IDENTIFICATION AND SEGMENTATION OF MIXED-SPECIES FISHERIES OPERATING IN THE ATLANTIC IBERIAN PENINSULA WATERS

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3 IDENTIFICATION AND SEGMENTATION OF MIXED-SPECIES FISHERIES OPERATING IN THE ATLANTIC IBERIAN PENINSULA WATERS (IBERMIX project) FINAL REPORT to European Commission Directorate-General for Fisheries and maritime Affairs (Contract Ref.: FISH/2004/03-33) This report does not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission and in no way anticipates any future opinion of the Commission. The contents of this report not be reproduced unless the source the material is indicated. This study has been carried out with the financial assistance of the European Commission.

4 IDENTIFICATION AND SEGMENTATION OF MIXED-SPECIES FISHERIES OPERATING IN THE ATLANTIC IBERIAN PENINSULA WATERS (IBERMIX project) FINAL REPORT to European Commission Directorate-General for Fisheries and maritime Affairs (Contract Ref.: FISH/2004/03-33) List of contributors (by alphabetical order): Esther Abad Iñaki Artetxe Fátima Cardador* José Castro** Rafael Duarte Dorleta García Carmen Hernández Manuel Marín Alberto Murta Antonio Punzón Iñaki Quincoces Marina Santurtún*** Cristina Silva Luis Silva IEO, Santander, Spain AZTI, Sukarrieta, Spain IPIMAR, Lisbon, Portugal IEO, Vigo, Spain IPIMAR, Lisbon, Portugal AZTI, Sukarrieta, Spain IEO, Santander, Spain IEO, Vigo, Spain IPIMAR, Lisbon, Portugal IEO,Santander, AZTI, Sukarrieta, Spain AZTI,Sukarrieta, Spain IPIMAR, Lisbon, Portugal IEO, Cádiz, Spain * IPIMAR coordinator. ** Project coordinator and IEO coordinator. *** AZTI coordinator. AZTI- Arrantzuarekiko Zentro Teknologikoa eta Ikerketakoa. IEO- Instituto Español de Oceanografía. INIAP/IPIMAR Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e das Pescas.

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was partially funded by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Fisheries and Maritime Affairs. We thank to all people involved in same way in the different tasks developed during the project. The IEO and AZTI teams are grateful to SGPM (Secretaría Geneal de Pesca Marítima) for providing logbooks of the Spanish fleets, particularly to Mar Fernández (Jefa de Área de Asuntos Comunitarios). We also thank Nélida Pérez for sharing her in-depth knowledge of the Spanish fleets and very useful information obtained directly by observers on board for the IEO project that she coordinates: IBDES (Estimación del descarte de las flotas de arrastre españolas en las Áreas VI, VII, VIII y IX del ICES y Mediterráneo: Aproximación al descarte total por métier). The AZTI team expresses their particular thanks to SGPM for providing the sale slips of the Basque vessels, as well as the Basque Fishermen, Shipowners Associations and Cofradías de Pescadores. The IPIMAR team expresses their thanks to Graça Pestana (Director of the Department of Marine Resources) for providing support to use the IPIMAR database Pescart (OCIPESCA project - Scientific Observatory of the Small-Scale Fisheries). We are grateful to Manuela Oliveira for her availability and useful explanations to access the database. Also, we appreciate and thank the helpful scientific support given by Manuela Azevedo, coordinator of the IPIMAR project NeoMAv Novas Metodologias de Avaliação (FEDER, UE co-financed). FOREWORD This is the final report presenting the results of the EU study contract FISH/2004/03-33 entitled " IDENTIFICATION AND SEGMENTATION OF MIXED-SPECIES FISHERIES OPERATING IN THE ATLANTIC IBERIAN PENINSULA WATERS", which has been conducted in accordance to the conditions stipulated by the contract with the Commission. The acronym IBERMIX was used in the report when refering to this study contract. This report was finished and sent to EC DGFISH in September 2007.

6 Table of abbreviations ACFM AMAWGC ASPIC AZTI BOE BOJA CFP CLARA DCR ICES IEO IPIMAR PAM SGDFF SGMIXMAN SGPM STECF TAC WGHMM WGMHSA WGNPBW WKMIXMAN XSA ICES Advisory Committee for Fishery Management ICES Assessment Working Groups Chairs meeting A Stock-Production Model Incorporating Covariates Arrantzuarekiko Zentro Teknologikoa eta Ikerketakoa Boletín Oficial del Estado Boletín Oficial de la Junta de Andalucía Common Fishery Policy Clustering Large Applications Data Collection Regulation International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Instituto Español de Oceanografía Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar Partitioning Around Medoids ICES Study Group for the Development of Fishery-based Forecasts ICES Study Group on Mixed Fisheries Management Secretaría General de Pesca Marítima Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries Total Allowable Catch ICES Working Group on the Assessment of Southern Shelf Socks of Hake, Monk and Megrim ICES Working Group on the Assessment of Mackerel, Horse Mackerel, Sardine and Anchovy ICES Working Group of the Northern Pelagic and Blue Whiting fisheries ICES Workshop on Simple Mixed Fisheries Management Model Extended Survivors Analysis

7 Contents 1. Introduction Background Fishery management in the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula waters IBERMIX objectives 4 2. Fleets reviewed Spanish fleets Spanish fleets operating in the Northern Spanish Atlantic waters Northern Spanish coastal fleets using mobile gears Northern Spanish coastal fleets using fixed gears Spanish fleets operating in the Southern Spanish Atlantic waters (Gulf of Cádiz) Gulf of Cádiz fleets using mobile gears Gulf of Cádiz fleets using fixed gears Portuguese fleets Portuguese fleets using mobile gears Portuguese fleets using fixed gears Identification of métiers Materials and Methods Data bases Multivariate analysis methods Results Segmentation of the Spanish fleets Segmentation of the Northern Spanish coastal fleets using mobile gears Segmentation of the Northern Spanish coastal fleets using fixed gears Segmentation of the Gulf of Cádiz fleets using mobile gears 67

8 Segmentation of the Gulf of Cádiz fleets using fixed gears Segmentation of the Portuguese fleets Segmentation of the Portuguese fleets using mobile gears Segmentation of the Portuguese fleets using fixed gears (multi-gear fleet) Conclusions Métiers of the Atlantic Spanish fleets Métiers of the Portuguese fleets Métier-disaggregated fishing data Review of the National Sampling Programmes Disaggregating of the Spanish fishing data by métier Disaggregating of the Portuguese fishing data by métier Supplying results to the assessment and management WG s Proposal of segmentation of the Atlantic Iberian fleets in agreement with the working groups related Use of the fishing data disaggregated by the new Atlantic Iberian fleet segmentation Time series restoration Spanish time series restoration Portuguese time series restoration Conclusions Identification of fleets/fisheries/métiers Fishing data disaggregated by métier Supplying IBERMIX results to WG s 214 References 215 Annexes: I II III Gear descriptions European and national regulations FAO codes for species and gears

9 IBERMIX report Section 1 1. Introduction The IBERMIX project (FISH/2004/03-33), titled Identification and segmentation of mixedspecies fisheries operating in the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula waters is an EU-funded study (European Commission/Directorate-General for Fisheries and Maritime Affairs) signed on 09/01/2006 and with 18 months of duration. This project was requested due to the necessity of developing the mixed-fisheries approach in the Atlantic Iberian waters, as it was done before for the Spanish fleets operating in other European areas. Nevertheless, the complexity and variability of the Atlantic Iberian fisheries made it needed an especial and collective project to deal with. The investigations were carried out by the three institutes involved in the fisheries operating in the Atlantic Iberian waters: AZTI (Spain), IEO (Spain), and IPIMAR (Portugal) Background The IBERMIX project has to be understood within the European Union context, where the Common Fishery Policy (CFP) has been evolving for adapting to the complexity of the different EU Member States fisheries since it first implementation in The main objective of the CFP is to provide the basis for sustainable fisheries within and beyond Community waters taking into account environmental, economic and social aspects and applying good governance principles. The first approach to achieve this has been by setting maximum quantities of fish or total allowable catches (TACs) which are divided among Member States in national quotas. Nevertheless, since 1 January 2003 a reform of the CFP identified limitation of fishing effort together with limitation of catches and technical measures as the main measures to be used in the management of fisheries. The reform furthermore opened for a more long-term approach to fisheries management, involving the establishment of multi-annual recovery plans for stocks outside safe biological limits and of multi-annual management plans for other stocks. At the same time, it was noted that the management on a single-species basis was unlikely to be effective in the particular case of demersal species, where virtually all demersal fisheries catch a mix of different species simultaneously. Previously to the CFP reform, in 2001, the European Commission sent to ICES a request for provision of advice in a fisheries context rather than on an individual stock basis (EC, 2001). The Commission suggested that ICES should prepare plans for developing a database, which would collate catch-at-age data disaggregated by fleet and by area. At the Fisheries Council of December 2001, the Council and the Commission emphasized the need to further develop the scientific basis for management that takes appropriate account of the mixed nature of the fisheries, and stressed the importance that objective information about the consequences of fisheries interactions be available when TACs are being considered for the year This issue resulted in the Commission sending to ICES a more explicit request 1

10 Section 1 IBERMIX report regarding scientific advice on mixed fisheries (EC, 2002). The Commission commended the following course of action for years 2002 and 2003: For 2002: The relevant ICES assessment working groups should be asked, as soon as possible, to: Propose appropriate definitions of fishing fleets, as far as possible as operationally distinct and functionally homogenous units. For the fleet sectors defined as above, estimate landings (and discards where available), disaggregated by species, fleet, and ICES division (or sub-division where possible), for the years 1999, 2000 and These data should be provided to the Commission services for the attention of STECF as soon as possible after the meetings of each assessment working group. SGRST/STECF will, after the annual advice has been provided by ACFM, be asked to use the aforementioned data to make fishery-based calculations and forecasts corresponding to some scenarios based on ACFM advice. The Commission services will request a certain minimum number of specific scenario calculations to be made, corresponding to some specific options from ACFM catch advice and later: In the longer term, ICES should reformulate its advice to take better account of the characteristics of fishing fleets. However, it may be premature to decide on a new form of advice before the procedure outlined above has been attempted and the outcome has been evaluated. It seems unavoidable however that the compilation of age-structured information on catches by fleet will be needed, and that multifleet forecasting software will be needed. Furthermore, modelling studies which lead to an ability to forecast the extent to which fishing fleets can modify their targeting behaviour may need to be initiated. STECF has advised that it would be helpful for ICES to establish a working group to address a number of questions, including fleet definitions, age-structured data assembly, development of multifleet and multispecies short term projection software, collation of datasets including partial (fleet) and total fishing mortalities at age. ICES accepted both the high priority character of providing fishery-based advice, and the urgent need to make progress on this issue, and it reacted by initiating the Study Group for the Development of Fishery-based Forecasts (SGDFF) in 2003, which was also held in

11 IBERMIX report Section 1 This study group meant the base for the first guidelines of the operational definition of fisheries based on individual voyage data, together with the design of workable catch data structure and the selection of appropriate software for mixed-fisheries management Fishery management in the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula waters There are 12 demersal stocks and 6 pelagic stocks in the Atlantic Iberian waters that are annually assessed by three different ICES working groups, which are later used as scientific base of the EU fishery management: The demersal stocks are assessed by the ICES Working Group on the Assessment of Southern Shelf Stocks of Hake, Monk and Megrim (WGHMM) 1 : o o o o o o Southern hake (Merluccius merluccius in ICES Divisions VIIIc and IXa). Southern white anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius in ICES Divisions VIIIc and IXa). Southern black anglerfish (Lophius budegassa in ICES Divisions VIIIc and IXa). Southern megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis in ICES Divisions VIIIc and IXa). Southern four-spot megrim (Lepidorhombus boscii in ICES Divisions VIIIc and IXa). Iberian Functional Units of Norway lobster (Nephrops novergicus): FU 25 (ICES Division VIIIc North Galicia). FU 26 (ICES Division IXa West Galicia). FU 27 (ICES Division IXa North Portugal). FU 28 (ICES Division IXa Alentejo, Southwest Portugal). FU 29 (ICES Division IXa Algarve, South Portugal). FU 30 (ICES Division IXa Gulf of Cádiz, South Spain). FU 31 (ICES Division VIIIc Spanish Bay of Biscay). 1 Since 2005, this WG includes the Nephrops stocks previously assessed in the ICES working group on Nephrops stocks (WGHNEP). 3

12 Section 1 IBERMIX report The pelagic stocks are assessed by 2 WG s: o the ICES Working Group on the Assessment of Mackerel, Horse mackerel, Sardine and Anchovy (WGMHSA): Northeast Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus in ICES Divisions IIa, IIIabd, IV, Vb, VI, VII, VIIIa-e, IXa, XII and XIV). Western Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus in ICES Divisions IIa, IIIa (Western Part), IVa, Vb, VIa, VIIa c, VIIe k, and VIIIa-e). Southern Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus in ICES Division IXa). Sardine (Sardina pilchardus in ICES Divisions VIIIc and IXa). Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus in ICES Divisions VIIIc and IXa). o and the ICES Working Group of the Northern Pelagic and Blue Whiting fisheries (WGNPBW): Blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou in ICES Sub-areas I and II, Division IIIa, and Sub-areas IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, XII and XIV). All of the stocks above are managed by limitation of catches (TAC) and technical measures. However, the limitation of fishing effort, which was specially highlighted in the last Common Fishery Policy reform, has been recently applied in the area by means the Recovery Plan of the Southern hake and Norway lobster stocks in the Cantabrian Sea and Western Iberian Peninsula (CE 2166/2005). This plan aims to rebuild the stock to within safe biological limits entangling a mixed TAC and effort control system IBERMIX objectives Taking into account all the points expounded above, the IBERMIX project was designed in order to achieve the following objectives: 1. Identification of fleets/fisheries/métiers: Compilation of available information of catch/economic profiles by trip and fishing activities features. Analysis of that information by multivariate statistical techniques for obtaining homogeneous fishing units (métiers). 2. Data disaggregated by métier: Application of the results obtained in the previous stage to the respective National Sampling Programmes for establishing a standard methodology which permits to obtain métier-disaggregated data. Obtaining of métier-disaggregated fishing data. 4

