An Investigation of the Hydraulics in a Prototype Pool-and-Chute, Vortex Weir Fishway for Anadromous Fish Passage

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1 University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage 217 Jun 21st, 3:3 PM - 3:5 PM An Investigation of the Hydraulics in a Prototype Pool-and-Chute, Vortex Weir Fishway for Anadromous Fish Passage Brendan Foster Humboldt State University Margaret Lang PhD, PE Humboldt State University Eileen Cashman Humboldt State University Michael Love PE Michael Love & Associates Follow this and additional works at: Foster, Brendan; Lang, Margaret PhD, PE; Cashman, Eileen; and Love, Michael PE, "An Investigation of the Hydraulics in a Prototype Pool-and-Chute, Vortex Weir Fishway for Anadromous Fish Passage" (217). International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Fish Passage Community at UMass Amherst at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact scholarworks@library.umass.edu.

2 An Investigation of the Hydraulics in a Prototype Pool-and-Chute, Vortex Weir Fishway for Anadromous Fish Passage. Brendan Foster; Margaret Lang, PhD, PE; Eileen Cashman, PhD; Michael Love, PE

3 Outline Introduction Research Objectives Velocity and Turbulence Characteristics Preliminary Passage Model Summary Questions

4 Standard Pool-and-Chute & Vortex Weir Fishways Photo: Michael Love & Associates Photo: M. Lang

5 Installation Types Fully Spanning Partially Spanning Bypass Photo: Brendan Foster Photo: Michael Love & Associates Photo:

6 Research Objectives 1. Measure the hydraulic conditions throughout the proposed fishway at three flows spanning the fish passage flow range o velocity magnitudes and directions o turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) 2. Identify the potential migration pathways for Steelhead and Coho Salmon 3. Determine percent fatigue (F%) and ascension times for adult Steelhead and Coho salmon passage through the prototype fishway 4. Estimate a theoretical maximum length for the prototype fishway

7 New Hybrid Design Orifice Photo: Michael Love & Associates Flow Model: Length = 9.6 ft, Width = 2 ft Prototype: Length = 144 ft, Width = 3 ft

8 Experimental Conditions Three fish passage design flows Flow Name ModelFlow Rate (cfs) Prototype Flow Rate (cfs) High Flow Medium Flow Low Flow % Slope 1: scale model of proposed fishway

9 Flow Regimes Streaming Flow Transitional Flow Plunging Flow Recreated from Ead et al. (24)

10 ADV Data Collection Flow Flow Orifice Orifice 14 1 Photo: Brendan Foster Orifice Plan View Orifice Top 14 Top 1 Middle Middle h 14 1 / 2 Bottom Bottom Side View h

11 Velocities High Flow (181 cfs) Surface Middle Bottom Streaming Transitional Streaming flow width = ~8 ft Transitional and plunging flow width = ~22 ft

12 TKE High Flow (181 cfs) Surface Middle Bottom TKE (m 2 /s 2 )

13 Velocities Medium Flow (144 cfs) Surface Middle Bottom Transitional

14 TKE Medium Flow (144 cfs) Surface Middle Bottom TKE (m 2 /s 2 )

15 Velocities Low Flow (17 cfs) Surface Middle Bottom Transitional

16 TKE Low Flow (17 cfs) Surface Middle Bottom TKE (m 2 /s 2 )

17 Preliminary Passage Model 1. Estimate passage efficiency as percent fatigue (F%) and ascension time o o o Two species: steelhead and cohosalmon Two swim pathways: straight and long Two flow rates: medium and high 2. Estimate theoretical maximum length for the prototype fishway

18 Model Assumptions 1. Fish swim continuously 2. Fish use burst swim mode to go over weirs, prolonged swim mode while swimming in pools 3. Sufficient depth exists throughout pools and over significant portions of the weirs under the three flow rates considered 4. Fish enter the fishway with % fatigue 5. Fish are highly motivated -no behavioral delays are considered 6. Fish lengths and water velocities are normally distributed 7. Weir velocities are calculated as the average velocity over the plunging flow cross section 8. Pool water velocities are the depth-averaged middle and surface velocities scaled up to prototype values

19 Two Pathways Chosen to get a Range of F% Values and Ascension Times Straight Path Long Path Burst speed over weirs Prolonged speed in pools

20 Model Calculations Percent Fatigue (F%) calculated as (Castro-Santos, 26):

21 Model Calculations The fish swim speed ( ) was calculated as (Castro-Santos, 25): +x

22 Summary of Calculations Variable Prolonged Reference calculated using equations asserted by Castro-Santos (25) and data from Paulik& Delacy(1957) by Love & James (216) Burst Weaver(1963) Burst Hunter and Mayor (1998) Prolonged Love & James (216), data from Paulik & Delacy(1957)

23 Calculation of Total Burst Steelhead Burst Swim Speed Equation from Hunter and Mayor (1998): Prolonged. Burst. Coho Burst Swim Speed Equation from Hunter and Mayor (1998):. Burst. ln(t mean ) = -.487U s Swim speed versus fatigue time for steelhead trout swimming at prolonged speeds, developed from data presented in Paulik and Delacy (1958) (Love & James, 216).

24 F% for 1 Steelhead under the Medium Flow Rate, along the Short and Long Path Fatigue % Short Path Steelhead Fork ~8% Fatigue % Long Path Steelhead Fork

25 Summary of mean F% for all As-Designed Scenarios Mean Steelhead 6c Coho F% Med Med High High Med Med High High Short long Short long Short long Short long Steelhead Coho

26 Summary of Findings Velocities and TKE Does not appear to be energetically limiting Prototype fishwaycould extend 37.5 ftwithout a single fish reaching 1 F% Future model improvements o Use observed swim speeds within full-scale pool-and-chute fishways o Incorporate behavioral delays entering and within fishways o Quantify error from scale effects

27 Acknowledgements Committee Dr. Margaret Lang, HSU Engineering Dr. Eileen Cashman, HSU Engineering Dr. Mark Henderson, HSU Fisheries HSU College of Natural Resources Technicians Marty Reed Colin Wingfield Michael Love & Associates Michael Love, PE Travis James, PE HSU Environmental Resources EngineeringUndergraduates Mathew Nyberg Brian Draeger Brian Weekly NeftaliEunice Romero

28 Questions?

29 Possible Occurrence Debris Debris REW LEW Photo: Brendan Foster Photo: Brendan Foster

30 Model Calculations The fish swim speed ( ) was calculated as (Castro-Santos, 25): -water velocity Prolonged (in pools): depth averaged over the surface and middle depths, sampled for each nodal distance using Monte Carlo simulations Burst (over weirs): calculated using a dimensionless discharge approach following equations from Bates & Love (21), which were reproduced from Eadet al. (24) -ground speed Prolonged (in pools): Assumed values from Love & James (216), calculated using equations asserted by Castro-Santos (25) and data from Paulik and Delacy (1958) Burst (over weirs): Assumed values from (Weaver, 1963) +x

31 Calculation of Prolonged Prolonged : Nodal distances in pools (ft)/ Pool swim speed (BL(ft)/s) = (4 or 5.9 ft) / ( sampled + distance-optimizing ground swim speed ( )) calculated using equations asserted by Castro-Santos (25) and data from Paulik& Delacy(1957) by Love & James (216) Steelhead: Coho Salmon: BL/s 1.68 BL/s

32 Calculation of Burst Burst : Weir thickness (ft) / weir swim speed (BL(ft)/s) = (.67 ft) / ( over weir (calculated) + for Burst speed ) for Burst speed assumed to be 2.5 BL/s for steelhead and 3.1 BL/s for coho (Weaver, 1963)