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2 Ii: ft SNC MPiN SIA IWRARV cu; Polls LVJ Section Management Division Fish Cummings Edwin T. OREGON IN HATCHERIES SALMON PRIVATE r2 I / / /1/.) / i- )t7 ii \4 / /

3 CONTENTS Page No. Introduction 1 Private Salmon Hatchery Development 1 Status of Private Salmon Hatcheries 4 Discussion 9 Summary 10 Appendix 11 Figure F I GU R ES Page No. 1. Location of Private Salmon Hatcheries in Oregon 3 2. Streamside Incubators Used for Chum Salmon 5 3. Oregon Aqua Foods Chinook and Coho Facility 6 Table ifi1w* Page No. 1. Private Salmon Hatchery Permit Holders in Oregon 2 2. Chum Salmon Released by Private Hatchery Operators and 4 Oregon State University 3. Coho Salmon Released by Private Hatchery Operators 8 4. Chinook Salmon Released by Private Hatchery Operators 8

4 (1) site. release-recapture the to returning fish of sale from profit direct a make to allowed not are operators hatchery salmon private Alaska, In Oregon. in salmon of rearing saltwater and freshwater both for shore on built are facilities control pollution appropriate with ponds rearing Instead, waters. public of ollution control to inadequate is technology present because estuaries small Oregon's in allowed not is method culture pen Washington The Alaska. and Oregon in done be may as ocean the into release their permit not does saltwaterbut in anchored pens in salmon of rearing allows Washington of stite The time. this at advantage Oregon an mainly is facility recapture and release the to returning adults of sale from profit and rearing ocean for salmon release to citizens private for privilege The hatcheries. government from released those and salmon wild with common in fishermen sport or commercial by caught be may and waters public in large at are they time the during property lic pub- are facilities private from released Salmon facility. release-recapture authorized the to return they when adults of recapture with rearing ocean for released be to salmon allow laws hatchery Private personnel. or status company in changes designated of case in ODFW of notification for provide and areas, certain in fish of stocks some of use restrict located, be can hatcheries private where areas define further rules Administrative fish. release or transport to permission written obtain operators (3) and operation, proposed the conduct to applicant the of capability financial and technical the determine to reviewed be applications (2) ocean, the near located be sites release-recapture hatchery salmon private (1) that requires law Oregon matters. hatchery private in guidance for Rules Administrative adopting in and statutes the clarifying in part active an taken has sion Commis- Wildlife and Fish new The Oregon. in laws hatchery private the administering for sponsibility re- the has now ODFW , July on Commission, single a under (ODFW), Wildlife and Fish of Department Oregon the form to merged were (OWC) Commission Wildlife Oregon the and FCO biennium. that during hatcheries chinook and coho two only allowed which restriction a with but salmon chinook and coho include to request, citizen at again legislature, 1973 the by modified were statutes hatchery chum Private ). (ORS laws the istering admin- of responsibility given was (FCO) Oregon of Commission Fish The citizens. private several of request the at legislature Oregon 1971 the by authorized were hatcheries salmon chum Private DEVELOPMENT HATCHERY SALMON PRIVATE appended. is Bay Netarts at facility experimental University State Oregon the of history brief A Oregon. in operations hatchery salmon private governing regulations current and holders, permit of progress development, experimental on information includes industry salmon private Oregon's in developments recent of review This citizens. private by propagation salmon allow to 1973 and 1971 in enacted were laws Oregon and interest, public increased incubators streamside inexpensive using salmon chum hatching in (OSU) University State Oregon at Research salmon. propagating in interested became again citizens private years, recent in improved techniques rearing and diets hatchery As state. the in hatcheries salmon all of operation over taken had government the 1900 By River. Clackamas the on Company Propagation Washington Oregon and River Rogue the on Hume D. R. by operated hatcheries with 1870's the in built were Oregon in hatcheries salmon privute first The INTRODUCTION OREGON IN HATCHERIES SALMON PRIVATE

