THE BEHAVIOUR OF TELEOST FISHES

Transcription

1 THE BEHAVIOUR OF TELEOST FISHES

2 THE BEHAVIOUR OF TELEOST FISHES Edited by TONY J. PITCHER Senior Lecturer in Zoology, University College of North Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK qp CROOM HELM London & Sydney

3 1986 Tony J. Pitcher Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1986 Croom Helm Lid, Provident House, Burrell Row, Beckenham, Kent BR3 lat Croom Helm Australia Pty Lid, Suite 4, 6th Floor, Kippax Street, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The Behaviour of teleost fishes. 1. Teleostei-Behaviour I. Pitcher, Tony J. 597' QL615 ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) Typeset in lopt Times Roman by Leaper & Gard Ltd, Bristol, England

4 CONTENTS List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgements PART ONE: BASES OF BERA VIOUR Introduction T.J. Pitcher 1. Genetic Basis of Fish Behaviour D.L. G. Noakes 2. Motivational Basis of Fish Behaviour P. Colgan Development of Behaviour in Fishes F.A Huntingford 47 PART TWO: SENSORY MODALITIES Introduction T.J. Pitcher 4. Role of Vision in Fish Behaviour D.M. Guthrie 5. Underwater Sound and Fish Behaviour AD. Hawkins Role of Olfaction in Fish Behaviour T.J. Hara Role of the Lateral Line in Fish Behaviour H. Bleckmann 177 PART THREE: BEHAVIOURAL ECOLOGY Introduction T.J. Pitcher 8. Foraging in Teleost Fishes P.J.B. Hart 9. Constraints Placed by Predators on Feeding Behaviour M. Milinski 10. Teleost Mating: Systems and Strategies G. Turner 11. Williams' Principle: an Explanation of Parental Care in Teleost Fishes R C. Sargent and M.R. Gross Functions of Shoaling Behaviour in Teleosts T.J. Pitcher Individual Differences in Fish Behaviour AE. Magurran Fish Behaviour by Day, Night and Twilight G.S. Helfman Intertidal Teleosts: Life in a Fluctuating Environment RN. Gibson Behavioural Ecology of Sticklebacks G.J. FitzGerald and R.J. Wootton Behavioural Ecology of Cave-dwelling Fishes J. Parze/all 433

5 PART FOUR: APPLIED FISH BEHAVIOUR Introduction T.J. Pitcher 18. Fish Behaviour and Fishing Gear es. Wardie 19. Fish Behaviour and the Management of Freshwater Fisheries K. O'Hara Author Index Fish Index Subject Index

6 To Susannah and Tamsin

7 CONTRIBUTORS H. Bleckmann: Department of Neurosciences A-001, School of Medicine, University of Califomia at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA P. Colgan: Department of Biology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6 G..T. FitzGerald: Departement de Biologie, Universite Laval, Cite Universitaire, Quebec, P.Q., Canada G1K 7P4 R.N. Gibson: Scottish Marine Biological Association, Dunstaffnage Marine Research Laboratory, PO Box 3, Oban, Argyll PA34 4AD, UK D.M. Guthrie: Department of Zoology, Williamson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK M.R. Gross: Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A ls6 T..T. Hara: Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N6 P..T.B. Hart: Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Adrian Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LEI 7RH, UK A.D. Hawkins: Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Scotland, Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB9 8DB, UK G.S. Helfman: Department of Zoology and Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA F.A. Huntingford: Department of Zoology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK A.E. Magurran: School of Animal Biology, University College of North Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK M. Milinski: Arbeitsgruppe für Verhaltensforschung, Abteilung für Biologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Postfach , D-4630 Bochum 1, Federal Republic of Germany D.L.G. Noakes: Department of Zoology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 K. O'Hara: Department of Zoology, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, PO Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK J. Parzefall: Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3,2 Hamburg 13, Federal Republic ofgermany T..T. Pitcher: School of Animal Biology, University College of North Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK R.C. Sargent: Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A ls6 G. Turner: School of Animal Biology, University College of North Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK

8 Contributors C.S. Wardie: Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Scotland, Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB9 8DB, UK R.J. Wootton: Department of Zoology, University College, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3DA, UK