13 IBERMIX report Section 1 3. Supplying WG s with results: Presentation of the redefined fishing units (métiers) to the ICES assessment working groups where the stocks related to the case study fisheries are yearly assessed. Providing métier-disaggregated fishing data in the STECF and ICES meetings responsible of carrying out mixed-fisheries management. Attending the STECF and ICES meetings related to management strategies for the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula waters. This IBERMIX final report is split between the main text and various annexes which include gear descriptions, legislation and a code glossary. The main text itself includes descriptions of the fleets in section 2. Section 3 covers the data analysis carried out in order to identify the métiers into each fleet. Section 4 describes the work made for compiling the catch data disaggregated by the métiers obtained in Section 3 and its supply and use in the assessment working groups. Section 5 details the main conclusions. In order to conform to the text of the contract, the IBERMIX project has successfully covered both the main objectives: the analysis for all the mixed fisheries involved in the area and the respective data compilation. 5

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15 IBERMIX report Section 2 2. Fleets reviewed The Atlantic Iberian Peninsula shelf contains ICES Divisions VIIIc and IXa, including the Portuguese and the Atlantic Spanish coasts. From the North to the South this area is formed by the Spanish part of the Bay of Biscay (VIIIc East), the Galician coast (VIIIc West and IXa North), the Portuguese coast (IXa Centre and South) and the Gulf of Cádiz (IXa Southeast) (Map 2-a). Administrative reasons made it more feasible to divide the tasks of the IBERMIX project between countries, so that AZTI and IEO have taken on the responsibility of the Spanish fleets analyses and IPIMAR on the Portuguese fleets Spanish fleets The Atlantic Spanish coast is interrupted by the Portuguese coast, emphasizing extremely the gradual change of the oceanographic features along the coast. In fact, the Southern part is considered a subtropical zone, while the Galician and the Bay of Biscay waters are in a subtropical-boreal transition area of the Eastern Atlantic, where typical temperate water and boreal species cohabit together. These differences have favoured an independent development of the fisheries from both the Northern and the Southern Atlantic Spanish coasts, making more suitable to deal with both geographical areas separately Spanish fleets operating in the Northern Spanish Atlantic waters Oceanographically, two different areas can also be distinguished in the Northern Iberian Region: the Bay of Biscay, with a diminishing Atlantic influence towards the interior of the Bay of Biscay, and the Galician waters with high Atlantic influence driven by the Gulf current and important upwelling phenomena. Commercially, this region has traditionally been an area of intensive fishing activity catching a wide variety of species of commercial interest as hake (Merluccius merluccius), white anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius), black anglerfish (L. budegassa), megrim (Lepidorhombus wiffiagonis), four spot megrim (L. boscii), horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), mackerel (Scomber scombrus), chub mackerel (S. japonicus), blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou), sardine (Sardina pilchardus), anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus) or Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus). The Northern Iberian Region is also an important nursery ground for some of them, mainly hake, sardine, horse mackerel, and blue whiting. From the fishing point of view, the most important of the previous reviews of the Spanish fleets operating in the Northern Spanish coast was made in the STECF Southern Hake Task Force (STECF, 1994). This review was made taking into account hake as the principal target species and using the sampling data of the period In that period, some important changes were noted in the Northern Spanish coastal trawl fleet regarding the past, particularly a decrease of the demersal species traditionally targeted was making way for an 7

16 Section 2 IBERMIX report important increase of pelagic species landings. Nevertheless, the rest of the Northern Spanish fleets described (purse seine, set long line and set gillnet) were found keeping the same traditional characteristics. No information about the drifting long line fleet and the artisanal fleet, defined as small scale fleet using a variety of artisanal gears, were included in the STECF report. Since this report, changes observed in the evolution of the Northern Spanish coastal fleets were investigated in forward works (Lart et al., 2002; STECF/SGRST, 2002; Punzón et al., 2001; Bellido et al., 2003; STECF/SGMOS, 2003; Castro and Punzón, 2005). Nevertheless, no definitive revisions integrated into an international working group were made until the presentation of the IBERMIX results to the 2007 ICES WGHMM (see Section 4). Currently, the Northern Spanish coastal fleets are officially categorized as bottom trawl, purse seine, drifting longline, set longline, set gillnet ( volanta and rasco ), and minor-gear fleet (small scale fleet using a variety of gears as traps, beta gillnets, etc ). Even though the minor-gear fleet represents around 89% in number of total vessels, it represents 26% of the total gross tonnage (Table a). Comparing the 2006 census with the average of the period (STECF, 1994), there has been a decrease of 64% in the total number of vessels, being higher in the fixed gear fleets (Figure a). The mobile gear fleets, trawl and purse seine, are currently responsible of 95% of the total landings (Figure b). From an administrative point of view, the Northern Spanish Atlantic coast is compounded by four Regional Communities with different number of important ports (Map a): Asturias (Avilés and Gijón); Basque Country (Ondárroa), Cantabria (Santander), and Galicia (A Coruña, Burela, Celeiro, Marín, Muros, Ribeira and Vigo). Analyzing the total number of trips, around 68% of trips are landed in Galicia (Figure c). Disaggregating by fleet, different fleets stand out in each Regional Community: trawl and gillnet in Asturias, purse seine in Basque Country, gillnets in Cantabria, and trawl gillnet and purse seine in Galicia (Figure d). In terms to facilitate both the analysis and the showing of results in this report, the Northern Spanish coastal fleets will be split by fishing gear category as mobile and fixed gears. That division permits to avoid confusing terminology, as artisanal when is indistinctly used for referring to both the small scale fleet and any fleet using fixed gears. 8

17 IBERMIX report Section Northern Spanish coastal fleet using mobile gears The Northern Spanish coastal fleet using mobile gears is compounded by trawlers, purseseiners, drifting longliners, and part of the minor-gear fleet which uses dredges. During 2005, a new gear (twin trawl) focused in catching anglerfish appeared opportunistically in some ports based on Basque Country. Northern Spanish coastal trawl fleet (BT) The Northern Spanish coastal trawl fleet is known to have undergone several technical changes through the last century, when the most significant industrial progress took place. Analysis from the period showed that hake, the main target species in 70 s, had fell until 6% of total weight landed, while catches of other species such as blue whiting and horse mackerel had increased up to 47% and 18%, respectively (STECF, 1994). This increasing trend in landings of pelagic species can be followed exploring the logbooks, where mackerel and horse mackerel catches raise up to 25%, while hake decreases to 4% (Figure a). At the end of 80 s and early 90 s this fleet included bottom otter trawlers (OTB) and bottom pair trawlers (PTB). Regarding the OTB fleet, it is known that this fleet has evolved in such a way that several kinds of trawl gears have been included in their fishing strategies through last years, being the most frequently used the baca and the jurelera gears. The first one, the traditional trawl gear used by targeting demersal species, has a codend mesh size of 65 mm, a vertical opening of m and a wingspread of m. The more recent jurelera gear also uses a codend mesh size of 65 mm, however is able to achieve a vertical opening of m and a wingspread of m, being suitable for targeting horse mackerel and other pelagic species (Fonseca et al., 2000). The baca trawl trips last from 1 to 10 days, with hauls of 1 to 8 hours depending on the weather condition, the species targeted or the area being fished, and employ between 3 and 9 crewmembers. The jurelera trawl trips are shorter, from 1 to 2 days, with hauls of 2 to 6 hours, and between 3 and 10 crewmembers (Lart et al., 2002). More recent investigations (Pérez et al., 2006) have shown that the baca gear, which was believed to be the traditional gear used for targeting demersal species, has actually been replaced by two different types (Annex I): raspita and cuatro caras (four sides). Both of them reach a similar vertical opening (Table a) and present a similar catch composition, however the raspita gear seems to be more efficient catching hake while the 4 sides gear catch more blue whiting (Table b). Nevertheless, the combined use of the described gears during the same trip makes it especially difficult to split the OTB fleet into different components. Therefore, some analytical investigations have been carried out in order to find an analytical solution for segmenting this fishery (Punzón et al., 2001; Bellido, et al., 2003; and Castro and Punzón, 2005), nevertheless, they could not be applied to the total catches due to be based on partial data. 9

18 Section 2 IBERMIX report The other group of bottom trawlers operating in the Northern Spanish coastal waters, the PTB fleet, uses a specific gear with a cod end mesh size of between mm, which is able to achieve a vertical opening of around 25 m and a wingspread of 65 m (Fonseca et al., 2000). Their trips last from 1 to 2 days, with hauls of 5 to 15 hours, and employ between 4 and 9 crewmembers (Lart et al., 2002). In relation to its fishing behaviour, this fleet has been always assumed to be very homogeneous, with most of the vessels targeting mainly blue whiting by using similar fishing techniques. However, some detailed studies found a small component with a catch profile in which other species showed more importance than blue whiting (Castro and Punzón, 2005). Analyzing the landings by both trawl fleets, it can be observed that OTB is mainly targeting horse mackerel and mackerel with the demersal species traditionally appreciated in the Spanish markets (hake, megrim, monk and Norway lobster) (Figure b; Table c). Regarding PTB, its fishing strategy is specially efficient targeting blue whiting (69%) but also produces important catches of hake (Figure c; Table c). Under an administrative point of view, most of the both fleet s catches, OTB and PTB, are landed in Galician ports. Northern Spanish coastal purse seine fleet (PS) In 2006 a total of 346 vessels were registered as purse seiners, and changes in gear do not occur during the year except in summer, when part of the fleet switches to curricán (trolling lines) or cebo vivo (bait boat) for tuna fishing. This fishery behaves in two main ways, on one hand taking advantage of resources with a marked seasonal character such as anchovy, mackerel (in VIIIc East), sardine (in IXa North) or tuna (caught using curricán), and on the other a series of resources that are always present in the area, such as horse mackerel. Vessels must be over 11 m in length, and so most of the effort and catches are registered in logbooks, and at most can only work 5 days a week, resting continuously for 48 hours per week. The gear has a maximum length of 600 m excluding the purses, whose maximum size is 30 m, with a maximum height of 130 m and mesh size of 14 mm (Annex I). Regarding the catch composition, the current purse seine landings show an increase of medium pelagic species (horse mackerel and mackerel) and a decrease of small pelagic species (sardine and anchovy). In the particular case of the decrease in the anchovy landings, it must be noted than this fishery was collapsed in 2005 (Figure d; Table d). As in the trawl fleets, the purse seine catches are mainly landed in the Galician ports, being distributed throughout a greater variety of ports (Figure e). 10

19 IBERMIX report Section 2 Northern Spanish coastal drifting longline fleet (LLD) From the 70 vessels registered as drifting longline in the Northern Spanish ports, the majority targets swordfish in oceanic waters and only a small but unknown number of them operates in the Spanish waters. This last group presents two different fishing strategies: on the one hand, fishing blue shark (Prionace glauca) from June to October and; on the other, exploiting seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) throughout the whole year. The first fishery is clearly monospecific, while the second one is accompanied by white seabream (Diplodus sargus) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) (Punzón and Gancedo, 1998). Northern Spanish coastal minor-gear fleet using mobile gears Around 20% of the Northern Spanish coastal minor-gear fleet uses mobile gears, mainly dredges ( rastro ). Dredges are specifically used for exploiting bivalves in the Galician coastal areas, such as grooved carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decusatus), pullet carpet shell clam (Venerupis pullastra) or common edible cockle (Cerastoderma edule). However, the whole Northern Spanish coastal minor-gear fleet is mainly compounded by vessels smaller than 10 m, so that logbooks give very scarce information about the dredge fleet landings. In addition to dredges other small-scale vessels use mobile gears, as hand lines which change temporary to curricán (trolling lines) in areas of the Bay of Biscay. Trolling lines are used during the costera fishery, a typical seasonal fishery directed to albacore (Thunnus alalunga) during its migration near the Northern Spanish coast Northern Spanish coastal fleets using fixed gears The fixed gear fleet is compounded of vessels officially registered by gear type: palangre (set longline), volanta (set gillnet of 90 mm mesh size), rasco (set gillnet of 280 mm mesh size directed to monkfish), and artes menores (minor gears: mainly the small scale fleet using a variety of small gears). Comparing the catch composition between fixed gear categories show than long line is more efficient catching fish, specially those with more pelagic behaviour, while gillnet and trammel are better for crustaceans, cephalopods, and benthic fish (Table a). Northern Spanish coastal set longline fleet (LLS) The Northern Spanish coastal set longline fleet is compounded of those vessels officially registered as bottom longliners and those small scale vessels using minor longlines. Most of them develop monospecific fisheries, although they can change throughout the year taking advantage of the stock seasonality or the market prices. As a result, part of the set longline fleet can form a part of the costera fishery, a typical seasonal fishery directed to albacore 11

20 Section 2 IBERMIX report (Thunnus alalunga) during its migration near the Northern Spanish coast by using trolling lines, or make small adaptations for changing from bottom longline to handline, etc. A set longline consists of a main line with a number of branch lines of variable length spaced several metres apart, from which a baited hook is hung down. The gear is fixed on or near the bottom with weights and attached to a buoy (Annex I). The number of hooks, distance of branch lines on the main line and length depends on the target species. The Spanish regulations for the registered set longline fleet establish the maximum legal number of hooks at 4,000 and a maximum longline of 15,000 m length. As there are many target species the basic longline structure can be specifically modified, being the following the most common categories: Palangre (bottom longline): directed to three main target species, i.e. hake, pollack (Pollachius pollachius) and blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo). Even though mixed trips are rare, clean trips are not due to changes in the strategy but the availability of the species and market changes: hake between May and July, when the best yields are obtained, while blackspot seabream is targeted in winter despite the low catches, owing to the high price this species commands (Punzón et al., 1999). Palangrón (deep bottom longline): there are two target species of this gear: greater forkbeard (Phycis blennoides) and conger (Conger conger). The only difference between both fisheries is regarding the depth to which the longline is lowered, being greater for forkbeard. Mixed fishing trips are common and there is no seasonality. This fishing strategy is mainly used a fill-in between costeras. Trips targeting forkbeard present blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus), moras (Moridae) and forkbeard (Phycis phycis) as accompanying species (Punzón and Gancedo, 1998). Nevertheless, there are no characteristic accompanying species when conger is the target species. Besides, the deep bottom longline has recently started to be used for catching deep-water sharks as birdbeak dogfish (Deania calceus), leafscale gulper shark (Centrophorus squamosus), and Portuguese dogfish (Centroscymnus coleolepis). Regarding the catch composition, the differences between the current set long line landings and the landings observed in the period (STECF, 1994) are probably due to misreporting and wrong allocation of gears in statistics. On the one hand, the most important species in current landings, i.e. conger, had probably been assigned into the others group in the STECF report; on the other hand, the high level of mackerel in was surely due to a wrong allocation of the hand lines into the set long line fleet (Figure a) (Pérez et al., 1996). Year 2005 had to be removed from the period in order to estimate a more representative average catch composition, because the unusual catch of Atlantic 12