5 Twelve private hatchery sites have been authorized from the Columbia River Estuary to Coos Bay (Figure 1 and Table 1) with others pending. Permits issued Include 10 for chum salmon, 3 chinook, and 3 coho. Table 1. Private Salmon Hatchery Permit Holders in Oregon. Chum Operator Species 1/ Priority21 Location Robert Stricklin CS N/A 3/ Skipanon R. (Columbia system) Arnold Manseth CS 6 Larson Cr (Tillamook Bay) Harris and Kelly CS 5 Dick Cr (Tillamook Bay) Keta CS 1 Sand Cr (Sand Lake Estuary) Alfred Hampson CS 3 " " Oregon Aqua Foods CS, CO, CH 8 Yaquina Estuary & Wright Cr, (Yaquina system) Ceratodus Fisheries CS 7 Divide Cr (Siuslaw system) Siuslaw Fisheries CS 2 Sweet Cr (Siuslaw system) Anadromous, Inc. CO, CH N/A Coos Bay (man made trib) Weyerhaeuser Company Cs, co, CH N/A 3/ " " Calvin Heckard CS 4N/A 3/ Catching Slough (Coos Bay) 1/ Chum = CS, Chinook = CH, Coho = Co. 2/ Priority for chum eggs from Whiskey Creek based on date application fl/ed prior to July 30, 1973, and by permit issue date for those filing thereafter. App/ican t holding priority No. 4 has not been gran ted a permit as of November / Permits based on eggs from sources other than Whiskey Creek. Development of private salmon hatcheries in Oregon has been limited by the availability of seed stock. Coho and chinook eggs surplus to state hatchery needs and surplus chum eggs from OSU's experimental facility on Whiskey Creek are sold by ODFW under terms of ORS and a priority system based on species and permit issue date. Eggs from the wild run of chum in Sand Creek were sold to Keta Corporation, the first chum permit holder, from on thissame basis. In addition eggs can be imported if they meet requirements for compatibility with native stocks and can be certified disease free. OSU placed lots of 10,000 chum eggs in each of several private hatcheries prior to 1975 to test water supplies and hatching success rates. Afew adults of the 1972 brood returned to two facilities on the midcoast in FCO was able to import some chum eggs from Quilcene National Fish Hatchery in the state of Washington in 1973 and These were placed in private facilities under agreements which provided that the private operators would pay delivery costs and a portion of the eggs from returning adults would belong to the state. This afforded an opportunity for the state to look at success of importing chum eggs from other areas to streams south of Cascade Head where such importation is authorized. Experimentation is not complete as adults are not expected to return until 1976 and Despite the egg supply problems facing the existing private salmon hatchery opeiators, there continues to be a high public interest in acquiring permits for rearing all three species of salmon. Inquiries have increased several times over the level of 1974 and applications are still being received. Applications were on hand for 5 chum and 1 chinook salmon permits as of November 1, It (2)

6 SF SF t STRICKLI CHUM nurser V COLUIISIA / A. MANSETH TIILAA000 WAAIIIL1NTOFI CHUM lo4lj4 HARRIS CHUM o POflTLAI1O OSU EXP. STATION FlllACIOOII UULJ001IAR KETA CHUM S HAMPSON CHUM GAORIIL CFSOINGVIILE IV RCA CIACKAKISS ESS005 H POLK IV liar 1 OREGON AQUA 50511CR (FRESHWATER) LINCOLIL A HO, CHUMI& CHINOOK OREGON AQUA CORVALLIS ULBLHV CISC LTWATER PONDS) 5 KilN CHUM file UIKEEEIN F SIUSLAW FIR 0PllNO C FISHERIES CO CHUM EUGENE lee N POINT SEE CMPQQ4 EGRESS 4, ANADROMOUS INC I COHO&CHINOUK 0.0. WEYERHAEUSER OOE COHO,CNUM, & 11 OSUOISS CHINOOK OSE.I US 5 HECKARD COOS (CHUM) E 55 ROSEOUO 1C1 % CKSSII,.I: çiutv r Figure 1. Private of Location Salmon Oregon in Hatcheries (3)

