Goliath Grouper preference for artificial reefs: Relief and volume are predictors of abundance

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1 Goliath Grouper preference for artificial reefs: Relief and volume are predictors of abundance Angela B. Collins, Ph.D. Florida Sea Grant, UF IFAS Extension Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission

2 Study species: Goliath grouper E. itajara

3 Geographic range South Atlantic, GoMex Historical center of abundance: SW Florida

4 Life history characteristics Large, long-lived (2.5 m; 37+ y) Late maturity (4-6 y; >1 m TL) Protogynous* Sedentary Predictable aggregations at high relief habitat Accessible to people

5 Current Status of the Stock Increasing juvenile abundance in nursery habitats (Koenig et al. 2007; Cass-Calay and Schmidt 2009) Adult numbers are increasing offshore (Porch et al. 2004, 2006; Koenig et al., 2011; Anecdotal diver and angler reports) Stock assessments continue to fail due to a lack of information (SEDAR6, 2004; SEDAR23, 2011, FWC 2016) Estimates regarding population recovery are dependent upon directed research efforts

6 Study area: Nov 2007 present Visual surveys: 441 Depth range: 7 48 m

7 Methods Visual Survey Year-round video surveys Presence, abundance Size distribution Seasonal patterns Habitat characterization Artificial vs. Natural Relief Volume (artificial habitats only)

8 Measuring fish 20 cm 120 cm TL

9

10 Conventional and Acoustic Tagging External ID tags allow reports of resightings (divers) &/or recaptures (anglers) Acoustic tags provide detailed info Site fidelity, movement, survival after C&R

11 Results

12 Presence by habitat, depth, season Proportion of surveys present Artificial Deep (>20 m) Artificial Shallow(<20m) Natural Deep Natural Shallow Winter Spring Summer Fall Goliath grouper presence: Habitat: p < ** Depth: p = 0.23 Season: p = 0.02* (PROC GLIMMIX, Presence modeled as a binomial distribution)

13 Collins et al., 2015 Proportion of surveys present Presence by habitat relief Artificial Natural B C A B low relief high relief < 1.5 m > 1.5 m

14 Abundance: Artificial reefs Overall mean = 4.5 Goliath observed (n) Oct Feb Jun Oct Feb Jun Oct Feb Jun

15 Abundance: Natural reefs Overall mean = 0.4 Goliath observed (n) Oct Feb Jun Oct Feb Jun Oct Feb Jun

16 Collins et al., 2015 Number observed Abundance by vertical relief A Artificial reefs B Natural reefs High Low High Low > 1.5 m < 1.5 m > 1.5 m < 1.5 m B C

17 Abundance by site volume 25 Shallow < 20 m Deep > 20 m *Artificial only Number observed D D C B A 0 na Low Medium High 1000 m ,000 m 3 10,000 m3

18 Overall size distribution of Goliath grouper Frequency ~ 5 15 years Total length (cm) shallow deep This study: TL range: cm Median = 121 cm TL (age ~ 7 y) Bullock et al. (1992): TL range: cm Median = 168 cm TL (age = 13 y) 67 Mexican Pride, 80 km from shore and 39 m deep

19 Gulf of Mexico 12 shipwrecks The acoustic array

20 Acoustic array Continuous monitoring of sites (10 40 m) 2 4 Vemco receivers anchored m from center of each site (Detection tests = >98% detection success)

21 Methods Recreational fishing (rod & reel or handline) to 40 m Measure, photos, DNA, vent Pressure sensitive acoustic tags Pinger ( rate: every 1 3 minutes; with pressure sensor, battery life ~ 2 years) ID Tag (ongoing visual surveys, recap hotline for anglers)

22 Results 39 Goliath grouper were acoustically tagged in array Size range cm TL Handling times ranged from 3 62 minutes (mean = 10 min) Immediate mortality was not observed

23 Goliath grouper ID Residence and site fidelity # ## # # # # # # # #### # TMP days (µ = 444 days) Residence time: days 6 recaptures Forays (72%) demonstrated capacity to home (> 400 days; mean = 41) Seasonal departure (> 65% of individuals) Apr2011 Aug2011 Dec2011 Apr2012 Aug2012 Dec2012 Apr2013 Aug2013 Dec2013

24 And this is just cool! GG: 202 cm TL Capture depth = 30 m Barotrauma = km in 3 days! 174 km

25 Movement between sites

26 Great Goliath Grouper Count Florida Sea Grant, FWC/FWRI and volunteers Broad geographic coverage in short time frame Snapshot of Goliath grouper abundance Citizen science provides incorporation of their observations into management

27 Great Goliath Grouper Count 300+ surveys since volunteers assisted FSG agents and FWRI biologists statewide Sites surveyed (n)

28 Great Goliath Grouper Count Total number observed per year : Average number of fish per survey is ~5 (artificial reefs) Highest numbers in SW FL Total number of Goliath grouper observed

29 You can join the fun! Contact your local Florida Sea Grant Agent.

30 Goliath Grouper Web Module ml

31 For more details on these results Collins, A.B., Barbieri, L.R., McBride, R.S., McCoy, E.D. and Motta, P.J Habitat relief and volume are predictors of Goliath grouper presence and abundance in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 91: Collins, A.B An investigation into the habitat, behavior and opportunistic feeding strategies of the protected Goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara). PhD Dissertation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida. Collins, A.B. and Barbieri, L.R An evaluation of the effects of catch and release angling on survival and behavior of Goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara) with additional investigation into residence and longterm movement patterns. NOAA/NMFS Final Report # NA10NMF pp.

32 Thanks for listening Questions?

33 Acknowledgements St. Petersburg Underwater Club (CRP partner) D. O Hern & R. Taylor S. Bratic, C. Barnes, W. Butts, J. DeLaCruz, C. Gardinal, C. Grauer, B. Hardman, S. Hooker, I. Lathrop, S. Lucas, K. Ludwig, M. Joswig, D. Palmer, H. Scarboro and E. Walker. NOAA/NMFS MARFIN and CRP programs Bob Sadler, Todd Kellison, David McClellan, Jose Castro Staff: Kyle McWhorter. Jamie Williams, Josh Taylor, Carlos Monzon- Aguirre, Brittany Barbara Motta Ichthyology Lab: Maria Laura Habeggar, Porter Fund Advice and good GG conversation: Chris Koenig, Don DeMaria, Lew Bullock FWRI Divers&Anglers: Fish Bio, Molluscs, FIM, FDM, SA, HAB, SERF Stats Help: Melanie Parker, Erin Leone, Wade Cooper Image Analysis Program: Janet Tunnell Early reviews: Jim Colvo, Janet Ley

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