21 IBERMIX report Section 2 pomfret (Brama brama) in this year. Contrary to trawl fleets, the set longline trips are widely distributed throughout a variety of landing ports (Figure b). Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet fleet (GNS) The Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet fleet is compounded of those vessels officially registered as volanta and rasco, as well as those small scale vessels using minor gillnets. The first two gears are aiming primarily at hake and monkfish, respectively. Both fisheries operate continuously throughout the whole year, and only part of the fleet interrupts temporarily its activity to switch to mackerel hook lines or tuna trolling lines. The set gillnet modality consists of a single netting wall, made up of several rectangular pieces linked to each other and kept vertical by a float line and a weighted ground line. The most important types of set gillnet gear used in the Northern Spanish waters are the following gears (Pereda and Villamor, 1991; Pereda et al., 1998; Punzón and Gancedo, 1998): Volanta gear uses a mesh size of 90 mm at depths between 100 and 400 m. Each piece of netting has a maximum height of 10 m and a maximum total length of 50 m, while the maximum length permitted for the entire gear is 7,000 m. This modality is used in the study area throughout the year to catch hake, except in certain ports where there is some seasonality. The accompanying species are usually pout (Trisopterus luscus), and to a lesser extent species of Triglidae. Currently, there is a modification of the gear, used mainly in Asturias, known as volanta marisquera, dedicated to the catch of edible crab (Cancer pagurus) and other crustaceans. Rasco gear uses a mesh size of 280 mm at depths between m. Each piece of netting has a maximum height of 3.5 m and a maximum length of 50 m, and the maximum total length permitted for the entire gear is 11,000 m. This gear is not allowed at depths shallower than 50 m, and is specially designed to catch monkfishes (Lophius budegassa and L. piscatorius). The most characteristic accompanying species are rays (Raja spp.) and red scorpionfish (Scorpaena scropha). Catches of crustaceans with this gear are common, such as spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas) or lobster (Hommarus gammarus). The most important landings are made at the ports of San Vicente de la Barquera and Santoña. Regarding the catch composition, an increase in both main species (hake and monk) can be observed in the current landings in relation to those registered in the period (Figure c). As in the case of longline, the Northern Spanish coastal gillnet trips are widely distributed throughout a variety of landing ports (Figure d). 13

22 Section 2 IBERMIX report Northern Spanish coastal minor-gear fleet using fixed gears From a total of 6654 vessels of the minor-gear fleet, around 80% operate mainly by using the following fixed gears: Minor-gear fleet using hand lines (LHP) and set longline (LLS) In the case of the minor-gear fleet, it is used a kind of small bottom longline ( palangrillo ) which is allowed to be 3,000 m length with a total of 1,000 hooks at most. Moreover, it is common to find the minor-gear fleet working with other gears, such as potera (jigging lines) and hand lines. This last one is very monospecific, being directed to mackerel (Scomber scombrus) between March and May to take advantage of the mackerel spawning migration from east to west (Villamor et al., 1994 and 1997) mainly in Division VIIIc East. This fishery involves vessels using hooks and gillnets in different periods of the year. Minor-gear fleet using gillnet (GNS) The gear mainly used by the minor-gear fleet is the small gillnet called beta. This net has a general mesh size of 60 mm, extended to 80 mm when targeting sole and hake. It is set at depths shallower than 150 m; each piece of netting can reach a maximum length of 50 m and a maximum height of 3 m, while the maximum total length of the gear is 4,500 m. This gear is not very selective and is mainly used to catch coastal species throughout the year, targeting hake, red mullet (Mullus surmulletus) and other species from the families Labridae, Triglidae or Scorpaenidae. There is a multitude of variations of this gear, which adapts well to both topographical and oceanic conditions and also enables the combined catch of species of interest. Minor-gear fleet using trammel nets (GTR) All the trammel nets are considered as minor gears, being compounded by three main types of gear: Trasmallo : trammel with three walls of netting, two outer nets of 400 mm mesh size and one inner net of 60 mm. The maximum total length of the gear is less than 4,500 m, with measures of 50 m length and 2 m height by panel. This trammel category is used throughout the year and shows many variations depending on the target species: common and sand soles (Solea vulgaris and S. lascaris), wrasses (Labridae), seabreams, octopus (Octopus vulgaris), etc. Semi-tramelled nets with only two walls of netting, with one of the pieces of 60 mm mesh size and the other of 400 mm. 14

23 IBERMIX report Section 2 Miño : trammel with three walls of netting, the outer nets being larger than 500 mm and the inner ones of 90 mm. The maximum length of each piece is 50 m and the maximum height is 3 m, while the total length can be up to 4,500 m. The information contained in logbooks regarding this gear is very scarce since only small vessels work with it. The miño targets monk and, unlike rasco, it is used in areas near the coast throughout the year. In certain areas it is also used for crustaceans as spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas), lobster (Hommarus gammarus) and spiny spider crab (Maja squinado). There is also a variation of this gear designed for catching cuttlefish, called cachonera. The trammel net fleet catch composition is very mixed since the others group shows the highest percentage of total landings, being followed by monk (17%) and sharks (12%) (Figure e). As in the case of longline and gillnet, the Northern Spanish coastal trammel trips are widely distributed throughout a variety of landing ports, showing small local ports with the highest landings (Figure e). Minor-gear fleet using traps The minor-gear fleet using traps in the Northern Atlantic Spanish coast exploits mainly octopus and crustaceans by means a kind of trap called nasa. The fisheries developed by all these fleets have traditionally been considered artisanal, as they are performed from the vessel working in coastal grounds or very close to the coast, the fishing trip never surpasses 24 h, and are part of the family sustenance (Punzón and Gancedo, 2000). Although they are registered for a certain gear, these fleets often change gear over the year depending on the target species, so that their fishing strategy can be defined as multi-gear and multi-species. Regarding the technical features, the minor-gear fleet is formed by vessel between 5 and 18 metres total length, so that their catches and efforts are poorly represented in the logbooks Spanish fleets operating in the Southern Spanish Atlantic waters (Gulf of Cádiz) The Gulf of Cádiz waters are characterized by its high biological richness, which determines the marked multi-specific nature of its fisheries and the employment of diverse types of fishing gears. From the geographical point of view, its boundaries are delimited westward by the Guadiana River mouth, the natural frontier with Portugal, and eastward by the Strait of Gibraltar, whose hydrography plays an important role in the ecosystem and, consequently, in its fishing activity (Map a). The most important oceanographic feature is characterized by the existence of a surface Atlantic current that flows towards the Mediterranean and a deep Mediterranean counter-current that outflows into the Atlantic (Folkard et al., 1997). The Gulf of Cádiz is also distinguished by important river discharges, as those from the 15

24 Section 2 IBERMIX report Rivers Guadiana and Guadalete, and mainly the River Guadalquivir, whose mouths constitute essential nursery and growth habitats of numerous species of commercial interest (Arias and Drake, 1990; Anonymus, 1999; Sobrino et al., 2005a). Among species of commercial importance, 58% in weight correspond to fishes, 24% to molluscs and 18% to crustaceans. The most relevant fish species are hake (Merluccius merluccius), blue whiting (M. poutassou), anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), wedge sole (Dicologoglosa cuneata), blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) and a number of other sparid species. Within molluscs, the most important species is undoubtedly octopus (Octopus vulgaris), together with the common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) and a bivalve which is very important from the socio-economic point of view, the striped venus clam (Chamalea gallina). Lastly, among the crustacean group of species, the most significant species is deepwater rose shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) and at a lesser level, Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus). First descriptions of the fishing fleets that operate in the Gulf of Cádiz were done during the early nineties (Sobrino et al., 1994). Since then, the different fleets have undergone numerous changes, especially from the technological viewpoint that resulted from the Modernization Plan of the Andalusian Fishing Sector carried out by the Autonomic Administration at the end of the nineties and the beginning of the actual decade (Anon., 1997; Anon., 2001). The decrease of the resources in the last years has also propitiated a change in the exploitation strategy, especially in the trawl fishery which led to a substantial reduction of the fleet. Table a show the mean features of the Southern Spanish coastal fleets. Even though the artisanal fleet represents around 62% in number of total vessels, it represents 25% of the total tonnage Gulf of Cádiz fleets using mobile gears The Gulf of Cádiz fleet using mobile gears is mainly composed of trawlers, purse seiners, drifting long liners and dredgers. The comparison between the trawl and purse seine gear show great differences from the point of view of exploitation strategy due to the particular characteristics of each fishing gear (Table a). The trawl fishery observes a high degree of multi-specificity, among which most important are hake, octopus, shrimp, cuttlefish and blue whiting. In contrast, the purse seine fishery is mainly targeting anchovy, sardine and mackerel. With regards to anchovy, the actual legislation prohibits the catch of this species with trawl gear (RD 632/1993). Nevertheless, their catch by trawling was rather high in past times. The purse seine landings are much higher (an annual average of 14,000 t) than the trawl landings (7,400 t). 16

25 IBERMIX report Section 2 Gulf of Cádiz otter bottom trawl fleet (OTB) The Gulf of Cádiz trawl fleet is mainly composed of small vessels. Till the end of nineties, this fleet was traditionally divided into clearly differentiated types of vessels categorized by their size and their horsepower, which conditioned their navigation capability as well as their access to particular fishing grounds (Jiménez, 2002; Jiménez et al, 2004). Currently, due to the Modernization Plan of the Andalusian Fishing Sector implemented at the end of the nineties (Anon., 1997), the differences between the fishing vessels were lessened as a consequence of the homogenization and restructuring that mostly affected the trawl fleet. At present, the trawl fleet is mainly composed of around 200 vessels. Their average characteristics are 17.9 m length, 222 HP and 32 GRT. The traditional trawl gear used is the baca gear with some modifications (Anon., 2001). Accordingly, the gear setting and their technical characteristics are in consonance with the technological advances of the vessels, as well as on the types of seabeds trawled and on the bio-ecological characteristics of the exploited species (Ramos et al., 1995). A common modification consists in placing a chain in front of the foot-rope, to catch semi-buried species that inhabit soft bottoms. In respect to fishing grounds within the study area, there are great extensions of sea bottoms of unconsolidated nature, such as gravel, sandy and muddy bottoms. Consequently, the Gulf of Cádiz trawl fleet shows great spatial amplitude, from the geographic, as well as the bathymetric perspective (Sobrino, 1998). Until 1996, when the work of Ramos et al. (1995) describing in detail all the fishing grounds of the study area was published, the knowledge of the geographic and bathymetric characteristics exploited by the trawl fleet was practically inexistent. The only references on this topic were quite old and did not provide any cartographic information (Morales, 1944), or were referred to fishing grounds that were partly exploited by the trawl fleet (Muñoz, 1972). The trawl fishing regulations of the Gulf of Cádiz are found in the RD 632/1993. Since 2004, Annual Fishing Plans have been implemented by the Spanish Administration with the objective of reducing fishing effort. Among its foremost aspects, a decrease of the number of daily fishing hours was put into practice, which obliged the vessels to rest at port during nighttimes (Orden APA 3423/2004). Furthermore, a seasonal closure of 45 days during the fourth quarter of the year was applied to the whole fleet. In relation to more general aspects, a ban was applied on fishing at distances less than 6 miles from the coast and the funnel net mesh size was fixed to 40 mm. Gulf of Cádiz purse seine fleet (PS) The traditional fishery of the Gulf of Cádiz targeting small pelagic coastal species is developed by purse seines, whose operative number of vessels has remained rather constant during the last 14 years. This fleet is mainly directed towards anchovy (Engraulis 17

26 Section 2 IBERMIX report encrasicolus), although during the last years sardine (Sardina pilchardus) has exceeded their landings. At present, the fleet consists of 104 vessels, which comprise vessels that are permanently dedicated to the fishery, as well as those that practice purse seine fishing in a seasonal manner (trawl and artisanal vessels). The univalent fleet comprises 90% of the total purse seine vessels. This fleet is divided into two types of vessels according to their technical characteristics: vessels with higher tonnage (26% of the fleet) that have in average a GTR of 48.9 t, 358 HP and an overall length of 19.4 m; and vessels with lower tonnage (74% of the fleet) that registered in average a GTR of 14.8 t, 132 HP and an overall length of 14.1 m. Both segments of the fleet exploit the anchovy and sardine stocks, indistinctly. The fleet of greater tonnage was traditionally fishing in Morocco until the end of 1999 when the fishing activity ceased, mainly affecting the fishing port of Barbate. Since 2000 to May of the present year (2007), the fleet has been operating in the Gulf of Cádiz. With renewal of the Fishing Treaty between the European Union and Morocco, part of this fleet has returned to the Moroccan fishing grounds. Some vessels, around 16 units, alternate purse seine with other fishing gears (trawl and minor-gear gears) throughout the year. They shift towards purse seine from May to October (6 months) for targeting mostly horse mackerel. This fleet has undergone a reduction of 76%, passing from units during to the actual l6 vessels. All these fleets use a similar purse seine gear. Basically, the fishing maneuver consists in encircling fish schools within the purse seine and closing the bottom of the net with a lead line to concentrate the fish before hauling on board the catch. The characteristics and dimensions of this purse seine gear vary depending on the vessel length and its tonnage, as well as on fishing grounds. A detailed description of the technical characteristics of these gears is reported by Millán (1999) and Anon. (2001). At present, the purse seine fishery is regulated by a specific Gulf of Cádiz Fishing Plan (Order APA/3239/2006). The most noteworthy regulation of the Fishing Plan is the enforcement of a closed season of 60 days during the fourth quarter of the year, establishing 5 fishing days per week and the limitation of catch for the two target species, anchovy and sardine, during the rest of the year. Minor-gear fleet using mobile gears Within the category of minor-gear fleet there is a small number of vessels using drifting longline (LLD). These vessels target mainly swordfish (Xiphias gladius) and sharks, among which the most prominent is the tope shark (Galeorhynus galeus). Thus, the fishery is specifically directed to these species showing a marked seasonality during the second half of 18

