Smelt in rivers and estuaries in England 2010
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1 Smelt in rivers and estuaries in England Original watercolour by Colin Newman Steve Colclough Director
2 Synopsis. Biology of the smelt. Historical fisheries. Modern distribution. Legislative position 5. Future protection and regulation
3 Smelt in England & Reviews Drawing after Maitland,
4
5 Osmerus eperlanus (L.) smelt or sparling Most of the known biology has been described by a number of workers in Western Europe on the Elbe, Cree & Thames (Maitland, ). Variation in life history strategies across the range from Ireland to the former USSR and Norway to northern Spain, with anadromous and lacustrine populations. Osmerus mordax Rainbow smelt in New England. Chris Conroy
6 Locating the spawning fish on the Thames at Wandsworth Hand gill net 5m by.5 m Mid - April, 986 & 987. Dace Wheeler, 979.
7 Downstream drift of early larvae & eggs? 5 km tidal excursion, with a net movement downstream.5 km/day 6- degree days to hatch, with ambient temperatures in the range - C ie - days Wandsworth is.km above London Bridge ie approximately days downstream by passive drift 8 mm larvae first seen at Greenwich in mid- May (Colclough, ) In the Elbe at similar temperatures, these would be around 7 days after hatching (Sepulveda, 99) Selective tidal stream transport. (Colclough, ) Larval & egg drift (Ehrenbaum, 89; Lillelund, 96)
8 A History of Fisheries in the Thames Estuary Major commercial fisheries for smelt, shad, whitebait, shrimp, eel, and salmon were associated with the Thames estuary until the 8 s. 5, smelt per day were landed at Deptford in 8. Smelt and shad bones have been found in Roman remains at Southwark. By 8, Barking Creek supported one of the largest UK fishing fleets (over vessels in total). The remains of Bronze Age fish traps can be found at Putney and elsewhere. The locations of the original fishing villages such as Battersea were probably determined in part by the availability of good fishing stations. Wheeler 979 Lord Mayor & Conservator of the Thames 6 smelt byelaws - Smelt close seasons West of London / /9 East of London / - Good Friday April 797 early dispensation 5 employed
9 Fishing Methods Historical legal position
10 6 yr cycle, Reference Conditions & Programmes of Measures
11 Colclough et al,, Coates et al, 7
12
13
14 Otter trawling in the lower Thames Estuary Spring & Autumn
15 Length frequency distributions for smelt in the Thames Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus ), West Thurrock 99 Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus ), Brentford 99 Number Length (cm) Sm elt (Osmerus eperlanus), Brentford Lengt h ( cm) Spring Autumn Spring Autumn Number Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus ), Kew Length (cm) Spring Autumn Number Number Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus ), Hammersmith Length (cm) Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus ), Hammersmith Length (cm) Spring Autumn Spring Autumn Number Number Spring Autumn Length (cm) Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus ), West Thurrock 995 Spring Autumn Length (cm) Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus ), West Thurrock 996 Number Spring Autumn HAMMERSMITH GREENWICH Length (cm) BRENTFORD KEW BATTERSEA Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus ), Greenwich 99 WEST THURROCK Number RICHMOND Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus ), Richmond Length (cm) Spring Autumn Number Number Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus ), Battersea Length (cm) Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus ), Battersea Length (cm) Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus ), Battersea 996 Spring Autumn Spring Autumn Number Number Length (cm) Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus ), Greenwich Length (cm) Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus ), Greenwich 996 Spring Autumn Spring Autumn KM. N From Colclough et al, Number Length (cm) Spring Autumn Number Length (cm) Spring Autumn
16 Water quality summary information from the Tidal Thames Flow gauged at Kingston (Teddington), for years 99, 95 and 96. Plotted against a 7 year average (987-9). 5 CUMECS 5 7 Year Average (87-9) January February March April May June July August September October November December Month Average Water Temperature Taken At Cadogan AQMS. 5 Temperature C JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Month Average Chloride Content Of Water Sampled From Cadogan AQMS. Average Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Of Water Sampled From Cadogan AQMS. Chloride mg/l DissolvedOxygen(%) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL Month AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC From Colclough et al,
17
18 Thames Tideway Strategy Dissolved Oxygen standards - WFD 8 species tested in classic ecotoxicological studies - brown trout, salmon (smolts), bass, sand-smelt, dace, flounder, common goby & smelt. 6hr/hr LC5 values ranged from /mgl/l to.6/.mg/l. Smelt range.5/.6 only adults tested, only then after ambient temperature fell below 8C Avoidance Avoidance threshold ranged from 5.5mg/l to.8mg/l. Smelt. mg/l. Turnpenny et al. for TWUL.
