofdelc chld dummes and bomechancal based tolerance lmts n regulatory and consumer testng [20]. Very few fndngs on newborn ATD found n the lterature was valdated by cadaver test data from smlar age group. Even though drop s one of the most frequent causes for nfant head njury; the effects of drop heght and mpact surface stffness on chld head njury were not nvestgated n the lterature n detal. Due to the lmtaton of chld cadavers avalable for testng, such a model wll be extremely useful for nvestgatng the morphology and age effects on paedatrc head njures, and thus provdng nsghts on how to prevent head njures. The objectves of ths study are (1) to develop FEM head for newborn ATD dummy to use n occupant safety analyss, and (2) to smulate a valdaton process under drop condtons based on the expermental cadaver drop tests data from publshed lterature. II. MODEL DEVELOPMENT Baselne model development: The baselne model used n ths study was a modfed verson of the 6YO Anthropomorphc Testng Devce (ATD) model developed by Lvermore Software Technology Corporaton (LSTC) and Natonal Crash Analyss Center (NCAC). The model s based on the Hybrd III 6YO Chld Crash Test Dummy (H III6C, Beta Verson). It has been valdated to the certfcaton tests descrbed n the Code of Federal Regulatons, Ttle 49, Part 572, Subpart N. Valdaton results can be found n the accompanyng documentaton. The mesh of the FEM of the Hybrd III 6YO was developed by LSTC by use of the TrueGrd software [21]. TrueGrd s a Hexahedral Mesh Generator. The mesh s based on scanned data of an actual dummy and the drawng package of the dummy [22]. Fg. 1 shows the 6YO LSTC Dummy used as baselne model n ths study. The smulaton of a frontal head drop test was done and compared wth the expermental data. From the results, a 4.8% error was obtaned, so the smulaton results are consdered acceptable and can be used as a reference for the newborn smulaton analyss. Fgure 1. 6YO LSTC dummy used as baselne model. Table I shows the basc statstcs of the current verson of the model. TABLE I. 6YO LSTC MODEL SUMMARY Number of nodes 199,121 Number of sold elements 127,154 Number of shell elements 45,032 Number of beam elements 142 Head geometry and morphng actvty: The FEM of ATD newborn head was developed by usng mesh morphng technque n LS-DYNA Software. Ths method works by constranng the parts to be morphed (Morph nodes) wthn a sold hex mesh. Once Constran has been actvated, the hex mesh can be changed accordngly, and the Morph nodes wll follow. The nodal coordnates are transformed based on ther relatve poston wthn ther contanng sold element. Hence, n order to make a more precse adjustment, a fner sold mesh was used. The head assembly s made of skull ncludng vscoelastc skn layer, and accelerometer load cell. A non Int. J. Electron. Electr. Eng. 564

3 Internatonal Journal of Electroncs and Electrcal Engneerng Vol. 4, No. 6, December 2016 lnear vsco-elastc materal model (MAT_06) was used for the skn and an elastc materal (MAT_01) was used for the skull and beam of the load cell. The beam connects the skull to the load cell housng. Load cell housng and accelerometer mountng are made of rgd materal MAT_20. Anthropometry: Global measurements of the head model were checked based on anthropometrc studes concernng the evoluton of the head durng growth. The man dmensons (length, wdth, and crcumference) of the model were compared to anatomcal studes reported by Loyd A. M. [23]. Table II shows the anthropometrc data used n the smulaton model. The measurement dentfcaton and detal measurement of FEM dummy were llustrated n Fg. 2 and Fg. 3. The head model can be consdered as a 50th percentle newborn head. have sgnfcant effects on elastc modulus of skulls from 0 to 13MO chldren. Materal propertes of the facal bones were consdered the same as the skull. Table III shows the materal property values used n the smulaton. Also, n ths study, the skull was assumed to be homogeneous and has the same elastc modulus as that of 0- to 3MO head. The materal property of skull was consdered as lnear elastc and for the skn a vsco-elastc materal model was used. TABLE III. MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF NEWBORN HEAD FOR THE COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION [24], [26] TABLE II. ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA FOR NUMERICAL INFANT HEAD [23] Head breadth Head crcumference Head depth 103mm 388mm 134mm Component Elastc Modulus (MPa) Posson s rato Mass densty (kg/m3) Skull Suture Scalp Sources Coats et al. (2006) & Franklyn (2007) Coats et al. (2006) & Franklyn (2007) Coats et al. (2006) & Franklyn (2007) Elastc (MAT_01): Elastc s an sotropc materal and s avalable for beam, shell and sold elements n LSDyna [27]. The axal and bendng dampng factors are used to damp down numercal nose. The expresson for force resultants, F, and moment resultants, M, ncludes the dampng factors are as follows: F Fgure 2. Comparson of the average human skull contours for 1M, 24M and 120M [23]. n 1 n 1 M DA DB F 1 n M 1 n F n 1 2 (1) t n M 1 2 t (2) Vscoelastc (MAT_06): Stress and stran analyss of a vsco-elastc materal presents many techncal htches for real problems of complex geometry and n whch nhomogenety arses due to temperature or age dfferences of the materal. The standard transformaton approaches permt soluton when a closed form soluton of equvalent elastc problems s avalable [28]. The shear relaxaton behavour s descrbed from a tme (t) dependent shear modulus as [29]: Fgure 3. Detals measurement of nfant dummy head FEM. G(t ) G (G 0 G )e Materal propertes: As explaned n the ntroducton, only a few studes report mechancal propertes of chld head components. Thus mechancal propertes reported by Frankln et al. [24] and Coats et al. [25], [26] were consdered n ths model. Coats et al. [25], [26] have nvestgated materal propertes of newborn skull and sutures. The consttutve law of sutures and fontanels were consdered as lnear elastc based on tenson tests. The consttutve law of the skull was elastc plastc wth rupture, based on three-pont bendng tests. An extensve lterature revew on chld head materal propertes by Franklyn et al. [24] has compared and summarzed most of the prevous expermental data avalable before Coats et al. [25], [26] conducted bendng and tenson tests on skull and suture usng 23 paedatrc cadavers from 21 weeks gestatonal age to 13MO. The results showed that age and locaton dd not 2016 Int. J. Electron. Electr. Eng. t (3) where G, Go, and β were the materal constants, that found by the load-tme curve. An equaton that has found wde acceptance for large stran nelastc analyss s the updated Lagrangan Jaumann (U.L.J.) formulaton [30]. Here, the Jaumann stress rate s used: t j 2 G (t ) Dj ( ) d (4) 0 where the prme denotes the devatorc part of the stress rate, j and the stran rate Dj. III. RESULTS AND MODEL VALIDATION Cadaver test from lterature and FEM valdaton under drop condtons: The newborn ATD dummy head FEM 565

4 Internatonal Journal of Electroncs and Electrcal Engneerng Vol. 4, No. 6, December 2016 was dropped from 130mm heght onto the fxed rgd surface at forehead and paretal locatons. Three drop condtons were ncluded n these smulatons. The mpact velocty exerted on the FEM was equal to 1.597m/s, whch were computed based on the drop heghts. The coeffcent of frcton between head and mpact surface, and the hourglass energy n LS-DYNA were defned to be the same as those descrbed n the secton of FEM valdaton under drop condtons. The sgn conventons of the SAE J211 standard was used n the smulatons for all measured values. Fg. 4 llustrates the smulaton of the drop test of the newborn ATD dummy head model at 130mm heght. The frontal drop test events are shown n Fg. 5. The contact tme from head skn to rgd shell s 3 mllseconds. From Fg. 5, t appears that the maxmum value calculated for Von Mses stress was about 53.2Pa and occurred n the scalp area. The dstrbuton of the Von Mses stress may be related to the topology of the scalp and skull, partcularly the base whch s a very rregular surface. The results of smulatons tests for acceleraton are shown n Fg. 6. Also shown n Fg. 6 are lnes ndcatng the peak values of acceleratons from references [31], [32] for comparson of peak values. The peak resultant acceleratons from the smulaton are approxmately 10%to 28% hgher than the expermental test results. The comparson of peak resultant acceleraton and average tme duraton for all the 3 drop condtons are shown n Fg. 6. In Table IV, the percentage errors were calculated accordng to dfferent mpact locatons of the head. A farly good agreement of peak resultant acceleratons between test and smulaton were found for all the condtons. Fgure 4. Frontal drop test set up. Fgure 5. Dstrbuton of von Mses stress for frontal drop test smulaton. Fgure 6. Resultant acceleraton vs tme graph of frontal, left and rght paretal for 6YO and newborn head responses (Note: The peak values from references [31], [32] are ndcated as lnes snce acceleraton tme curve s not avalable) Int. J. Electron. Electr. Eng. 566