27 IBERMIX report Section 2 the year. All the characteristics of the drifting longlines used in the fishery, as well as all the aspects related to this fishing activity is regulated by RD 1428/1997 and in its subsequent modifications by RD 284/2006. At the same time, around 75 vessels, with an average of 9.6 m length, operate using dredges (HMD) for targeting striped venus clam (Chamallea gallina). Landings during the past years have surpassed 3,000 t. The vessels have a hydraulic dredge located in the ship s bow that pumps water over the bottom of the sea. References and regulation of this type of gear is contemplated in the Order January 28, Other vessels that can also fish striped venus clam among other bivalves use the teeth bar dredges. According to the last ship census, the number of vessels of this fishing modality amount to a total of 46 vessels. The main ports of the hydraulic dredge fleet are Isla Cristina and Punta Umbría (province of Huelva), and Sanlúcar de Barrameda (province of Cádiz). These are the only ports in which striped venus clams is landed. The fishing grounds of this species are mainly distributed over the coasts of the province of Huelva, in areas of soft seabed of sandy or sandy-muddy nature, being the most important located in the National Park of Doñana coast. The fishery is carried out in shallow coastal waters, but this practice is prohibited in riverine or estuarine waters, as well as in depths less than 5 meters. The fishery is managed through Fishing Plans implemented by the Andalusian Autonomic Government (Order 22 nd January 2007), in which it is worth mentioning the fact that tares on the catch were applied. Actually, these are fixed to 200 kg for dredges and to 100 kg for teeth bar dredges. Moreover, a closed season of 45 days was set for the second trimester of the year. Likewise, the actual Fishing Plan covers all the aspects related with the fishing activity, as fishing effort, vessel and gear characteristics, working hours and days and fishing grounds Gulf of Cádiz fleet using fixed gears The Gulf of Cádiz fleet that operates with fixed fishing gears is categorized under the minorgear category. A license for minor gears ( artes menores ) is required to carry out this type of fishing activity, including trammel and gillnets, as well as hook and trap fishing (RD 1428/1997 and RD 284/2006). Currently, this minor-gear fleet comprises 503 small fishing vessels. It approximately represents 62% of the total demersal fleet of the Gulf of Cádiz. The vessels are on average 10 m long, having 6 GTR and 55 HP. It represents a low contribution to the total GTR (36%) and HP (38%) of the demersal fleet. The relative importance of the target species of the different fleets are shown in Table a. From the landings viewpoint, longlines are most important with 400 t on average, 19

28 Section 2 IBERMIX report although it is worth mentioning that a significant increase of traps throughout the study period has been detected, owing to the great increase of octopus landings by the artisanal and trawl fleet. Concerning species composition, net gears show higher diversity than traps and set longlines. The low and biased coverage from logbooks cause important variations between years, as observed in trammel net fishing whose catch has increased by four in Although the same license is required for the whole minor-gear fleet using every type of fixed gear, it is managed by endorsing the use of only one gear per fishing trip (RD 1428/1997). However, it is known that the use of various types of fishing gear constitutes a habitual practice. Gulf of Cádiz minor-gear fleet using longline (LLS) Bottom longlines are preferably used in the eastern part of the fishing grounds by the fleets of Conil and Barbate, while a small number of vessels exploit the western area. There is a particular bottom longline directed to sparid species, the European conger, forkbeards (Phycis spp.) and rubberlip grunt (Plectorhinchus mediterraneus), among others. Maximum length is set to 4,000 m and a maximum number of hooks to 2,000. Hook size is dependent on the target species. A very particular fishery is that of the blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) locally called voraz, whose gear denomination refers to the common name of the species, voracera (see Annex I). The fishing grounds are in the waters around Gibraltar Strait. The gear has the particularity that before the hook line is set, a cement block of 25 kg is cast to assure that the gear reaches the bottom. This fishery has a specific regulation that is contemplated in the Fishing Plan where the technical characteristics of the gear, fishing grounds, minimum size, authorized vessels and effort related aspects are covered (Order APA 8/2006). Furthermore, a closed area and biological stop of 60 days is enforced during the first quarter of the year. The search for new fishing grounds for the spotted seabream has developed a fishery targeting the silver scabbardfish (Lepidopus caudatus). It is mainly carried out by vessels from Barbate and Conil that use a gear called piedrabola (see Annex I). A ruling on effort regulation exists in relation to the vessels from the nearby fishing grounds (Order APA/50/2005). 20

29 IBERMIX report Section 2 Gulf of Cádiz minor-gear fleet using set gillnet (GNS) Among the fixed fishing gear, gillnets are the most frequently used in the Gulf of Cádiz fishing grounds, targeting on a number of species. The target species determine the mesh size to be use. Larger mesh size is preferred for meagre (Argyrosomus regius) and some species of the genus Dentex (D. gibbosus, D. dentex). Smaller mesh size is used for the catch of seabreams (Diplodus spp.), common and red pandora (Pagellus erytrinus, Pagellus belloti), seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Dicentrarchus punctatus) and hake (Merluccius merluccius), among others. The dimensions of the gear in relation to the target species is contemplated in the regulation RD 1428/1997. However, there are protected areas as the Fishing Reserve that were recently established in front of the National Park of Doñana (Order June 16 th 2004) in which the mesh size for the meagre is set from mm and from mm for seabream and seabass (Sobrino et al., 2005) Gulf of Cádiz minor-gear fleet using trammel nets (GTR) Another group of fixed gear is the trammel nets which may be categorized under two types. A first group denominated as claros includes those whose inner panel of the net has a greater mesh size than those denominated ciegos which have a smaller mesh size. The first one is used for species as cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) and sole (Solea sp.), while the second group is used preferably for caramote prawn (Melicertus kerathurus), wedge sole (Dicologoglossa cuneata) and red mullet (Mullus surmuletus). There is a special trammel net which is directed to the wedge sole that may be considered as a trammel net due to the presence of zigzag suspenders ( tirantas ) that reduce the net s height. In the Fishing Reserve where the trammel net fishing is most important, the mesh size is set to mm for caramote prawn and wedge sole, and m for cuttlefish (Sobrino et al., 2005a). In all cases, the size of nets cannot exceed a length of 4,500 m length and a height of 4 m. Gulf of Cádiz minor-gear fleet using traps (FPO) Traps are widely used in the region, especially in the form of clay pots, locally named alcatruces or in the form of creel traps ( nasas ). The clay pot fishery, specialized in targeting octopus, is set by lines with clay pots separated by 10 m. These may be set in two manners: either forming lines of pots forming a labyrinth, or set in lines of pots parallel to the coast (see Annex I). Each pot assemblage has two buoys marking the beginning and end of each line. This type of fishing activity is carried out mainly in the western part of the region where bottoms are not too hard and the currents are not intense (Silva and Sobrino, 2005). 21

30 Section 2 IBERMIX report Lastly, the fishery based on creel traps may be categorized in two types: those directed to fish species as well as molluscs (1 m in height and a diameter of 0.6 m) and those targeting exclusively on octopus, smaller in size (see Annex I). Both gears are set by lines at depths not over m, similarly to the clay pot fishery. The regulation of both types of trap fisheries is contemplated in RD 1428/1997. The maximum number of clay pots is set to 1,000 per vessel, while for traps it is set to Portuguese fleets Portuguese continental coast is part of the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula extending from latitude 41 20' N to 36 30' N, 07º 30 W. At north it makes boundary with the Spanish Galician coast and at south with the Spanish coast of the Gulf of Cádiz. Portugal mainland coast has 942 km and it is included in ICES Division IXa. Several Portuguese studies have been published concerning the description of the Portuguese fisheries, fishing fleets, gear characteristics, selectivity and discards practices. The first and historical description of the Portuguese fleet was done by Baldaque da Silva (1891) and Eça (1909). Statistics of the landings and effort of the Portuguese trawl can be found in old studies, such as Ramalho (1956), Oliveira and Moura (1973). Preliminary selectivity studies on trawl mesh sizes for hake and horse mackerel were reported in Monteiro (1966), Cardador (1986), Fonseca et al. (1998) and Cardador and Borges (1991). More recent work on trawl selectivity was undertaken within the TRASEL UE project (Fonseca et al, 2000), followed by studies related to changes in mesh configuration and use of separator panels such as Campos et al (2002, 2003b), Campos and Fonseca (2003, 2004), Fonseca et al (2002, 2007). Preliminary discards estimations and practices from the commercial trawl fleet are described in Fernandes et al (2006a, 2006b, 2007). Discards from five of the most important fisheries (crustacean trawling, fish trawling, demersal purse seining, pelagic purse seining and trammel netting) in southern Portugal were studied and compared in Borges et al (2001) and Erzini et al (2002). The use of GPS data in the crustacean fleet to map effort and landings was performed in a DGXIV study (Afonso-Dias et al, 2002). The definition of fleet components in the bottom trawl fishery is presented in Campos et al (2007). The Portuguese purse seine CPUE and effort are standardized in Parente (2001, 2004), while the fishery is described in Wise et al (2005). For the artisanal fleet several studies on the small scale fleet were published, some of them including gear descriptions and illustrations, such as, Costa et al (1984), Martins (1996), Franca et al (1998) and Carneiro et al (2006). Results from studies on gillnet selectivity are found in Martins et al (1990) and Fonseca et al (2005). Fleet components on the South Atlantic artisanal fishery were analysed on a DGXIV study (Afonso-Dias et al, 1999) and Palma et al (1999). 22

31 IBERMIX report Section 2 The fishery units operating in Portuguese continental waters were described in the report of the Southern Hake Task Force meeting (STECF, 1994). In this report an overall description of the fleet components is presented, e.g., trawl (crustacean and fish), artisanal and purse seine. The description includes the main characteristics of the gears, vessels and target species, using information of the period Fishing in the Portuguese continental waters is carried out by three fleets: trawl, purse seine and polyvalent. In 2005, the total landings from these fleets were 130,000 tonnes (INE, 2006), of which 42% were landed by purse seines, 41% by polyvalent fleet and 17% by trawl (Figure 2.2-a). In terms of economic value it corresponded to 212 millions of Euros (value in the auction sales), being 67%, 17% and 16% from polyvalent, trawl and purse seine, respectively. When compared with 1996 landings (164,000 t), purse seine represented 58%, polyvalent 29% and trawl 13%. In terms of value, the multi-gear contribution in 1996 was 59%, purse seine 23% and trawls 18% (INE-DGPA, 1998) (Figure 2.2-b). These values indicate an increase in the contributions of the polyvalent and trawl fleet landings in 2005 in relation to 1996 while the purse seine has decreased. Along the Portuguese coast there is almost one hundred fishing harbours, being the majority of them of small importance in terms of landings recorded. The most important fishing harbours are 16 and the designation and localization are indicated in Map 2.2-a as well as the corresponding regions considered. The north zone comprised the fishing harbours from Viana Castelo until Nazaré, the southwest from Peniche until Sagres and the south (Algarve) includes the fishing harbours from Sagres to Vila Real Santo António. In 2005 the majority of the Portuguese catches were landed in Matosinhos (17%), Peniche (16%), Olhão (11%) and Sesimbra (10%) (Figure 2.2-c). In the same year, the most important fishing harbours (Figure 2.2-d) for trawl in terms of weight landed were Matosinhos, Aveiro, Portimão and Figueira Foz; for purse seine were Peniche, Matosinhos, Sines and Figueira Foz and for the polyvalent fleet were Olhão, Sesimbra and Matosinhos. The 2005 landings in weight by region and by fleet component shown in Map 2.2-b indicate that purse seine was more important in the fishing harbours of the north (43%) and of the southwest (50%) while in the south the polyvalent component is dominant (58%). Trawl landings are slightly higher in the northern fishing harbours (23%), being at the same level in the southwest and in south (12% and 15%, respectively). 23

32 Section 2 IBERMIX report Portuguese fleet using mobile gears Portuguese trawl fleet The trawl fleet comprises two components, e.g., trawl fleet fishing for fish and trawl fleet fishing for crustaceans. The trawl fleet fishing for fish operates off the entire coast while the trawl fleet directed to crustaceans operates mainly in the Southwest and South, in deep waters, where crustaceans are more abundant. The fish trawlers are licensed to use a mesh size >= 65 mm in the codend and the crustacean trawlers are licensed for two different mesh sizes, 55 mm for catching shrimps and >= 70 mm for Norway lobster. In 2005, the number of licensed fish trawlers was 72 with an average of 705 HP (518kW), 182 GRT and 27 m of overall length, whereas the number of crustacean trawlers was 30, with an average of 563 HP (414 kw), 178 GRT and 25 m of overall length. The main characteristics of the fish and crustacean trawl fleets recording landings in 2005 are shown in Figure a. The values indicated for engine power (kw), length-over-all (m) and Gross tonnage (GRT) are specified by region of registration and refer to the minimum, maximum and median values, together with upper and lower quartiles. Considering the fish trawlers, the mean engine power was higher for trawlers of the north region (571.0 kw), which comprised 53 units, followed by the southwest region with 4 units (542.6 kw) and the south region with 12 units (377.7 kw). The same importance is retained for gross tonnage and length-over-all, e.g., mean GRT and 28.8 m in the north, GRT and 24.4 m in southwest and GRT and 23.1 m in the south. The year of construction as indicated in Figure b shows that fish trawlers are more aged in the south region with 1976 as the mean year; in the north the mean year of construction is 1987 and in the southwest is In general, the fish trawlers operating in 2005 have 27.6 m, GRT and kw. The year of construction ranges from 1943 to 2005, with an average of 1986 (19 years old). The majority of the crustacean trawlers which had landed in Portuguese harbours in 2005 were registered in the south (19 units) with a mean GRT of 167.9, 24.7 m of mean length and kw of mean engine power. The north comprised 3 units with mean values of 24.5 m, GRT and kw; the southwest had only 2 units with 24.0 m and an average of GRT and kw. The older and more recent vessels are registered in the south. On the whole, the crustacean trawlers (24) with landing records in 2005 have in average 24.6 m, GRT and kw. The mean year of construction is 1994 (11 years old), ranging from 1969 to Crustacean trawl landings in 2005 were mostly composed by blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus), while the landings from the fish trawl were dominated by horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) and blue whiting. Hake (Merluccius merluccius) was relatively more important in the crustacean trawl landings than in the fish trawl (Figures c and d). 24

