Agency) Okko Outinen Supervisors: Maiju Lehtiniemi (Finnish Environment Institute), Ville-Veikko Intovuori, Anita Mäkinen (Finnish Transport Safety

Transcription

1 A pilot study on granting exemptions for ships under the Ballast Water Management Convention regulation A-4, based on the operability of HELCOM & OSPAR Risk assessment tool and expert judgement Okko Outinen Supervisors: Maiju Lehtiniemi (Finnish Environment Institute), Ville-Veikko Intovuori, Anita Mäkinen (Finnish Transport Safety Agency) Responsible traffic. Courage and co-operation.

2 Introduction Over 90 percent of the world s trade is operated through shipping (IMO, 2012). Approximately 3 to 5 billion tons of ballast water is transferred internationally by shipping each year. Regulation A-4 (IMO, 2009); Environmental matching RA Compares environmental conditions between locations and evaluates species distribution according to them. Species Biogeographical RA Assesses the overlap of native and non-native species to analyze the environmental similarity and to identify the target species. Species-specific RA Evaluates the invasive characteristics individually for the identified target species. Finnish Transport Safety Agency

3 Helcom & OSPAR RA tool (HELCOM & OSPAR, 2015); Finnish Transport Safety Agency

4 Aims and objectives The aim of the present study was to evaluate the operability of the RA tool of HELCOM & OSPAR joint harmonised procedure on granting exemptions for ships under BWM Convention regulation A-4 with the following objectives; 1. To compare the target species found from the associated ports between the routes of Sköldvik Rotterdam Sköldvik and Kotka Gdynia Kotka, 2. To assess whether the found target species would be able to adapt into the recipient port habitats using the HELCOM & OSPAR RA tool, 3. To examine whether ships travelling the associated routes could be granted for exemptions from the ballast water treatment and the performance standard according to the risk levels and the potential impacts of the species in destination port habitats, and 4. To discuss the practicality of the risk assessment tool and provide potential development suggestions in order to improve Responsible the functionality traffic. of the tool. Courage and co-operation.

5 Materials and methods Study routes; Kotka Gdynia Kotka Sköldvik Rotterdam Sköldvik Finnish Transport Safety Agency 5

6 The study was done using already collected data on NIS in the study ports, available via HELCOM/OSPAR. Data from the port of Rotterdam was not available in the RA tool and therefore it was compared manually to species from Sköldvik. Table: (HELCOM & OSPAR, 2015) Finnish Transport Safety Agency 6

7 RA tool results Kotka Gdynia: Fish-hook water flea Amphipod G. tigrinus HIGH RISK Species Taxon Target in Baltic Sea Target in North East Salinity tolerance Atlantic Acartia tonsa Crustacea no yes 5 30 Cercopagis pengoi Crustacea yes yes Gammarus tigrinus Crustacea yes yes 0 30 Marenzelleria spp. Polychaeta yes yes Palaemon elegans Crustacea yes no Gdynia Kotka: Round goby Harris mud crab HIGH RISK Species Group Target in Baltic Sea Target in North East Salinity tolerance Atlantic Acartia tonsa Crustacea no yes 5 30 Marenzelleria spp. Polychaeta yes yes Neogobius Pisces yes yes 4 40 melanostomus Palaemon elegans Crustacea yes no Rhithropanopeus harrisii Crustacea yes yes Finnish Transport Safety Agency 7

8 Sköldvik Rotterdam: Fish-hook water flea Red gilled mud worm Dark false mussel HIHG RISK Species Taxon Target in Baltic Sea Target in North East Atlantic Salinity tolerance Cercopagis pengoi Crustacea yes yes Marenzelleria spp. Polychaeta yes yes Mytilopsis leucophaeata Mollusca yes yes 0 30 Neogobius melanostomus Pisces yes yes 4 40 Palaemon elegans Crustacea yes no Finnish Transport Safety Agency 8