7 may be several years before all existing chum salmon permit holders receive seed if they have to wait for surplus Whiskey Creek eggs. This situation will be partially alleviated if returns from initial releases are successful enough to allow permit holders to sell eggs to other operators or if additional sources are found from which eggs can be imported. STATUS OF PRIVATE SALMON HATCHERIES Facilities installed or proposed for most of the present chum hatchery sites are of the simple streamside incubator design developed by OSU (Figure 2). A few include the extensive rearing facilities necessary to produce coho and chinook salmon (Figure 3) which require longer rearing in freshwater and inherently a greater investment in facilities, larger Water supplies, and more expertise to operate. Columbia River Estuary Skipanon River: A chum permit was authorized for Robert Stricklin, November 25, 1975, for a site on the outlet of Taylor Lake, Skipanon River, in Clatsop County. Mr. Stricklin proposed to use chum eggs purchased from the Lumrni and Quinault Indians, in Washington State, to initiate his operation. No eggs were available in Tillamook Bay Cecil Harris and David Kelly: Messrs. Harris and Kelly were issued a chum permit in September 1972 for a site on Dick Creek, tributary to the West side of Tillamook Bay, Tillamook County. The water supply in Dick Creek did not appear to be good at the time of evaluation and a limit of 100,000 eggs was specified in the permit for the first 3 years of operation. No chum eggs have been available for purchase, but OSU placed 10,000 eggs in the facility each year from 1972 through 1974 to test the water supply. These eggs hatched comparatively well and a total of 26,600 chum fry wee released over the 3-year test period (Table 2). Returns were expected in 1975 but none Were realized. Table 2. Chum Salmon Released by Private Hatchery Operators and Oregon State University Total Brood Siuslaw Oregon Ceratodus Alfred Harris Private Year Keta Fisheries Aqua Foods Fisheries Hampson & Kelly Releases OSU , ,875 9,5001/' 7,0001/' , ,0002/' 33,1822I' ,148, , ,930 2/ ,400 Total 1,762,725 1,030, ,512 2/ 500,000 6, ,000 6, , ,000 51, ,000 1/ 8, , ,000 9,6001/ 575, ,000 9,0001/ 2,796, ,000 2, ,000 26,600 3,701,737 3,812,000 1/Eggs supplied by OSU (Whiskey Creek) for test of Water supplies. 2/ Quilcene Hatchery stock hatched for FCO per agreemen ts (4)

8 - 'ii 'S ti -r Photo a Photo b ; S V S-,S rc --S- Photo c Photo d Figure 2. Streamside Incubators Used for Chum Salmon: Exterior (a) Whiskey Creek, (b) Keta; Interior (c) Whiskey Creek, (d) Keta. :1t

9 :4 T Photo a - L ki cr* : 2 Photo c TiI

10 (7) policy. in change this with 4) and 3 (Tables increased have release for raised chinook and coho both of numbers The stock. seed of source a as ranching ocean using than rather ranching ocean to shifting is program company's The in Foods Aqua Oregon purchased Company Weyerhaeuser rearing. accelerated and tion selec- genetic with experimenting also is company The processes. rearing the throughout diets special of use in flexibility allows plant food own their of Operation Newport. at food fish manufactures and market for prepared are fish yearling where plant processing a operates Foods Aqua Oregon encouraging. were sites release saltwater and fresh- the both to coho 2 age some of 1975 in Returns small. comparatively were in chinook and 1973 in coho of Releases Sites. both from released are Smolts rearing. final for ponds saltwater to transferred are fish the or Creek Wright at tanks freshwater in completed is size release to Rearing Creek. Wright at freshwater in reared fish the and hatched are Eggs partially are license. propagation the under trout for pond catchout a operate also They fish. game processed as sale for trout and salmon rearing and release ocean for salmon rearing of operation integrated an run has company the authorizations these Under sale. for length in 15" under fish rearing allows which License Propagation Wildlife a obtained also company The County. Lincoln Bay, Yaquina on facility saltwater a and Creek Wright on hatchery a operates company 19j4The March in issued were release salmon chinook and coho for permits and 1972, 1, November lnc.zon Foods, Aqua Oregon to issed was permit chum A Foods: Aqua Oren Bay Yaquina date. to eggs chum any received not has Hampson Mr. Keta. on imposed been had as restrictions identical (3) and Creek; Whiskey at eggs allocated his of purchase separate (2) Creek; Sand on Keta with operation combined a (1) authorized which permit chum a issued was Hampson Alfred 1973 October In facility. Keta's in incubated were eggs no and spawning, natural for upstream put were fish all small, was run chum the 1975 In through 1971 from released were chum 1,762,700 of total A releases. prior own their from Keta to returns 1974 and Creek, Whiskey stock, wild from offspring included 2) (Table 1974 through 1971 from Keta by released fry chum of numbers The operated. were facilities these time the during year each caught were chum than other fish Few years. succeeding in spawning natural for racks the above released be should chum many how determining for basis a give and stream the into runs natural of size the on information provide to etc., dates, rack, the above put were species other and chum many how recorded personnel Keta Creek. Jewel in spawn to upstream adults of number minimum a allowing after run chum wild the from stock seed obtain to authorized was Keta Creek. Sand in Creek Jewel above one and Creek Jewel in one traps, and racks capture adult two and ditch; discharge incubators; pond; settling/storage Creek; Jewel from diversion water a includes It eggs. chum million 20 for incubators accommodate to designed is facility The legislation. current under established operation chum private first the was This County. Tillamook in estuary small a Lake, Sand of end north the at Creek, Jewel tributary, its and Creek Sand on located facility a for 1971 December in Corporation Keta to issued was permit chum A Corporation: Keta Lake Sand in available were none but Creek Whiskey from eggs using anticipated Manseth Mr. Bay. Tillamook Creek, Larson on site a for 1975, 25, October on Manseth Arnold to issued was permit chum A Manseth: Arnold