33 IBERMIX report Section 2 Portuguese purse seine fleet Purse-seining is a fishing activity that uses a large net to surround and trap entire shoals of pelagic fish, which can be attracted, when fishing at night, by using one or more light sources. In Portugal the purse-seine fishery can be directed to sardine (Sardina pilchardus), chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), bogue (Boops boops), anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). It is allowed a by-catch of other species up to a maximum of 20% in weight per trip. The main characteristics of purse seine fleet recording landings in 2005 are shown in Figure e. The values indicated are engine power (kw), and Gross tonnage (GRT) and length-over-all (m), specified by region/zone of registration and refer to the minimum, maximum and median values, together with upper and lower quartiles. Figure f indicates the number of units by zone and construction decade. In 2005 a total of 144 vessels using purse seine were in operation, with an average length over-all of 19.6 m, 46.5 GRT and kw. The year of construction ranges from 1911 to 2004, with an average of 1981 (24 years old). The fleet registered in the north comprises 36% of the total number of units, averaging 59.5 GRT, 21.9 m and kw. The southwest comprised 44 units (31%) with mean values of 18.7 m, 43.3 GRT and kw. In the south, there were 48 units registered (33%) with an average of 17.8 m, 35.5 GRT and kw. The mean year of construction was more recent in the north (1986), and older in the south (1976). In the southwest the mean year of construction was 1980, ranging from 1932 to Purse seine landings in 2005 were mostly composed by sardine and chub mackerel (Figure g) Portuguese fleet using fixed gears The Portuguese fleet using fixed gears is designated by polyvalent fleet. It operates along the total Portuguese coast (ICES Division IXa) and catches a great diversity of benthonic, demersal and pelagic species (fish, shellfish, cephalopods and crustacean). The polyvalent fleet includes two segments, both using fixed gears: (i) boats smaller than 12 m (4K1) 1, also 1 Com. Reg (EC) 2091/98, , OJ L

34 Section 2 IBERMIX report called small scale or artisanal, and (ii) boats larger or equal than 12 m (4K2), here designated as multi-gear. The landings in weight in 2005 from the multi-gear represented around 40% of the total landings from both segments. The analysis of the IBERMIX project is directed to data concerning to multi-gear segment. In general, vessels of the Portuguese multi-gear fleet operate with a range of different gears, including gill and trammel nets, hooks, longlines, traps and pots. Vessels may change fishing gears seasonally which may be related, in some areas, to seasonal changes in abundance of certain species or groups of species. Many vessels use simultaneously two or more gears in the same area or in different areas, making more complex the analysis of fishing trip types and the definition of fleet segments. The main characteristics of multi-gear fleet recording landings in 2005 are shown in Figure a. The values indicated for engine power (kw), Gross tonnage (GRT) and length-overall (m) are specified by region/zone of registration and refer to the minimum, maximum and median values, together with upper and lower quartiles. In 2005, a total of 331 vessels from multi-gear were in operation, with an average length of 16.0 m, 32.7 GRT and kw. The year of construction (Figure b) ranges from 1924 to 2004, with an average of 1986 (19 years old). The fleet registered in the north comprises 43% of the total number of units, having in average 34.0 GRT, 16.7 m and kw. The southwest comprised 121 units (37%) with mean values of 16.0 m, 35.0 GRT and kw. In the south, there were 65 units registered (20%) with an average of 14.8 m, 25.4 GRT and kw. The mean year of construction was more recent in the north (1990), and more aged in the south (1979). In the southwest the mean year of construction was 1985, ranging from 1942 to The multi-gear landings in 2005 were mostly composed by black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo, BSF), common octopus (Octopus vulgaris, OCC), pouting (Trisopterus luscus, BIB) and hake (Merluccius merluccius, HKE). The relative importance of each species in landed weight is represented in Figure c. 26

35 IBERMIX report Section 2 Table a. Technical features of the Northern Spanish coastal fleets (census 2006). Mean Bottom trawl Purse seine Drifting longline Set longline Gillnet rasco Gillnet volanta Minor gears Number Shipbuilding year Size (m) Power (HP) Tonnage (t) Table a. Technical features of the trawl gears used by the Northern Spanish coastal OTB fleet (Pérez et al., 2006). Gears Lentgh (m) Horizontal opening (m) Vertical opening (m) Nº of sides Jurelera sides Raspita Table b. Catch composition of the Northern Atlantic coastal OTB fleet by type of gear (Pérez et al., 2006). species Jurelera 4 sides Raspita Galeus melastomus Lepidorhombus boscii Lophius piscatorius Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Phycis blennoides Scomber scombrus Scymnodom ringens Trachurus trachurus OTHERS

36 Section 2 IBERMIX report Table c. Landing species composition of both the trawl fleet categories in the Northern Spanish coast (logbooks ). OTB: Northern Spanish coastal bottom otter trawl fleet; and PTB: Northern Spanish coastal bottom pair trawl fleet. TRAWL OTB PTB spp Lepidorhombus spp Lophius spp Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Nephrops norvegicus Scombrus spp Trachurus spp others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days) Table d. Landing species composition of the purse seine fleet in the Northern Spanish coastal (logbooks ). PURSE SEINE spp Belone belone Boops boops Engraulis encrasicolus Sardina pilchardus Scomber japonicus Scomber scombrus Scomberesox saurus Sparidae Trachurus spp Tuna Others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) TOTAL EFFORT (days)

37 IBERMIX report Section 2 Table a. Landing species composition of the fixed gear fleets in the Northern Spanish coast (logbooks ). LLS: set longline; GS: gillnet; and GTR: trammel net. LLS GNS GTR spp Belone belone Beryx spp Brama brama Conger conger Crustaceans Dicentrarchus labrax Dicologlossa cuneata Elasmobranchii Loliginidae Lophius spp Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Mullus spp Octopodidae Phycis spp Pleuronectiformes Pollachius spp Polyprion americanus Scomber spp Sepia officinalis Sparidae Trachurus spp Trisopterus spp Others TOTAL (t) Effort (days)

38 Section 2 IBERMIX report Table a. Technical features of the Southern Spanish coastal fleets (census 2006). Mean Bottom trawl Purse seine Drifting longline Minor gears Number Shipbuilding year Size (m) Power (HP) Tonnage (t) Table a. Landing species composition of the mobile gear fleets in the Gulf of Cádiz (logbooks ). TRAWL PURSE SEINE Spp Citharus linguatula Dicologoglosa cuneata Engraulis encrasicolus Galeorhinus galeus Lithognatus mormyrus Loligo spp Lophius spp Melicertus kerathurus Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Mullus spp Nephrops norvegicus Octopus vulgaris Ommastrephidae Other Pagellus bogaraveo Pagellus spp Parapenaeus longirostris Raja spp Sardina pilchardus Scomber spp Sepia officinalis Solea spp Squilla mantis Torpedo spp Trachurus spp TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days)

39 IBERMIX report Section 2 Table a. Landing species composition of the fixed gear fleets in the Gulf of Cádiz (logbooks ). LLS: set longline; GNS: gillnet; GTR: trammel net; and FPO: traps. LLS GNS GTR FPO spp Argyrosomus regius Batoideo Beryx decadaptylus Brama brama Conger conger Dentex gibbosus Dicentrarchus labrax Dicologoglosa cuneata Diplodus spp Galeorhinus galeus H.dactylopterus Isurus oxirhinchus Lepidopus caudatus Lithognatus mormyrus Loligo vulgaris Lophius spp Melicertus kerathurus Merluccius merluccius Mullus surmuletus Muraena helena Octopus vulgaris OTHERS Plectorhinchus mediterraneus Pagellus bogaraveo Pagellus spp Palinurus spp Phycis spp Polyprion americanus Pomatomus saltator Raja spp S. cantharus Scomber spp Scorpaena spp Sepia officinalis Solea spp Sparus aurata Squalidae Squilla mantis Thunnus thynnus Torpedo spp Trachurus spp Umbrina spp Xiphias gladius TOTAL (t) Effort (days)

40 Section 2 IBERMIX report Figure a. Evolution of the Northern Spanish coastal fleet in number of vessels from the period (STECF, 1994) to Evolution of Northern Spanish fleets in number of vessels TRAWL PURSE SEINE SET LONGLINE SET GILLNET Figure b. Total landings of the Northern Spanish coastal fleets in the period (BT: bottom trawl; PS: purse seine; LLS: set long line; GNS: gillnet; GTR: trammel net). Total landings by fleet ( ) LLS 2% GNS 2% GTR 1% PS 46% BT 49% 32

41 IBERMIX report Section 2 Figure c. Total trips landed in the Northern Spanish ports by Regional Community in the period Total trips by regional community Asturias 14% Basque Country 10% Galicia 68% Cantabria 8% Figure d. Total landed trips by Regional Community and fleet in the period (BT: bottom trawl; PS: purse seine; LLS: set long line; GNS; gillnet; GTR: trammel net). Asturias Basque Country GTR 16% BT 29% GNS 20% GTR 10% BT 10% GNS 28% LLS 18% PS 9% LLS 20% PS 40% Cantabria Galicia GTR 15% BT 4% PS 22% GTR 13% BT 31% GNS 49% LLS 10% GNS 28% LLS 4% PS 24% 33

42 Section 2 IBERMIX report Figure a. Northern Spanish trawl fleet: evolution of landings composition from the period (STECF, 1994) to the period Landings composition of the Northern Spanish coastal trawl fleet ( ) horse mackerel 18.9% OTHERS 12.9% megrim 3.7% monk 4.6% hake 6.0% mackerel 4.8% nephrops 1.7% blue whiting 47.5% Landings composition of the Northern Spanish coastal trawl fleet ( ) horse mackerel 26.5% OTHERS 5.7% megrim 0.9% monk 1.7% hake 4.0% blue whiting 35.7% mackerel 25.4% nephrops 0.1% 34

43 IBERMIX report Section 2 Figure b. Northern Spanish coastal bottom otter trawl fleet: landings composition from the period and OTB trips landed by fishing port. Landings composition of the Northern Spanish coastal OTB fleet ( ) OTHERS 8.2% megrim 1.7% monk 2.8% hake 2.1% blue whiting 7.9% nephrops 0.3% horse mackerel 44.3% mackerel 32.6% Northern Spanish coastal OTB trips landed by port Muros 9% Avilés Ribeira 6% 12% Burela 11% Marín 5% A Coruña 26% Gijón 10% 35

44 Section 2 IBERMIX report Figure c. Northern Spanish coastal bottom pair trawl fleet: landings composition from the period and PTB trips landed by fishing port. Landings composition of the Northern Spanish coastal PTB fleet ( ) horse mackerel 5.1% OTHERS 2.6% hake 6.2% mackerel 16.6% blue whiting 69.1% Northern Spanish coastal PTB trips landed by port Ondarroa 7% Ribeira 20% A Coruña 21% Avilés 12% Gijón 4% Camariñas 8% Celeiro 19% 36

45 IBERMIX report Section 2 Figure d. Northern Spanish coastal purse seine fleet: evolution of landings composition from the period (STECF, 1994) to the period Northern Spanish coastal Purse Seine fleet ( ) horse mackerel 21% anchovy 19% mackerel 8% sardine 52% Northern Spanish coastal Purse Seine fleet ( ) horse mackerel 37% OTHERS 2% tuna 3% anchovy 3% sardine 38% Sparidae 3% atlantic saury 1% mackerel 13% Figure e. Total landed trips of the Northern Spanish coastal purse seine fleet by landing port ( ). Northern Spanish coastal PS trips landed by port Santoña 6% Vigo 15% AvilésBueu 5% 5% Burela 4% Camariñas 4% Cambados 5% Sada 7% Ribeira 12% Portosín 10% Portonovo 6% Malpica 4% Pasajes 3% 37

46 Section 2 IBERMIX report Figure a. Northern Spanish coastal set longline fleet: evolution of landings composition from the period (STECF, 1994) to the period Northern Spanish coastal LLS ( ) landings others 42% hake 15% horse mackerel 1% blue whiting 1% mackerel 41% Northern Spanish LLS pouting 1% horse mackerel 2% sparidae 5% mackerel 1% Wreckfish 4% pollack 7% forkbeard 5% blue whiting 6% garfish OTHERS 1% 13% hake 9% alfonsino 2% Atlantic promfet 1% conger 36% sharks 7% seabass 2% Figure b. Total landed trips of the Northern Spanish coastal set longline fleet by landing port ( ). Northern Spanish coastal LLS trips landed by port Muxía 7% A Coruña 5% San Vicente 5% Lastres 5% Gijón 3% Fisterra 8% Ferrol 4% Avilés 8% Burela 7% Cambados 3% Cudillero 6% Cariño 3% Carreira 5% Cedeira 3% 38

47 IBERMIX report Section 2 Figure c. Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet fleet: evolution of landings composition from the period (STECF, 1994) to the period Northern Spanish coastal GNS landings ( ) others 60% hake 20% horse mackerel 2% mackerel 5% black monkfish 2% white monkfish 11% Northern Spanish coastal GNS landings ( ) 5% horse mackerel 5% sparidae 1% cuttlefish 1% mackerel 8% pouting OTHERS 21% crustaceans 1% red mullet 2% sharks 2% monkfish 22% hake 29% Figure d. Total landed trips of the Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet fleet by landing port ( ). Lequeitio 3% Llanes 2% Northern Spanish coastal GNS trips landed by port Ribeira 3% Lastres 3% Laxe 7% A Coruña 4% Santoña 3% Gijón 2% Fisterra 8% Burela 4% Cambados 5% O Grove 6% Cariño 3% Castro Urdiales 6% Cedeira 11% Celeiro 4% 39

48 Section 2 IBERMIX report Figure e. Northern Spanish coastal trammel net fleet: landings composition from the period and trips landed by port. Northern Spanish coastal GTR landings ( ) OTHERS 34% crustaceans 6% seabass 1% wedge sole 1% sharks 12% pouting 3% horse mackerel 1% sparidae 2% mac kerel 5% cuttlefish 4% octopus pleuronectifor 2% m 6% hake 3% monkfish 17% red mullet 1% Northern Spanish coastal GTR trips landed by port Porto do Son 13% Avilés 4% Bermeo 3% Burela 4% Castro Urdiales 4% Portosín 6% O Grove 3% Laxe 8% A Garda 6% Gijón 2% Fisterra 5% Ferrol 6% 40

49 IBERMIX report Section 2 Figure 2.2-a. Relative importance of the landings in 2005 by Portuguese fleet component Landings (weight) Landings (value) Purse seine 42% Trawl 17% Purse seine 16% Trawl 17% Polyvalent 41% Polyvalent 67% Figure 2.2-b. Relative importance of the landings in 1996 by Portuguese fleet component Landings (weight) Trawl 13% Purse seine 23% Landings (value) Trawl 18% Purse seine 58% Polyvalent 29% Polyvalent 59% Figure 2.2-c. Importance of the 2005 landings in weight in the main Portuguese fishing harbours Landings (weight) Others 23% Matosinhos 17% Sines 9% Peniche 16% Portimão 7% Figueira 7% Olhão 11% Sesimbra 10% 41