9 Rotterdam Sköldvik: Asian clam Diatom C. wailesii Pacific oyster Slipper limpet Quagga mussel Zebra mussel Australian tubeworm Gulf wedge clam Harris mud crab HIGH RISK Species Group Target in Target in North Salinity Baltic Sea East Atlantic tolerance Caprella mutica Crustacea yes yes Corbicula fluminea Mollusca yes yes 0 5 Coscinodiscus wailesii Bacillario-phyceae yes yes 5 40 Crassostrea gigas Mollusca yes yes 5 42 Crepidula fornicata Mollusca yes yes 5 30 Dreissena bugensis Mollusca yes yes 0 3 Dreissena polymorpha Mollusca yes yes 0 3 Ficopomatus enigmaticus Polychaeta yes yes 5 40 Hemigrapsus sanguineus Crustacea yes yes Hemigrapsus takanoi Crustacea yes yes Mnemiopsis leidyi Ctenophora no yes 2 40 Neogobius melanostomus Pisces yes yes 4 40 Palaemon elegans Crustacea yes no Rangia cuneata Mollusca yes yes 5 15 Rhithropanopeus harrisii Crustacea yes yes Styela clava Tunicata yes no Finnish Transport Safety Agency 9

10 Discussion expert judgement Kotka Gdynia: Fish-hook water flea is able to alter food webs by grazing on smaller zooplankton (Lehtiniemi & Gorokhova, 2008). Fouling on fishing equipment (Antsulevich & Välipakka, 2000). Photo: Birnbaum (2011). G. tigrinus is equally able to damage fishing nets and is generally more competitive than native species (high population densities, tolerant to anaerobic conditions, eutrophication and high alkalinity) (Jensen, 2010). Exemption not granted Photo: Jensen (2010) Finnish Transport Safety Agency 10

11 Gdynia Kotka: Round gobies can be a threat to native fish species and increase eutrophication indirectly (Bunnel et al., 2005, Kornis et al., 2012). May have commercial value in the future (Sapota, 2012). Harris mud crab feeds on native amphipods and damages fishing equipment (Roche and Torchin, 2007, Jormalainen et al., 2016). Exemption could have been granted due to round gobies being able to restrict the distribution of R. harrisii. Endangering and Eutrophication-enhancing effects of round gobies not considered very likely. Photo: Sapota (2012). Photo: Roche and Torchin (2007) Finnish Transport Safety Agency 11

12 Sköldvik Rotterdam: Fish-hook water flea Red-gilled mud worm is not considered having significant negative impacts on invaded areas (Orlova et al., 2006). In turn, they can improve oxygen circulation in the seabed sediments (Didziulis, 2006). Dark false mussel can damage fishing equipment and is able to attach on cooling water systems of power plants (Laine et al., 2006, Kennedy, 2011). Exemption could have been granted to the Rotterdam oil terminal (salinity 14 18), but not to the other terminals within the port of Rotterdam. Photo: Andrius Siaulys (Coastal Research and Planning Institute, 2012). Photo: Laine et al. (2006) Finnish Transport Safety Agency 12

13 Rotterdam Sköldvik 9 target species presented in results were divided into 2 categories: Species that are unlikely to distribute into the Gulf of Finland: Asian clam, diatom C. wailesii, Pacific oyster, Slipper limpet and Australian tubeworm. Most common reasons to the unlikely transfers of these species: Poor tolerance to low oxygen/temperature/salinity conditions or to high nutrient concentrations. Species that could potentially transfer to the Gulf of Finland: Zebra mussel, Quagga mussel, Gulf wedge clam and Harris mud crab. Photo: Richter (2008). Photo: Fofonoff et al. (2003) Finnish Transport Safety Agency 13

14 Zebra and quagga mussels tend to attach into power plants cooling water systems (Strayer, 2010). These species, as well as the Gulf wedge clam have also impact on local food webs through zoo- and phytoplankton filtration and competitive dominance (Jones and Ricciardi, 2005, Wong et al., 2010). Impacts of Harris mud crab were presented earlier. Exemption can be granted from Rotterdam oil terminal since only 2 out of 9 target species were found from there and they were considered unlikely to inhabit Gulf of Finland. Exemption cannot be granted if the vessel arrives from other terminals in the port of Rotterdam Finnish Transport Safety Agency 14

15 Conclusions The importance of port surveys cannot be highlighted enough, they should be conducted more often. Additionally the accuracy of these surveys is essential. When assessing exemptions, species adaptation and potential effects of climate change need to be considered (Leidenberger et al., 2015). Exemption applications can be evaluated with the RA tool and expert judgement, even though the operability of the tool can be significantly improved by enhancing the frequency and accuracy of port surveys. Simplicity of the RA tool enables the user to concentrate on individual species characteristics, instead of implicitly stating definite answers for the decision-making processes. Utilization of complex species distribution models can lead to high uncertainties Finnish Transport Safety Agency 15