5 Internatonal Journal of Electroncs and Electrcal Engneerng Vol. 4, No. 6, December 2016 TABLE IV. THE HEAD BIO-FIDELITY TESTS RESULT FOR THE NEWBORN ATD DUMMY HEAD MODEL Peak resultant head acceleraton (g) FE dummy head Drop heght Expermental Smulaton Impact drecton Target model (mm) result [31], [32] result Dfference (%) Frontal (Forehead) ±33 120± Newborn Lateral (Rght paretal) ± ± Lateral (Left Paretal) ± ± YO-as a reference Frontal (Forehead) ±33 122± The head assembly was valdated by usng three dfferent set-ups of head drop tests as shown n Table IV. Both tests wth drop heght of 130 mm are the certfcaton procedure. The bomechancal target of the newborn ATD head s based on the rgd surface cadaver drop tests conducted by Hodgson and Thomas [31] and Crstan Gehre [32]. The head bo-fdelty test results for the newborn ATD FE dummy head model s also shown n Table IV. IV. SUMMARY In ths study, a bofdelc FEM of a newborn head was developed and compared wth the newborn chld cadaver test. The drop tests were conducted n three dfferent locaton; forehead, rght paretal and left paretal. The peak resultant acceleraton value gves ndcaton on the stffness of the part. The comparson of results showed that the newborn head dummy model s slghtly stffer than the correspondng expermental chld cadaver test. The peak resultant acceleraton s slghtly hgher than those from the expermental tests. Ths s probably because the materal property used for the newborn FEM s a lttle stffer than the counterpart of newborn cadaver. The above nconsstency can probably attrbute to the followng reasons: (1) materal propertes of some components (skn/scalp, skull) n the present head FEM are from the test data of adult head due to lack of paedatrc test data whch most lkely overestmate the global stffness of head, (2) the exact mpact locaton between the head and mpact surface n the smulaton and the expermental test are not exactly the same and ths could also cause some errors. As a concluson, a FEM of the newborn head was developed n ths study, and was valdated aganst expermental data n terms of head acceleraton. Chld bomechancs suffers strongly from great lmtatons n terms of expermental cadaver data. Ethcal ssues lmt the type of experments whch can be conducted, yet these experments are requred for mathematcal model valdaton. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Ths work was supported by Fundamental Research Grant Scheme wth Reference Number: FRGS/2/2013/TK01/UPM/01/1, vot , Mnstry of Educaton (MOE), Malaysa, and was carred out n Unverst Putra Malaysa (UPM). The authors therefore would lke to record ther thanks to the MOE and UPM for the supports. REFERENCES [1] D. Vano, H. VonHolst, and E. Gordon, Serous bran njury from traffc related causes: Prortes for prmary nterventon, Accd. Anal. Prev., vol. 29, pp , [2] Marca Vta Natonal, Insttute of Neurologcal Dsorders and Stroke Natonal Insttutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland, NIH Publcaton No , September [3] J. F. Kraus, A. 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6 Internatonal Journal of Electroncs and Electrcal Engneerng Vol. 4, No. 6, December 2016 Methods and Programs n Bomedcne, vol. 112, pp , [20] K. D. Jager and M. V. Ratngen, Assessng new chld dummes and crtera for chld occupant protecton n frontal mpact, n Proc. 19th Internatonal Techncal Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehcles, June [21] XYZ Scentfc Applcatons, Inc. A mesh generator and prewww.truegrd.com processor for FEA and CFD analyss. [Onlne]. Avalable: [22] U. Mahadevaah et al., Documentaton of LSTC hybrd III 6- year-old FEM, [23] A. M. Loyd, Studes of the human head from neonate