11 Table 3. Coho Salmon Released by Private Hatchery Operators. Brood Q2n2 Anadromous, Inc. Year Freshwater Saltwater St. Helens 1/ Coos Bay Total ,782 16, / 498,104 22, / 304, , , , ,511 1,300,000 3/ 2,019,000 Total 1,342,934 1,592,359 2,935,293 1/ Releases terminated with 1974 brood. 2/Includes fish on hand for feeding prior to re/ease. 3/On hand at other facilities for re/ease at Coos Bay. Table 4. Chinook Salmon Released by Private Hatchery Operators. Brood Oreqp Aqua Foods roou Inc Year Freshwater Saltwater St. Helens 1/ Coos Bay Total 1972 /0,025 1, ,000 13, , ,982 18, , ,014, / 250, , ,000 Total 723, ,277 1,705,432 1/Releases terminated with 1974 brood. 2/Includes fish on hand for feeding prior to release. Chum salmon eggs from Whiskey Creek have not been available to Oregon Aqua Foods. Some chum have been released under OSU's test program and eggs were taken from three females of this group when they returned as adults (1972 brood) in Oregon Aqua Foods has also released Quilcene stock chum incubated under an agreement with the Fish Commission who imported the eggs. The first returns of these fish are expected in With completion of rearing for the 1975 brood fish Oregon Aqua Foods will have released a total of 379,600 chum, 1,342,900 coho, and 723,000 chinook salmon. Siuslaw River Siuslaw River Fisheries: A chum permit was issued to Karl J. Manseth and Ronald F. Hichens in April 1972, for a site located on Sweet Creek, Lane County. They tested the Water supply at this facility with a small number of 1972 brood chum provided by OSU. Some 221, brood (8)

12 return. to yet have adults and years 3 last the in released been have these of Most salmon. 8,355,562 of total a for chinook 1,714,432 and coho, 2,935,293 chum, 3,705,837 be will releases lative cumu- brood, 1975 the rearing of completion on and, brood 1971 the with began hatcheries salmon private from Releases state. the of economies and techniques, management environment, rearing the on impact real a make to first the be probably will they technology, modern of use through but, Oregon in scene the on first the not are hatcheries private of group current The in ture legisla- Oregon the by authorization since beginning slow a had have hatcheries salmon Private DISCUSSION by salmon chum 20,375,000 and chinook, 9,400,000 coho, 11,250,000 reach to projected is tion produc- company, the to according but, facilities these on begun not has Construction recapture. and release, acclimation, for site coastal the to transferred then license, propagation wildlife a of ments require- with accordance in initially reared and hatched be would fish Here rearing. freshwater for plex com- hatchery major a build could they where sites inland investigating now is company The Oregon. County, Coos Bay, Coos of side west the on site a from salmon chum and chinook, coho, release to Company Weyerhaeuser for 1976, 16, July on authorized were Permits Company: Weyerhaeuser since coho 1,592,000 and chinook 991,000 of total a released has or hand on has Anadromous sites. Bay Coos and Helens St. the at systems water developing in arose problems when state ODFW with agreement an the by fish company's the of some rearing allow to 1976 in ated negoti- Anadromous site. release Bay Coos their to fish of transport or sale, rearing, custom allows which License Propagation Wildlife a under operation in still is facility rearing and incubation Helens St. The of spring the for planned are releases further and 1976 ri release for Bay Coos to moved were brood) (1975 Fish releases. additional permit not does but previously released salmon recapture to them allows which Helens St. at procedure termination" "orderly an following now is Anadromous Helens. St. for permits release the terminated but Bay Coos for permits authorized Commission Wildlife and Fish The Helens. St. at facilities incubation expanded from operations both support to planned company The Bay. Coos at species these of release for permits additional requested company the 1975 In Helens. St. near River Columbia lower the on site a for 1974 in Inc. Anadromous, to issued were salmon chinook and coho raise to Permits mc: Anadromous, available. were eggs no however, ODFW; for stock Quilcene from eggs some hatch to agreed and tribes Indian Washington the from eggs chum obtain to planned Heckard Mr. County. Coos in Bay, Coos Slough, Catching of tributary a on located site a for 1975, October in permit chum a issued was Heckard Mr. Heckard: Calvin Bay Coos in available were eggs with agreement an under Fisheries Ceratodus at incubated were eggs No FCO. chum Quilcene 1974-brood 500,000 Some County. Lane Creek, Divide on site a for 1973 December in Morello Timothy and Nelson, Lester Marshall, John to issued was permit chum A Fisheries: çeratodus fish. these from collected not were eggs so installed been had facility trapping No fish brood qf release small the from 1975 of fall the in facility incubation the of outlet the at observed were chum adult Some season the through Creek Sweet into released were chum 1,030,500 of total A in available were none but 1974, of fall the in eggs chum Creek Whiskey million 1 purchased Fisheries River Siuslaw FCO. with agreement an under 1974 of spring the in released were chum Quilcene