16 References Antsulevich, A., & Välipakka, P. (2000) Cercopagis pengoi new important food object of the Baltic herring in the Gulf of Finland. International Review of Hydrobiology, 85(5 6), Birnbaum, C. (2011) NOBANIS Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet Cercopagis pengoi. From: Online Database of the European Network on Invasive Alien Species NOBANIS. Date of access 7/3/2016. Bunnell, D. B., Johnson, T. B., & Knight, C. T. (2005) The impact of introduced round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) on phosphorus cycling in central Lake Erie. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 62(1), Coastal Research and Planning Institute (2012) Public domain: Species account. Available from: Date of access 7/3/2016. Didžiulis, V. (2006) NOBANIS Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet Marenzelleria neglecta. From: Online Database of the North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species NOBANIS. Date of access 10/3/2016. Fofonoff, P.W., Ruiz, G. M., Steves, B., Hines, A.H.; Carlton, J. T. (2003) National Exotic Marine and Estuarine Species Information System: Chesapeake Bay Introduced Species Database. Date of access 16/3/2016. HELCOM & OSPAR (2015) Joint Harmonised Procedure for the Contracting Parties of OSPAR and HELCOM on the granting of exemptions under International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments, Regulation A-4. Available from: IMO (2012) International Shipping Facts and Figures Information Resources on Trade, Safety, Security, Environment. Maritime Knowledge centre. Available from: IMO (2009) Ballast Water Management Convention edition. London, International Maritime Organization. Jensen, K. R. (2010) NOBANIS Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet Gammarus tigrinus From: Identification key to marine invasive species in Nordic waters NOBANIS. Date of access 7/3/2016. Jones, L. A., & Ricciardi, A. (2005) Influence of physicochemical factors on the distribution and biomass of invasive mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena bugensis) in the St. Lawrence River. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 62(9), Jormalainen, V., Gagnon, K., Sjöroos, J., & Rothäusler, E. (2016) The invasive mud crab enforces a major shift in a rocky littoral invertebrate community of the Baltic Sea. Biological Invasions, Kennedy, V. S. (2011) The invasive dark falsemussel Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae): a literature review. Aquatic Ecology, 45(2), Kornis, M. S., Mercado Silva, N., & Vander Zanden, M. J. (2012) Twenty years of invasion: a review of round goby Neogobius melanostomus biology, spread and ecological implications. Journal of Fish Biology, 80(2), Laine, A. O., Mattila, J., & Lehikoinen, A. (2006) First record of the brackish water dreissenid bivalve Mytilopsis leucophaeata in the northern Baltic Sea. Aquatic Invasions, (1), Lehtiniemi, M., & Gorokhova, E. (2008) Predation of the introduced cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi on the native copepod Eurytemora affinis in the northern Baltic Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 362, Leidenberger, S., Obst, M., Kulawik, R., Stelzer, K., Heyer, K., Hardisty, A., & Bourlat, S. J. (2015) Evaluating the potential of ecological niche modelling as a component in marine non-indigenous species risk assessments. Marine pollution bulletin, 97(1), Orlova, M. I., Telesh, I. V., Berezina, N. A., Antsulevich, A. E., Maximov, A. A., & Litvinchuk, L. F. (2006) Effects of nonindigenous species on diversity and community functioning in the eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea). Helgoland Marine Research, 60(2), Richter, A. (2008) Pacific Northwest Aquatic Invasive Species Profile. Quagga Mussel (Dreissena bugensis). Available from: Date of access 16/3/2016. Roche, D. G., & Torchin, M. E. (2007) Established population of the North American Harris mud crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould 1841)(Crustacea: Brachyura: Xanthidae) in the Panama Canal. Aquatic Invasions, 2(3), Sapota, M. R. (2012) NOBANIS Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet Neogobius melanostomus. From: Online Database of the European Network on Invasive Alien Species NOBANIS. Date of access 8/3/2016. Strayer, D. L. (2010) Alien species in fresh waters: ecological effects, interactions with other stressors, and prospects for the future. Freshwater biology, 55(s1), Wong, W. H., Rabalais, N. N., & Turner, R. E. (2010) Abundance and ecological significance of the clam Rangia cuneata (Sowerby, 1831) in the upper Barataria Estuary (Louisiana, USA). Hydrobiologia, 651(1), Finnish Transport Safety Agency 16

17 Thank you! Questions? Finnish Transport Safety Agency Kumpulantie 9, Helsinki PO Box 320, FI Helsinki, Finland Telephone Responsible traffic. Courage and co-operation.