9 PREFACE This book is about the behaviour of teleosts, a well-defined, highly successful, taxonomic group of vertebrate animals sharing a common body plan and forming the vast majority of living bony fishes. There are weh over living species of teleosts, including nearly all those of importance in commercial fisheries and aquaculture. Teleosts are represented injust about every conceivable aquatic environment from temporary desert pools to the deep ocean, from soda lakes to sub-zero Antarctic waters. Behaviour is the primary interface between these effective survival machines and their environment: behavioural plasticity is one of the keys to their success. The study of animal behaviour has undergone revolutionary changes in the past decade under the dual impact of behavioural ecology and sociobiology. The modern body of theory provides quantitatively testable and experimentahy accessible hypotheses. Much current work in animal behaviour has concentrated on birds and mammals, animals with ostensibly more complex structure, physiology and behavioural capacity, but there is a growing body of information about the behaviour of fishes. There is now increasing awareness that the same ecological and evolutionary rules govern teleost fish, and that their behaviour is not just a simplified version of that seen in birds and mammals. The details of fish behaviour intimately reflect unique and efficient adaptations to their three-dimensional aquatic environment. The book aims to bring together accounts of the major functional topics in fish behaviour, reviewed in the light of current behavioural theory. Reviews at this level are intended to be of use to a broad spectrum of senior undergraduates, masters-level students and research workers interested in fish biology and fisheries. Each chapter commences with the fundamental principles often taken for granted in pure research monographs. It then sets out the evidence for the main conceptual basis of each topic, goes on to discuss current areas of controversy, and, finahy, attempts to map out the contemporary research frontiers and speculate where new advances are likely to be made. Each chapter closes with a summary of its contents. The book is divided into four sections, covering the bases of behaviour, sensory modalities, behavioural ecology and applied aspects of fish behaviour. Each section opens with abrief overview of its contents. I have tried to strike a balance between a comprehensive coverage of the field and those topics which I feel reflect the thrust of contemporary research activity in fish behaviour: unfortunately, there certainly was not room to review everything at this depth. Others might of course have made a different selection, and inevitably some will feel that there are omissions of topics such as the central nervous system, learning, the constraints of functional morphology, migration, and groups or habitats of particular interest. In many cases I can

10 Preface plead that review books have recently appeared in these areas and these are listed in the introductory sections where appropriate. But for a few omissions I have no real excuse other than personal choice. I have attempted to maintain a high standard of contributions throughout the book, and many of the chapters have been independently refereed before revision and editing. Potential contributors were advised that manuscripts might not be accepted for inclusion, and indeed some contributions did fall by the wayside in that respect. I would like to thank the following for their help as referees: Professor P. Bateson FRS, Dr J.H.S. Blaxter, Dr J. Davenport, Dr T.R. Halliday, Dr R.N. Hughes, Dr F. Huntingford, Dr G.J.A. Kennedy, Dr J.R. Krebs FRS, Professor A. Manning, Professor J. Maynard-Smith FRS, Professor W.R.A. Muntz FRS, Dr M. Nelissen, Dr L. Partridge and Dr G.W. Potts. S.J. Pitcher gave invaluable help in compiling the index. Finally, I would like to thank Dr A. Magurran and Dr P.J.B. Hart for providing advice, support and encouragement throughout this book's gestation. Tony J. Pitcher Bangor

11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOR ILLUSTRATIONS Permission to reproduce figures has been gratefully reeeived from the following copyright owners: Chapter 1: Figure 1, Ecological Society of America, Tempe, Arizona. Figure 2, Paul Parey Berlin. Figure 3, The Society for the Study of Evolution, Lawrence, Kansas. Figure 4, Paul Parey, Berlin. Chapter 2: Figure 1, American Psycological Association, Arlington, Virginia. Figure 2a, American Psycological Association, Arlington, Virginia. Figure 2b, The Psychomonic Society of America, Guadaloupe, Texas. Figure 2e, American Psycological Association, Arlington, Virginia. Figure 3a, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conneeticut. Figure 3b, E.J. Brill, Leiden. Figure 3e, E.J. BrilI, Leiden. Figure 4, E.J. Brill, Leiden. Figure 5, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. Figure 6, Paul Parey, Berlin. Chapter 3: Figure 3, Paul Parey, Berlin. Figure 4, Alan R. Liss, Ine., New York. Chapter 4: Figure 1, Plenum Press, New York. Figure 2, Plenum Press, New York. Figure 6, Plenum Press, New York. Figure 8, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. Figure 10, Munksgaard, Copenhagen. Chapter 6: Figure 3, Elsevier Biomedical Press B. V., Amsterdam. Chapter 7: Figure 4, Springer- Verlag, Heidelberg. Figure 7, Elsevier Biomedical Press B. V., Amsterdam. Chapter 8: Figure 2, Bailliere Tindall, London. Figure 3, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa. Figure 4, Academic Press, Orlando, Florida. Figure 7, Ecological Society of America, Tempe, Arizona. Figure 8, Ecological Society of America, Tempe, Arizona. Chapter 9: Figure 3, Ecological Society of America, Tempe, Arizona. Figure 4, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa. Figure 5, Paul Parey, Berlin. Figure 6, Paul Parey, Berlin. Figure 7, Macmillan Journals Ltd., London. Figure 8, Bailliere Tindall, London. Chapter 12: Figure 1, Bailliere Tindall, London. Figure 6, W. Junk Publishers, Dordreeht. Figure 7b, Paul Parey, Berlin. Figure 8, W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht. Chapter 17: Figure 1, Memoires de Biospeliogie, Saint Girons. Figure 2, Memoires de Biospeliogie, Saint Girons. Figure 5, Elsevier Biomedical Press B. V., Amsterdam. Figure 8. Paul Parey, Berlin. Figure 9, Paul Parey, Berlin. Figure 10, Paul Parey, Berlin. Figure 11, Paul Parey, Berlin.