50 Section 2 IBERMIX report Figure 2.2-d. Relative importance of the 2005 landings in weight in the main Portuguese fishing harbours by fleet component Trawl Fleet Others, 36% Matosinhos, 16% Aveiro, 14% Peniche, 10% Figueira Foz, 12% Portimão, 12% Purse seine Fleet Peniche, 26% Others, 29% Figueira Foz, 10% Matosinhos, Sines, 12% 24% Polyvalent Fleet Others, 32% Olhão, 19% Lagos, 7% Sesimbra, 16% Peniche, 8% Aveiro, 8% Matosinhos, 11% 42

51 IBERMIX report Section 2 Figure a. Characteristics of the Portuguese Trawl fleet operating in Fish Crustacean Fish Crustacean Fish Crustacean Engine Power (kw) 600 Length Overall (m) 25 Gross Tonnage N SW S N SW S N SW S N SW S N SW S N SW S Regions Regions Regions Figure b. Portuguese Trawl fleet: number of trawlers by year of construction operating in Fish N Fish SW Fish S Number of vessels 15 Crustacean N Crustacean SW Crustacean S Construction Year 43

52 Section 2 IBERMIX report Figure c. Relative importance of species landed in weight by the Portuguese Crustacean trawl fleet Crustacean Trawl ANF, 2% Others, 11% LEF, 3% SCL, 3% HOM, 2% WHB, 36% HKE, 9% DPS, 9% NEP, 24% Figure d. Relative importance of species landed in weight by the Portuguese Fish trawl fleet Fish trawl HKE, 4% BIB, 4% JAA, 3% MAC, 6% HOM, 41% MAS, 9% Others, 16% WHB, 17% 44

53 IBERMIX report Section 2 Figure e. Characteristics of the Portuguese Purse seine fleet operating in 2005 Figure f. Number of Portuguese purse seiners by zone and year of construction operating in

54 Section 2 IBERMIX report Figure g. Relative importance of species landed in weight by the Portuguese purse seine fleet. Others 2% Purse Seine HOM 4% MAS 13% PIL 81% Figure a. Characteristics of the Portuguese Multi-gear fleet (4K2) operating in

55 IBERMIX report Section 2 Figure b. Number of vessels by zone and year of the construction of the Portuguese Multi-gear fleet (4K2) operating in Figure c. Relative importance of species landed in weight by Multi-gear fleet in Others 38% Multi-gear BSF 17% OCC 13% CYO 3% ANF 3% COE 4% SKA 4% PIL 5% HKE 6% BIB 7% 47

56 Section 2 IBERMIX report Map 2-a. ICES Areas map showing the IBERMIX area of study: ICES Divisions VIIIc and IXa. 48

57 PORTUGAL IBERMIX report Section 2 Map a. Map of the Northern Spanish coast with the most important fishing ports. Map a. Map of the Southern Spanish Atlantic coast (Gulf of Cádiz) with the most important fishing ports m Guadiana River Ayamonte Isla Cristina Huelva P. Umbría 30 m Mazagón m 200 m P.N. Doñana SPAIN 500 m 36.8 Fishing Reserve Sanlúcar Chipiona 36.6 Rota P. Santa María Cádiz 36.4 Conil 36.2 Barbate 36 Tarifa 35.8 MOROCCO

58 Section 2 IBERMIX report Map 2.2-a. Main fishing harbours in Portuguese continental coast Viana do Castelo 41.5 Póvoa de Varzim Matosinhos North (N) Aveiro 40.0 Figueira da Foz Latitude (º N) Peniche Nazaré FISHING HARBOURS Cascais 38.5 Setúbal Sesimbra 38.0 SouthWest (SW) Sines Lagos Portimão V.R.Sto António Tavira Olhão South (S) Longitude (º W) 50

59 IBERMIX report Section 2 Map 2.2-b. Contribution of the landings weight of each fleet component by zone Viana do Castelo 41.5 Polyvalent 34% NO RTH Trawl 23% Póvoa de Varzim Matosinhos 41.0 North (N) Purse seine 43% Aveiro 40.5 Figueira da Foz Latitude (º N) Peniche Nazaré Po lyvalent 41% FISHING HARBOURS Purse seine 42% 2005 Trawl 17% Cascais 38.5 Setúbal Sesimbra 38.0 SOUTHWEST Trawl 12 % SouthWest (SW) Sines Purse seine 50% Lagos Portimão V.R.Sto António Tavira Olhão SOUTH South (S) Trawl 15% Longitude (º W) Polyvalent 38% Polyvalent 58% Purse seine 27% 51

60

61 IBERMIX report Section 3 3. Identification of métiers Those requests, exposed in Section 1, that the European Commission sent to ICES to ask advice in a fisheries context rather than on an individual stock basis (EC, 2001; EC, 2002), were materialize by initiating the ICES Study Group for the Development of Fishery-based Forecasts (SGDFF) in This study group meant the base for the first guidelines of the operational definition of fisheries based on individual voyage data. First of all, the SG focused on clarifying some basic vocabulary, distinguishing between the following three concepts: Fleet (physical group of vessels sharing similar technical features). Fishery (group of vessel voyages targeting the same species, using similar gear, during the same period and within the same area). Métier (homogeneous subdivision of a fishery by vessel type, as combination of gear, target species and fishing area). Secondly, a compilation related to fishery definition was made, finding two main approaches which prevailed in the literature and in the experience available in the fisheries institutes participating: The first one is a quantitative analysis of log-book data, mainly on the composition of catches and/or landings, with or without the inclusion of information on gear, season and location. Several methods have been used, which are all based on multivariate procedures: Principal Component Analysis, PCA (Biseau and Gondeaux, 1988; Laurec et al., 1991; Jabeur et al., 2000), Multiple Correspondence Analysis, MCA (Pelletier and Ferraris, 2000), and cluster analysis (Lewy and Vinther, 1994). The techniques chosen were based on the experience of the scientists involved. The other approach is more ad hoc, and is based on qualitative a priori knowledge of the fisheries. A trial and error process is conducted in order to derive discriminating levels (based either on landings weight, landings value or mesh size), which allow the allocation of each fishing trip to a métier. These studies are often not published, except Biseau (1998), but might be extensively used within the institutes e.g. for designing sampling programs. Finally, the SG proposed a 3-step open framework which combines the statistical analysis of landings and effort data (in a similar way to the published works quoted above), and the ad hoc classification based on the qualitative knowledge of experts (ICES/SGDFF, 2003): 53

62 Section 3 IBERMIX report The first step is a multivariate analysis of the catch or landings data by trip, in terms of species composition by weight, by value or a combination of the two. This defines the catch profile (sometimes referred to as the (group of) dominant or target species) of each individual trip. The aim of this step is to characterize the outcome of the trip (in terms of landings or revenues) by a single categorical variable, which is simpler to use than the complete distribution by species. Any multivariate method can be used for this purpose, and the choice of the method is left open to the scientists conducting the work. However, catch profiles alone cannot always be used to characterize a métier and a second step is necessary. The second step of the analysis is thus to investigate the relationships between the features of the voyages in terms of gear type, mesh size, fishing area, time period, vessel characteristics, etc., and their outcome in terms of catch or landings profile. The aims of this step are twofold: i) to investigate the similarity between the temporal and spatial distribution of the various types of catch profiles on the one hand, and the various types of fishing activities on the other, and ii) to investigate whether a métier should be defined from its catch profile only, from its activity variables only, or from both. The third step is then to define métiers that are considered sensible both from the results of the previous step, and in relation to the ad hoc knowledge of the fisheries. This includes the construction of a hierarchical classification of voyages, and the choice of levels of aggregation. This is made through the use of both specific statistical (e.g. inter- and intra-group variance) and subjective criteria derived from the expertise of the scientists and information obtained from fishermen. The knowledge of the fishery is a key element in the proper definition of métiers. Therefore, this can only be done at the national level, within the fisheries institutes. A universal method, generally applicable to all situations, does not exist. However, it is advisable that some degree of international consultation be set up, to avoid proliferation of the number of métiers and lack of consistency between countries. Furthermore, the SGDFF members gave a number of suggestions in order to specify the best ways to manage this issue. On the one hand, the SG considered that the identification of catch profiles should preferably be conducted on the values of catches and/or landings, rather than on their weight, due to this should more accurately reflect the real intention of fishermen, particularly with regards to high-priced species which are caught in quantities that are smaller than their so-called by-catches. On the other one, the identification of métiers and fisheries should be based on the last three years of data with regards to get a picture of the current situation, which must be maintained over the time for being facilitate to properly track the evolution of the fishing activities. However, updates of the definitions 54

63 IBERMIX report Section 3 can be made after longer time-intervals (e.g. every five years), to make sure that the definitions continue matching fishing practices. Finally, the SG also recommended that métiers and fisheries be presented in the form of an ordination tree with proposed levels of aggregation. This framework has already been applied to the métier identification in previous scientific projects related to this issue (TECTAC, 2006). 55

64 Section 3 IBERMIX report 3.1. Materials and Methods The analysis carried out in the IBERMIX project concerns the application of objective methods to the segmentation of the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula fleets, according to the formal procedure suggested by 2003 ICES SGDFF Databases Spanish data The data source for the fleet segmentation were the logbooks of the Spanish fleets operating in the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula waters, which were made available to the AZTI and the IEO by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (SGPM), responsible of its collection, as well as the Basque Fishermen Association and Cofradías de Pescadores. However, filling logbooks in is only mandatory for vessels larger than 10 m, so that the small scale fleet could not be taken into account in the present analysis. Logbooks permit to compile the landing profiles (in weight) by fishing day and vessel, giving information about effort, date of landing, type of gear, landing port, and fishing area. Besides, a list of the fleet technical features was also facilitated by the SGPM. The analyses by landing port, which results are very useful for applying to the National Sampling Programme, were excluded from this report in order to resume and clarify the international implications of the fleet segmentation. As a result, only the landings by species, the date of landing and the ICES rectangle are used here for identifying métiers, and analyzing their temporal and spatial behaviour. Even though economical information is believed to give a better perception of the fishing behaviour (ICES/SGDFF, 2003), no economical data were available, in general, for matching with landings from logbooks. However, an exercise was carried out using economical data from a part of the Basque vessels, netters, and comparing this analysis with the traditional one in which landings by trips are analysed by means of multivariate techniques. Results from this exploratory analysis are not included in this report as less than 5% of the total activity of the netters were analysed. The original matrices were reduced from more than 200 species to the number of the most important species or groups of species representing a certain threshold of the total landings, 0.5% in the Northern Spanish waters and 0.2% in the Gulf of Cadiz due to its higher biodiversity. As a result, between 7 and 19 species or groups of species in the Northern area, and between 6 and 22 in the case of the Gulf of Cádiz were used in the analyses. The number of the total trips was 234,131 for the Northern Spanish coastal fleets and 97,160 for the Gulf of Cádiz fleets. 56

65 IBERMIX report Section 3 Portuguese data The analyses were based on daily commercial landings for the years The data, provided by the Portuguese Fisheries Administration (DGPA), comprised the species composition of landings, in weight and in value, per vessel and per day in the Portuguese continental auction markets. These data were transferred to an IPIMAR database designated Pescart. Given that fishing is highly driven by the market value of the product, it was assumed that the revenue obtained with the catch would be best descriptor of the activity of the fishing fleets. This approach was recommended by the Study Group on the Development of Fishery-based Forecasts (ICES/SGDFF, 2003). Based on this assumption, the analyses were performed on landings value per species instead of landings weight. It was also assumed that the landings made on a specific date were the production of one fishing trip. In the case of the multi-gear fleet component the information of the used fishing gear in individual daily landings was not available. Instead, administrative information on vessel s fishing licenses was obtained. The original data matrix, consisting of daily landings in value per vessel was reduced, for the trawl fleet, from 200 species to the 23 most important species or groups of species, each of them representing more than 0.5% of the total value. For the purse-seine fleet, the data set was reduced from 117 species to the 5 target species (sardine (Sardina pilchardus), Spanish mackerel (Scomber japonicus), horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus) and bogue (Boops boops)) plus the remaining that accounted for more than 0.5% of the total value. For the multi-gear fleet, the total number of landed species by year was around 200 and was reduced to around 60. All the remaining species were added in the group Others. A total number of 37,146 trawl trips, 49,421 purse-seine trips and 117,754 multi-gear trips were analysed for the period

66 Section 3 IBERMIX report Multivariate analysis methods The election of the appropriate multivariate method must take into account the type and the structure of the relation among variables. When variables can not be divide between dependent or independent, it must be used an interdependence analysis. In the case that the relationship is between cases (not variables), a Cluster Analysis is needed (Hair et al., 1999). The matrices were analyzed separately by year, using a non-hierarchical cluster analysis to classify catch profiles. The Cluster Analysis is the searching for groups (clusters) in the data, in such a way that objects belonging to the same cluster resemble each other, whereas objects in different clusters are dissimilar. Generally speaking, clustering algorithms fall into two categories: Partitioning Algorithms and Hierarchical Algorithms. A partitioning algorithm describes a method that divides the data set into k clusters, where the integer k needs to be specified by the user. A hierarchical algorithm describes a method yielding an entire hierarchy of clustering for the given data set, which can be oriented in an agglomerative or a divisive way. At the present, one of the most feasible partitioning algorithm is the PAM method (Partitioning Around Medoids) (Kaufman and Rousseeuw, 1990). The function PAM has the following features: (a) it accepts a dissimilarity matrix; (b) it is more robust than other techniques because it minimizes a sum of dissimilarities instead of a sum of squared Euclidean distances; (c) it provides a novel graphical display, the silhouette plot. It also allows the user to select the number of clusters. However, dealing with much larger data sets as logbooks needs computer requirements that exceed the PAM algorithm operating. The method CLARA (Clustering Large Applications) is fully able to solve this problem by considering data subsets of fixed size, so that the overall time and storage requirements become linear in the total number of objects, rather than quadratic. The function PAM needs to store the dissimilarity matrix of the entire data set (which has O(n 2 ) entries) in central memory, while its computation time goes up accordingly. For larger data sets (say, with more than 250 objects) this becomes less convenient. To avoid this problem, the function CLARA does not compute the entire dissimilarity matrix at once. Therefore, this function only accepts input of an n*p data matrix. It is recommended to run PAM (or CLARA) several times, each time with a different k, and to compare the resulting silhouette plots. The user can then select the value of k yielding the highest overall average silhouette width, defined as the average of the silhouette coefficients over all objects I in the dataset. This quality index has been referred in the present report as silhouette coefficient (SC). Experienced has led to the subjective interpretation of the silhouette coefficient as listed as follows (Struyf et al., 1996): 58