13 All operators were set back in schedule in 1975 because eggs of all three salmon species were in very short supply. Future expansion of the industry will depend more on the sale of eggs from other private hatcheries than from state surpluses because of requirements for state eggs to support ongoing government programs and expansion. Development of hatcheries is progressing on all fronts but present knowledge on the rearing capacity of the ocean is not readily available so little is generally known about the limits that should be placed on releases of young salmon to the ocean by private or government hatcheries. This is a complex problem involving several states and countries. Political negotiation will undoubtedly be required to resolve problem areas as our knowledge base is increased. No one group, state, province, or country is going to be the first to "sacrifice their rights" to use the ocean pasture. At present the general view appears to be that the ocean can support more salmon. While these problems are being resolved the private hatcheries can supply fish for the public and their own profit. The combined efforts of private and government hatcheries will provide more fish in public waters than could public supported hatcheries alone. Private operators in Oregon purchase commercial licenses, pay poundage tax to the state on adults sold, and pay local taxes on operating facilities. Experimentation with rearing methods, diet manipulation, release timing, etc., by private operators can supplement research activities conducted by government agencies. Private industry will, no doubt, find it advantageous to develop rearing methods to get returns of marketable salmon which have spent less than normal times atlarge. Larger numbers of salmon available for a shorter period could still increase the harvest potential in the ocean. SUMMARY Private salmon hatcheries were authorized for chum in 1971 and for coho and chinook by the 1973 legislature. Interest in private salmon hatcheries has been high with 10 chum, 3 coho, and 3 chinook hatchery permits issued atl2 separate locations along the Oregon coast. Releases from private hatcheries through the 1975 brood total 3.7 million chum, 2.9 million coho, and 1.7 million chinook. Poor egg supplies have slowed development of existing facilities and authorization of new operations. Limited knowledge of ocean carrying capacity has caused some concern about increased release rates from both government and private hatcheries. Much work remains to be done on this matter. Resolution of harvest levels for salmon in the ocean is the subject of continuing international negotiation with adequate resolution yet to be reached. Stocking rates may be included in these negotiations in the future. There are many unknowns in what the specific impacts of private hatcheries may be. Growth of government and private salmon production portends interesting problems for the future. Certainly there will be adjustments in management techniques and philosophy as salmon production is increased by both government and private hatcheries. (10)

14 (11) techniques. and facilities of development with improved have rates return Comparative Creek. Whiskey at experimentation of years 7 the during OSU by released been has chum 3,812,000 of total A ago. years 20 some logging by affected adversely was which stream the in spawning natural from expected be could than level higher a at run Creek Whiskey the maintaining is and returns to contribution a making be to appears hatchery experimental The ators. oper- private to sale for available were eggs chum no and needs their of 60% only realized OSU when 1975 in again low were Returns operators. private to eggs chum million 2 of sale allowed 1974 in Creek Whiskey at surplus The Canada. in and states Coast Pacific all in biologists by noted was trend upward This area. the in streams other to chum wild of returns did as improved, Creek Whiskey to returns 1974 through 1972 From eggs. available of numbers low by hampered was experimentation Early 2). (Table fry 950,000 to 225,000 from varied have 1969 since chum of Releases Creek. Whiskey to native salmon chum the only with continued was work so releases Creek Whiskey from returned salmon pink No through experiments for used were salmon pink imported and chum Both in built were incubators prototype and 1967 in Creek Whiskey from salmon chum with work began OSU ODFW. by sold are eggs Surplus use. experimental for eggs chum million 1 of harvest and chum) of pair 100 of (minimum run natural the of maintenance for provides which ODFW with agreement an under operated is facility This Bay. Netarts Creek, Whiskey on University State Oregon by developed that is Oregon in hatcheries chum private by used design basic The Facility Experimental University APPENDIX State Oregon