to adult: An nertal, geometrcal and structural analyss wth comparsons to the ATD head chld anthropometry for restrant system desgn, Thess, Graduate School of Duke Unversty, [24] M. Franklyn, S. Pers, C. Huber, and K. H. Yang, Pedatrc materal propertes: A revew of human chld and anmal surrogates, Crt. Rev. Bomed. Eng., vol. 35, no. 3-4, pp , [25] B. Coats and S. S. Margules, Characterzaton of paedatrc porcne skull propertes durng mpact, n Proc. IRCOBI Conference, Lsbon, [26] B. Coats and S. S. Margules, Materal propertes of human nfant skull and suture at hgh rates, J. Neuro Trauma, vol. 23, no. 8, pp , [27] LS-DYNA Keyword User s Manual, Lvermore Software Technology Corporaton, [28] E. H. Lee, Vscoelastcty, n Handbook of Engneerng Mechancs, W. Flvgge, Ed., New York: McGraw-Hll, 1962, ch. 53. [29] L. R. Herrman and F. E. Peterson, A numercal procedure for vscoelastc stress analyss, n Proc. Seventh Meetng of ICRPG Mechancal Behavor Workng Group, [30] K. J. Bathe, Fnte Element Procedures n Engneerng Analyss, Englewood Clffs, NJ: Prentce-Hall, [31] V. R. Hodgson and L. M. Thomas, Head mpact response, Vehcle Research Insttute report VRI 7.2 SAE, [32] C. Gehre and V. Schndler, Development of the numercal model of the newborn chld dummy Q0, n Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Enhanced Safety Vehcles, Ma Nursherda J., born n 1983 n Kuala Plah Neger Semblan, Malaysa, obtaned a Second Class Upper Honors Degree, Bachelor of Mechancal and Manufacturng Engneerng n 2006 from Unversty Putra Malaysa, and then contnued studes at the same unversty, UPM n Crash analyss of pedestran njury, leadng to Master degree. She was awarded wth an M.Eng degree n Currently she s pursung her PhD degree n the development of 1 year-old Asan dummy model for the fnte element predcton of njury automotve crash at Unversty Putra Malaysa, UPM. In 2010, she was the member of a research group of the program Computatonally Optmzed Fuel Effcent Car that led by Professor Ir. Dr. Barkaw Bn Sahar. The research program has been completed successfully and she managed to publsh four journal papers wth mpact factor. Ma Nursherda Bnt Jalaluddn was Graduate Member, Board of Engneers Malaysa (BEM). B. B. Sahar, born n 1957, obtaned a Frst Class Honors Degree, Bachelor of Scence n Mechancal Engneerng n 1981 and Ph.D. n Mechancal Engneerng n 1984, both from the Unversty of Nottngham, Unted Kngdom. Barkaw s major felds of study are stress analyss, strength of materal and fnte element analyss. In 1986, he was a member of a research group of the program Automaton and Computer Applcaton n Industry. The program was successfully carred out and was completed n 1990 wth 11 publcatons. Barkaw was also the head of a team that mplemented a CNGDI Engne and Transmsson research program from , classfed as Natonal Prortzed Research (PR) under the IRPA mechansm, and was also the Subproject leader for the research program Computatonally Optmzed Fuel Effcent Concept Car for Professor Ir. Dr. Barkaw was apponted as the Deputy Dean (Research) from January 1999 to September Professor Barkaw was apponted as the Drector, Insttute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Unverst Putra Malaysa from September 2006 to September He s currently a Professor n the Department of Mechancal and Manufacturng, Faculty of Engneerng, UPM, Practcng Professonal Engneer Regstered wth Board of Engneers, Malaysa, and Corporate Member of Insttuton of Engneers, Malaysa. Nuran Bt Abdul Azz, n 2010, was the member of a research group of the program Computatonally Optmzed Fuel Effcent Car led by Professor Ir. Dr. Barkaw Bn Sahar. Her expertse s related to Strength of Materal, Engneerng Desgn, Fnte Element Analyss and Stochastc Analyss. Dr. Nuran Bt Abdul Azz was Graduate Member, Board of Engneers Malaysa (BEM). Manohar a/l Arumugam s currently the Head of Hand & Mcrosurgery Unt, and Head, Department of Orthopedc Surgery. He s a Professor n Orthopedcs (teachng medcal students, house offcers, nurses, medcal assstant and Orthopedc postgraduate students). He s one of the Commttee members of Malaysan Socety for Surgery of the Hand. He receved award for excellence n servce awarded by Unverst Putra Malaysa n 2013, 2008 and Int. J. Electron. Electr. Eng. 568