67 IBERMIX report Section 3 SC Proposed interpretation A strong structure has been found A reasonable structure has been found The structure is weak and could be artificial. <0.25 No substantial structure has been found. For the Spanish fleets, the catch profile clusters were obtained using the CLARA algorithm, while for the technical features of the fleets a PAM algorithm was carried out. Both the analyses were made by taking Euclidean distances for the dissimilarity matrix. For the Portuguese trawl fleet, the final clusters were obtained using the PAM algorithm, while for the purse-seine fleet the CLARA algorithm was used due to the size of the data set. Both the analyses were made by taking Euclidean distances for the dissimilarity matrix. For the Portuguese multi-gear fleet, due to the complexity of this fleet and particularly to the use of different types of gears with no information available, two methodological approaches were undertaken. First a non-hierarchical cluster method, the PAM method, was applied by year to the total matrix of daily landings using its variant CLARA. The second approach used the fishing license information as independent variables to fit a multivariate regression tree (Breiman et al., 1984; De'ath, 2002) by year with the species/groups of species in value as dependent variables. With this method a link between gear and species/groups of species could be established. For the application of regression trees the total annual proportion in value was used by vessel. As dependent variables groups of species were used. Species were grouped according to their taxonomy and habitat preferences (Table a). The different multivariate analysis were made by S-plus and R 1 softwares. 1 R Development Core Team (2007). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN , URL 59

68 Section 3 IBERMIX report 3.2. Results Results are shown in different sections by country (Spain and Portugal) and gear category (mobile and fixed gears) as it was structured in the previous Section Segmentation of the Spanish fleets As in the previous Section 2, the Spanish Atlantic coastal fleets were also divided taking into account both the areas, the Northern Spanish Atlantic waters (ICES Divisions VIIIc and IXa North: Spanish waters of the Bay of Biscay and Galician waters) and the Southern Spanish Atlantic waters (ICES Divisions IXa South: Gulf of Cádiz) Segmentation of the Northern Spanish coastal fleets using mobile gears The Northern Spanish fleets using mobile gears are compounded by trawl, purse seine, drifting long line, and dredges. As it was described in Section 2, the drifting long line fleet is a monospecific fishery involving a small number of vessels targeting pelagic sharks; while the fleet using dredges involve vessels smaller than 10 m which target specifically bivalve molluscs. Therefore, both fleets are very partially represented in logbooks. Taking into account the logbook s coverage level (Table a) and the mixed nature of the fleets, the analyses were just focused on the trawl and the purse seine fleets. Northern Spanish coastal bottom otter trawl fleet (OTB) The number of trips of the Northern Spanish coastal OTB fleet was 38,109 in the period , showing stability among years. The huge number of species was reduced to 11 species or categories, those representing more than 0.5% in landings, and their respective landed weights were transformed into percentages by trip. The CLARA analysis of the OTB trips give some differences between years, so that 2003 and 2005 show the highest SC for three clusters (above 0.5), while 2004 gives it highest one with four clusters (below 0.5) (Figures a). Analysing the catch profile of the clusters obtained (Figures b), three common clusters can be followed through the time series: OTB-HOM: trips targeting horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). OTB-MAC: trips targeting mackerel (Scomber scombrus). 60

69 IBERMIX report Section 3 OTB-mixed: trips targeting a mixed of demersal species as hake (Merluccius merluccius), megrim (Lepidorhombus spp.), monk (Lophius spp.), blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) and Norway lobster (Nephrops novergicus). The forth cluster obtained in 2004 is composed by trips targeting mainly blue whiting (OTB- WHB). In order to facilitate comparisons between years, the whole time series was split in three and four clusters respectively (Table b). As it can be seen, OTB-MAC and OTB- HOM show identical catch profiles and number of trips independently of clustering by three or four groups. However, OTB-WHB and OTB-mixed obtained by clustering four groups match with the OTB-mixed when only three clusters are made. Therefore, it is reasonable to deduce that OTB-MAC and OTB-HOM correspond with those OTB vessels using the jurelera gear, while OTB-WHB and OTB-mixed correspond to those gears with smaller vertical opening: raspita and 4 sides gears (see Section 2 and Annex I for gear descriptions). The knowledge of the fishery indicates the existence of OTB trips targeting blue whiting, which have gradually decreased at the time that the pair trawl fleet, much more efficient catching that species, has been increasing (see Section 4.3). Therefore, this trip type will also be taken into account in the following analysis in order to be consistent with the history of the fishery. The monthly analysis shows a clear seasonal pattern only in the OTB-MAC trip type, being concentrated in the first four months of the year, from January to April, and showing its highest percentage in March (Figures c). The remaining trip types show a constant distribution along the year. In fact, the only effort reduction observed, in early 2003, was due to the fishing restrictions implemented after the B/T Prestige oil spill in November A geographical analysis shows that most of the total effort is concentrated in western areas. Regarding the distribution of trip types, it is interesting to observe the decrease in the number of OTB-WHB trips while the number of OTB-HOM trips have increased all over the time series (Map a). Regarding the relation between the clusters obtained and the technical features of the fleet, a multivariate analysis was carried out taking into account the engine power (HP), lengthover-all (m) and Gross tonnage (GRT). However, artificial groups were obtained due to misreporting of engine power. An analysis after removing that variable gave three clusters with SC=0.59 (Table c and Figure d). Nevertheless, once theses fleet segments were crossed against the four trip types no significant results were obtained (X 2 t = 8.02 on 2 df, p=0.24). 61

70 Section 3 IBERMIX report Northern Spanish coastal bottom pair trawl fleet (PTB) The number of trips of the Northern Spanish coastal PTB fleet was 25,250 in the period , showing stability among years. The huge number of species was reduced to 7 species or species groups, those representing more than 0.5% in landings, and their respective landed weights were transformed into percentages by trip. The annual multivariate analysis of PTB gives the highest SC (above 0.7) splitting the trips in two clusters (Figures e). Analysing the catch profile of the clusters obtained (Figure f), they could be denominated and described as follows: PTB-WHB: trips targeting blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou). PTB-MAC: trips targeting mackerel (Scomber scombrus). On one hand, the PTB-WHB cluster holds the majority of the fishery (around 90%). On the other one, its contribution to the SC is higher than the PTB-MAC coefficients, which is always under 0.4 except in Comparing both the catch profiles along the time period under study, an identical catch profile appears in both the clusters for the main species except for hake, whose percentage increase since 2004, especially in the PTB-MAC cluster (Table d). This increase could be related to the high recruitment recorded by the Spanish and Portuguese surveys since 2004 (ICES/WGHMM, 2006). The monthly analysis shows a clear seasonal pattern only in the cluster PTB-MAC, being concentrated in the first four months of the year, from January to April, and showing its highest percentage in March. However, the PTB-MAC trips extend more uniformly over the whole of 2005 due to the inclusion of the increasing landings of hake in this trip type (Figure g). The geographical analysis shows that the PTB-MAC trips are mainly concentrated in the ICES Division VIIIc (Map b). Regarding the multivariate analysis of the technical features, artificial groups were again obtained due to the misreporting in engine power as it was found in OTB. An analysis after removing that variable gave two clusters with a SC=0.72 (Table e and Figure h). Nevertheless, once these fleet segments were crossed against both of the trip types obtained in this fleet, no significant results were obtained (X 2 t = 0.63 on 1 df, p=0.43). 62

71 IBERMIX report Section 3 Northern Spanish coastal purse seine fleet (PS) The number of available trips from logbooks was 54,484 and the number of species used in the analysis was reduced to 10 and one category called others that joins the rest of species. The species selection was based on three criteria: higher landings, important accompanying species and greater probability of correct identification. Taking into account the best SC coefficients, the multivariate analysis gave the result of 8 clusters for 2003 and 2005, and 7 clusters for 2004 (Figures i). Although a different number of clusters were obtained per year, 6 clusters could be considered constant and identifiable through the whole period (Tables f and Figures j): 5 clean clusters: o PS-PIL: Trips targeting sardine (Sardina pilchardus). o PS-JAX: Trips targeting horse mackerels (Trachurus spp.). o PS-ANE: Trips targeting anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus). o PS-MAC: Trips targeting mackerel (Scomber scombrus). o PS-SBX: Trips targeting seabreams (Sparidae). Trips targeting a high variety of species ( others ). Regarding a mean effort, the highest level is represented by two trip types, PS-PIL (40.4%) and PS-JAX (32.1%), being followed by PS-ANE (7.5%) and PS-MAC (7%). In the case of PS-ANE, its lack in 2005 is due to the collapse of the stock (ICES/WGHMSA, 2006), not to the sporadic character as can be found in those clusters targeting chub mackerel, garfish, Atlantic saury or tuna fish. The fisheries directed to chub mackerel and Atlantic saury are known to occur in the area, however its development depends on market value and demand. The chub mackerel distribution, stable in the Bay of Biscay where is caught in summer and autumn after its spawning period, can sporadically reach the Galician coast extending the fishery area. Regarding the tuna fish cluster, its landings have surely been recorded under a wrong gear allocation. As a result, the later analysis was performed with the 5 clean clusters and the rest of trip types joined in a mixed cluster (PS-mixed). A seasonal analysis (Figures k) showed that PS-ANE trips are concentrated in spring, from April to June, except in 2005 when its absence was due to the collapse of the stock and the corresponding closure of the fishery. The PS-MAC trip type is developed at the beginning of the year on spawners concentrated during the spawning time, and at the end of the summer on mackerel juveniles. Due to the fishing restrictions imposed during and after the B/T Prestige oil spill occurred in the study area (November 2002), there was not PS-MAC winter fishery in 2003, being not detected by the multivariate analysis. PS-PIL and PS-JAX showed high values in summer and autumn and PS-SBX did not present a clear pattern. 63

72 Section 3 IBERMIX report The trip types geographical distribution indicates that the highest effort areas are located in the Eastern Bay of Biscay and the Southern Galician waters, targeting mainly anchovy an sardine respectively (Map c), A multivariate analysis of the technical features of the PS fleet showed two clusters (Figure l): one group of bigger vessels (PSB; 20% of the fleet) with an average of 29 m of total length, 116 t and 500 HP; and another group of smaller vessels (PSS; around 80%) with an average of 16 m length, 27 t and 190 HP. The correspondence between the selected trip types and the fleet segments obtained (Table g) shows a significant relationship (p=1.38e-22) between the PSB fleet segment and the PS-ANE trips, while the other trip types (PS-JAX, PS-MAC, PS-PIL, PS-SBX and PS-mixed) are mainly carried out by the PSS fleet segment. Therefore, the trip types obtained were split by fleet segment, PSB and PSS, for carrying out a monthly analysis. Results show that effort is mostly exerted by the PSS fleet, while PSB covers the majority of the PS-ANE trips (Figure m). However, the CPUEs of the PSB component are higher than the CPUEs of the PSS, particularly in 2005, when the anchovy collapse made the PSB component target other species. Geographically, the PSB fleet effort is more concentrated in the Eastern Bay of Biscay while the effort of small vessels (PSS) is higher in the Western Galician waters (Maps d and e) Segmentation of the Northern Spanish coastal fleets using fixed gears The Northern Spanish fleets using fixed gears are compounded by long line, hand and pole line, gillnet, trammel, and traps. The hand line fleet operating in the Northern Spanish coastal waters is a monospecific fishery targeting horse mackerel (Punzón et al., 2004). The Northern Spanish coastal fleet using traps is mainly compounded by vessels smaller than 10m, so that logbooks show a high misreporting regarding this fleet. The Northern Spanish trammel net fleet, which is also part of the minor-gear fleet (see Section 2), is compounded by vessels smaller as well as bigger than 10 m. Even though logbooks do not record the whole landings of this fishery, they give an opportunity to follow this fishery for first time, as this fleet had never been considered in previous sampling schemes. Taking into account the logbooks covering level (Table a) and the mixed nature of the fleets, the analysis was focused on the set long line (SLL), set gillnet (GNS), and trammel net (GTR) fleets. Northern Spanish coastal set long line fleet (SLL) A total of 19,762 trips from logbooks of the period was compiled, and the number of species used in the analysis was reduced to 15 and one category called others that joins the rest of species. The multivariate analysis was carried out by year separately, obtaining SC coefficients higher than 0.6 in all of years (Figure a). In spite of obtaining a different number of clusters each year, six common trip types can be followed trough the time series (Table b, Figure b): 64

73 IBERMIX report Section 3 4 clean clusters: o LLS-COE: Trips targeting conger (Conger conger). o LLS-HKE: Trips targeting hake (Merluccius merluccius). o LLS-POL: Trips targeting pollacks (Pollachius spp.). o LLS-BSS: Trips targeting seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). 2 mixed clusters: o Trips targeting sharks, forkbeards (Phycis phycis), and mackerel. o Trips targeting a high variety of species ( others ). The first mixed cluster showed above presents the lowest internal consistency of the whole clusters, with SC around 0.1 through the time period. As a result, when the catch profile of the non-stable clusters is analysed, those two extra groups obtained in 2003 seem to correspond with a subdivision of the mixed trip type mentioned, isolating those trips with high catches of sharks. To the contrary, the extra cluster obtained in 2005 is a clean trip type targeting Atlantic pomfret whose landings represent more than 93% of the total landings in the year. This is a sporadic fishery whose activity depends on the migration of the species, reaching so high latitudes only under specific oceanographic conditions. Due to the short period analyzed, this trip type will be joined both the mixed clusters in a common mixed trip type (LLS-mixed) in the following analysis in order to facilitate focusing on the annual stable trip types. The identification of LLS-HKE, despite its low landings, is very important under an economical point of view because it is the only fishery targeting breeding big hakes, which reach the highest value at the market. A monthly analysis (Figure c) shows the higher effort to be concentrated on spring (particularly in May and June) and autumn (including the last month of the summer). LLS- HKE and LLS-COE are concentrated in spring, while the autumn fisheries are those from LLS- BSS and LLS-POL. Effort reduction observed during the first half of 2003 was due the fishing restrictions established as a consequence of the B/T Prestige oil spill previously mentioned. The geographical distribution of the trip types obtained show that the highest effort is mainly located in Bay of Biscay (Map a). LLS-POL has a distribution located in western Galician waters while LLS-HKE and LLS-BSS are more abundant in the central part of the Bay of Biscay. Regarding the multivariate analysis of the technical features of the LLS fleet, even though two clusters were obtained (Figure d), the low consistency of the second cluster indicates that the LLS fleet can be considered as a homogenous group. Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet fleet A total of 65,488 trips from logbooks of the period were compiled, and the number of species used in the analysis was reduced to 18 and one category called others 65