19 Smelt in England & North West: Drawing after Maitland, Dee, Mersey? Ribble, Morecambe Bay, Wyre, Lune, Kent, Leven, Duddon, Solway? Eden?. Dee, Mersey, Ribble, Lune, Wyre, Solway. North East:- Tweed x, Wansbeck x, Blyth x, Tyne x, Wear x, Tees x. Tyne, Esk (Yorkshire) East Coast: - Humber - Humber, Trent, Ouse, Ure? Wash - Wainfleet Haven?, Witham?, The Haven (Boston)?, Welland?, Nene?, Great Ouse, Broads - Waveney, Wensum, Thurne, Bure, Yare. Humber Humber & Trent. Wash - Wash, Gt. Ouse. Broads Breydon Water, Bure. South East:- Alde?, Deben?, Stour (Suffolk)?, Orwell?, Blackwater,Crouch, Thames - Thames, Lee, Medway,Swale. Alde,,Stour(Suffolk), Orwell, Blackwater, Crouch, Thames Thames, Lee, Medway,Swale. South Coast - Rother? Ouse Sussex? Adur? Portsmouth Harbour?, Southampton Water? Christchurch Harbour? South West: - Kingsbridge Harbour?, Tamar. Poole Harbour, Frome, Piddle, Portland Harbour?. Plymouth Sound Adur
20 Smelt Osmerus eperlanus (L.) Sand-smelt Atherina presbyter (L.)
21 Smelt in the Tyne Newburn Slip Spring 9 Osmerus eperlanus n = 8 5 Relict or immigrant? Coastal movement?
22 Smelt in the Middle & Upper Humber Flaxfleet Spring 7 Osmerus eperlanus n = 5 5 Whitton Island Autumn Osmerus eperlanus n = 5.5 tonnes at Gainsborough Fyne net captures - pike dead bait market
23 8 Gt Ouse South of Kings Lynn Spring 8 Osmerus eperlanus n = Smelt in the Wash & Great Ouse Gt Ouse South of Kings Lynn Autumn 8 Osmerus eperlanus n = Gt Ouse Low Cut Spring 7 Osmerus eperlanus n = Gt Ouse Low Cut Autumn 8 5 Osmerus eperlanus n = 5 Witham, Welland? 5 Wash Autumn 7 Osmerus eperlanus n = 5 5
24 Smelt in the Norfolk Broads Breydon Water (CSV) Autumn Osmerus eperlanus n = 5 5 Bure, Thurne, Waveney Pike deadbait market
25 Smelt in the Alde Iken Cliffs Autumn Osmerus eperlanus n = Deben, Stour & Orwell?
26 Smelt in the Medway Woulham Spring Woulham Autumn 7 Osmerus eperlanus n = Woulham Autumn Borstal Autumn 8 Osmerus eperlanus n = Borstal Autumn Osmerus eperlanus n = Borstal Spring Osmerus eperlanus n = 9 5 Recovery later than Thames C colder than Thames Grain Spring Osmerus eperlanus n = Second wave of post larvae in Thames in June 5
27 Smelt in the Dee 5 Connor Quay Autumn Osmerus eperlanus n = Cob House Farm Spring 5 Cob House Farm Autumn Cob House Farm Autumn Osmerus eperlanus n = Osmerus eperlanus n = Saltney Autumn 5 5 Osmerus eperlanus n = Mersey Crane Wharf Spring 8 5 Osmerus eperlanus n = 7
28 Smelt in the Ribble Seven and a half mile post Autumn 9 Osmerus eperlanus n = 5 5
29 Smelt in the Solway Silloth Autumn 8 Osmerus eperlanus n = 8 5 Cree Eden, Wampool, Nith, Annan etc?
30 Thames Sea Fisheries Byelaws 9 - smelt European status - vulnerable Winfield et al., 99 5 tonnes from Blythe Sands in late summer of 9 & Buyers & Sellers Regs. 8.
31 Fish for the Future Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Review Marine & Coastal Access Act, 9 is delivering changes to our freshwater fisheries legislation. The main changes in Part 7 Chapter are SFFA, S. Implements smelt, lampreys and shad (SLS) added S. Unclean fish now includes SLS S.5 Licensing provision includes smelt and lampreys S.6 Licence limitation extended to all species under S.5 S.7A&B New power to authorise fishing S.& New power to disable, remove certain fixed engines S. Power to apprehend now extended to hrs. S. 5 Power to require licence production extended to include authorisations and licences under S.6 of the W. & C. Act, 98 S. A S. New power for national authority to specify fish species Definitions freshwater crayfish now means all freshwater crayfish
32 Species specific research: - Review the case for the introduction or reintroduction of smelt to new or previously occupied sites. Investigate the impact of climate change on smelt populations. Complete a sampling programme for genetic analysis to determine origin of fish around UK and report. Species-specific management action: - UK BAP Priority Species Osmerus eperlanus Actions identified by experts V 5// Restoration of stocks to previously occupied rivers (e.g. Rivers Tyne, Nith, Annan, etc.). Galloway Fisheries Trust Cree to Water of Fleet Wider "landscape" action Ensure existing fisheries are monitored and sustainable. Removal of man-made barriers to migration in all UK rivers.
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