74 Section 3 IBERMIX report that joins the rest of species. The multivariate analysis was carried out by year separately obtaining SC around 0.5 (Figure e) and a different number of clusters by year (Table c and Figure f). The majority of clusters show catch profiles compounded by a different combination of species where, if a some type of pattern was needed to be defined, they could be divided into trips targeting benthonic species (as crustaceans, cuttlefish, and benthonic sharks), and trips targeting a combination of demersal and pelagic species as mackerel and horse mackerel. However, two clusters present enough significance for being followed along the period: GNS-MNZ: trips targeting monkfish (Lophius spp.). GNS-HKE: trips targeting hake (Merluccius merluccius). As a result, the rest of the clusters can not be considered consistent enough to keep independent and could join in a mixed trip type (GNS-mixed). In Figure g an increase in number of fishing trips can be observed from May to September. Nevertheless, GNS-HKE and GNS-MNZ do not show any clear seasonal pattern. The effort level is uniformly distributed along the coast; however both the targeted trips, GNS-HKE and GNS-MNZ, seem to be more concentrated in the Bay of Biscay (Map b). Regarding the multivariate analysis of the technical features of the fleet, two clusters were obtained (Figure h). On the one hand, the second cluster shows a very low consistency; on the other one, information about gear type ( volanta, rasco ) is not in logbooks and a correspondence analysis between trip types and fleet segments is not possible. In consequence, the Northern Spanish coastal GNS fleet must be considered as one homogeneous group as for technical features of the fleet. Northern Spanish coastal trammel net fleet The number of trips was 31,038 and the number of species or species group was reduced to 14 and the category others. The multivariate analysis gives SC around 0.40 (Figure i), indicating a weak structure that could be artificial. In order to identify consistent trip types among the 10 clusters obtained each year, only two of them show internal SC values higher than 0.5 through the time series (Table d and Figure j): GTR-CRU: trips targeting crustaceans. GTR-MNZ: trips targeting monk (Lophius spp.). The rest of clusters were joined in a mixed trip type (GTR-mixed) in order to show the temporal and spatial analysis in an integrated way. 66

75 IBERMIX report Section 3 The seasonal analysis shows the maximum values of GTR-MNZ effort during last spring and summer, whereas GTR-CRU trips increase its value at the end of the year due to market demand in November and December (Figure k). The analysis of the geographical distribution by ICES rectangle shows that GTR-CRU trips are distributed in the Western part of the Bay of Biscay and Southern Galician waters, whereas the highest effort exerted by GTR-MNZ trips is located in Western Bay of Biscay (Map c). In relation to the technical features of the GNS fleet, a multivariate analysis gives only one homogeneous group of vessels (Figure l) Segmentation of the Gulf of Cádiz fleets using mobile gears The fleets of the Gulf of Cádiz that employ mobile gears comprise trawling gear, purse seines, longlines and dredges. Both longlines and dredges may be considered as monospecific fisheries because these mainly target sharks and a bivalve mollusc, (Chamalea gallina), respectively. The objective of this work is focused on mixed fisheries, and consequently, the following analyses will deal with the trawl and the purse seine fleets. Information from logbooks and fleet census from the different ports reveal that the coverage is over 70% for both fleets (Table a). Nonetheless, detailed information by species show great differences, as happening with the two main species fished by trawl, hake and Norway lobster, which are TAC managed. Gulf of Cádiz bottom otter trawl fleet (OTB) The trawl catch show strong annual differences particularly in blue whiting landings, which have passed from 3,000 t in to about 300 t in However, this decline is in agreement with the biomass fluctuations estimated by the evaluation surveys carried out in the area (Sobrino et al., 2003, 2004, 2005b). The number of total fishing trips was 64,044 during , varying from 18,000 in 2003 and 2004 to 27,000 in Due to the marked multispecific character of this fleet, the matrix of OTB landings was reduced to 22 species or species groups, which represented at least 0.2% of the total landing. The annual multivariate analysis yields a low SC with differences between the three years (Figure a). In 2003, the same SC values were found for 2 and 4 groups, while 2 and 4 groups with very different SC (0.59 and 0.31) were obtained in 2004 and 2005, respectively. In 2003 and 2004, the analysis of the catch profiles shows one cluster clearly targeting blue whiting together with another mixed cluster with high landings of hake and deepwater rose 67

76 Section 3 IBERMIX report shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) (Table b and Figure b). For the same period, the analysis of 4 clusters shows the same blue whiting cluster and other three clusters more which are subdivisions of the mixed cluster mentioned above. One of these three clusters shows high percentages of typical coastal species such as mantis shrimp (Squilla mantis), caramote prawn (Melicertus kerathurus) and wedge sole (Dicologlosa cuneata). In 2005, blue whiting landings sharply dropped and four clusters completely different are obtained. Cluster 2 shows dominance of cephalopod species, as octopus (Octopus vulgaris) and cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). Clusters 1 and 4 show a sort of difference related to the fishing depth: one cluster is compounded by species of deeper distribution such as deep rose shrimp and hake; and the another one present more coastal species. The SC obtained in 2005 was the lowest of the analyzed period, in spite of the fact that the catch profiles of these last two clusters are more similar to the historical data of these fleet landings (Sobrino, pers. com.). The monthly analysis does not show any seasonal pattern (Figure c). The decrease of the fishing trips during the fourth quarter is due to the management measures implemented in the area since 2004, consisting of a 45-day closed season. Gulf of Cádiz purse seine fleet (PS) The fishing effort of the purse seine fleet was 26,225 fishing trips during On average, it did not show strong fluctuations from the mean annual fishing trips (8,700). For the analysis only those species or categories that represented at least 0.2% over the total annual landings were considered. As a result, 6 species or categories were selected. The estimated SC showed higher values for four clusters in 2003 and 2004, but only for two clusters in 2005 (Figure d). The only two common clusters among years show the highest internal consistency, and they are in concordance with the knowledge of the fishery (Table c and Figure e): PS-ANE: trips targeting anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus). PS-PIL: trips targeting sardine (Sardina pilchardus). The other two clusters obtained in 2003 and 2004 consist of trips with sardine and anchovy together, and trips with high catches of mackerel. This last cluster is a small group compounded by around 4% of the total trips. It is known that some vessels target mackerel during summer; however the lack of this cluster in 2005 and its reduced representation makes it difficult to keep it as a stable métier. 68

77 IBERMIX report Section 3 The monthly analysis of both trip types shows evident seasonality between the anchovy and sardine trips (Figure f). The PS-ANE trip type predominates during spring-summer, whereas PS-PIL is mostly carried out from the end of summer to the end of winter, which is coincident with their respective spawning season in the area (Millán, 1999; Ruiz et al., 2006; Baldó et al., 2006) Segmentation of the Gulf of Cádiz fleets using fixed gears The Gulf of Cádiz fleet using fixed gear is officially integrated into one common group denominated minor-gear fleet, and is compounded by set longlines, set gillnets, trammel nets, traps, and hand lines. Although one sole license is required for the minor-gear fleet, the management endorse the use of one sole gear per fishing trip. However, it is known that the use of various types of fishing gear constitutes a habitual practice. From the whole minor-gear fleet components, the hand line trips are not recorded in logbooks because these only register a small fraction of the fleet consisting of larger vessels. In this manner, the only fishing trips that are represented are those targeting bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), apart from those carried out by the fishing fleet of the port of Tarifa that target blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) in the waters of the Strait of Gibraltar. As a result, this fleet was excluded from the segmentation analyses. Contrarily to the case of the Gulf of Cádiz fleet using mobile gears, the coverage level of the logbooks in comparison to the landings of fixed gears estimated by the National Sampling Program is very low (Table a). This may be attributed to the fact that the fleet mainly consists of vessels smaller than 10 m in length that do not require logbooks. In spite of the low coverage excludes the use of logbooks for being applied in the segmentation of the Gulf of Cádiz fleet using fixed gears, an analysis of this fleet has been done with the purpose of examining their degree of representation. Gulf of Cádiz set long line fleet (LLS) This longline fleet registered a variable number of fishing trips in logbooks along the period of analysis. The multivariate analysis gives the highest SC for three clusters in the three years, in which 2004 and 2005 outstand with 0.8 and 0.86, respectively (Fig a). The catch profiles of the three clusters show three types of fishing trips characterized by their species composition (Table b and Fig b): LLS-SBR: trips targeting blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo). LLS-SFS: trips targeting silver scabbardfish (Lepidopus caudatus). LLS-mixed: trips with catches of pink dentex (Dentex gibosus), forkbeards (Phycis spp.), conger (Conger conger), and others. 69

78 Section 3 IBERMIX report The LLS-SBR trip type, targeting spotted seabream, coincides with the exploitation strategy carried out by the fleets of the ports of Tarifa and Conil that work in the Strait of Gibraltar and its adjacent waters using the voracera gear (see Section 2 and Annex I). With respect to the LLS-SFS trip type, targeting silver scabbard fish, it is known that this fishery began at the beginning of this decade resulting from searching of new fishing grounds for red seabream around the nearby areas of Gibraltar Strait. Lastly, the LLS-mixed trip type is perfectly identified by the longline fishery exerted by the fleet from the port of Conil, where pink dentex outstands among a variety of species. The monthly analysis of catch profiles shows a greater concentration of fishing trips in the second semester (Fig c). However, the scarce of LLS-SBR trips in the first semester, especially noticeable in 2005, can be related to the biological stop of 60 days applied during these months to the red seabream fishery in some areas of the Strait of Gibraltar. Gulf of Cádiz set gillnet fleet (GNS) This type of fixed gear show a similar number of fishing trips throughout the period analyzed (around 2,400 trips), although landings are quite diverse. The CLARA analysis gives significant SC (> 0.5), allocating five clusters in 2003 and six in 2004 and 2005 (Fig d). However, six clusters have been extracted in 2003 so as to facilitate the comparison between years. In fact, it has allowed defining five types of fishing trips easily identified by the knowledge of the fishery (Table c and Fig e): GNS-MGR: trips targeting meagre (Argyrosomus regius), pink dentex (Dentex gibosus), and rubber-lip grunt (Plectorhinchus mediterraneus). GNS-CET: Trips targeting wedge sole (Dicologoglossa cuneata). GNS-HKE: Trips targeting hake (Merluccius merluccius), pandoras (Pagellus spp.), and striped seabream (Lithognathus mormyrus). GNS-SOL/CTC: Trips targeting soles (Solea spp.) and cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). GNS-mixed: trips with catches of a variety of species. However, since prior information on the fishery is consistent with the defined types of fishing trips, the sixth cluster, directed to octopus, may surely consist of an incorrect gear allocation in the logbooks by ascribing to gillnet the hand jip catch when both gears are applied simultaneously in the same fishing trip. Regarding fishing strategies, it is possible to find a relationship between the trip types obtained and some gillnet gear modifications. In fact, the GNS-MGR trip type coincides with those designated as enmalle claro (big mesh size), while the GNS-HKE trip type matches with a gear of smaller mesh size designated as enmalle ciego (see Section 2). The GNS- CET fishing trips are highly mono-specific (> 70% of the landings) due to their particular fishing strategy by concentrating their set time to the hours of major activity of the species. 70

79 IBERMIX report Section 3 The fishing trip GNS-SOL/CTC presents high landings of sole and cuttlefish most because both the species share habitats and reproductive seasonality (Arias and Drake, 1990; Andrade et al., 2001; Ramos et al., 2000). Nevertheless, this type of fishing trip may be split in two components separating both the species in The monthly analysis of catch profiles show marked seasonality in some of the fishing trip types, related to the abundance of the target species. The GNS-SOL shows greater activity in the winter and spring months coinciding with the reproductive stages of its target species, while the GNS-CET mainly concentrates in winter when wedge sole is spawning (Jiménez et al., 1998; Vila et al., 2002). However, the GNS-MGR and GNS-HKE fishing trips do not show any clear seasonal trend (Figure f). As a resume, even though some trip types are in concordance with the knowledge o the fishery, the low coverage of the logbooks do not allow reaching robustness enough to be used for the catch data segmentation. Gulf of Cádiz set trammel fleet (GTR) The fleet using trammel nets show variable fishing trips during the period analyzed. The landed species are quite diverse, in which most noteworthy are cuttlefish, prawn and wedge sole. The CLARA analysis gives low SC that only show a certain level of significance for two clusters in 2005 (Figure g). During this year, the results of the analysis are determined by the high degree of mono-specificity of a small number of fishing trips (8%) targeting caramote prawn (Melicertus kerathurus) (Table d and Fig h). In spite of the low analytical resolution of the data, a fishing trip focusing on cuttlefish can be identified and related to a fishery using an open trammel net ( trasmallo claro ) (see Section 2). This net whose mesh size is between mm is mainly applied in the Doñana National Park fishing ground, as that targeting caramote prawn ( trasmallo ciego ) with a mesh size of mm (Sobrino et al., 2005a; Silva et al., 2006). The monthly analysis does not show any clear trend (Fig i), although the number of fishing trips increase in winter-spring possibly caused by the life cycle of the target species (Ramos et al., 2002; Silva et al., 2003). The fishing trips targeting deep rose shrimp in 2005 coincide with the spawning season of the species when this resource is made available to the fishery (Rodríguez, 1985; Silva et al.; 2006). Gulf of Cádiz trap fleet (FPO) Logbooks give a very different number of trips for the trap fleet through the time period, from 182 trips in 2004 to 1,073 trips in Besides a probable improvement in logbooks 71

80 Section 3 IBERMIX report recording, this difference may also be attributed to increased abundance of the octopus resource (Octopus vulgaris) (Sobrino et al., 2005b). The SC shows high values (over 0.9) for different number of clusters during the period of analysis (Fig j). However, the analysis of their catch profiles (Table e) permits to identify two types of fishing trips repeated along the three years (Fig k): FPO-OCT: targeting specifically octopus (Octopus vulgaris). FPO-mixed: with a variety of species (black seabream, white seabream, and others). These results are in agreement with the knowledge of the fishery, which employs different types of gears depending on the target species. The first trip type matches with a part of the fleet using clay pots and specific traps for octopus, while the second one is produced by using other type of trap designed for targeting fishes and molluscs. However, artificial clusters with nonsensical species combinations or low representation in effort or landings are consequence of the logbooks misreporting. For instance, the cluster 3 in 2003 and 2004 with high landings of two species so different ecologically as octopus and Atlantic pomfret, is probably due to an erroneous allocation of the gear or a combined employment of different gears within the same fishing trip. Excepting 2005, the monthly analysis of catch profiles (Fig l) shows a clear seasonality during summer in agreement with the description of Silva et al. (2002a). The FPO-OCT trip type employs clay pots and traps throughout the year; nevertheless its major activity occurs from spring to autumn, coincident with the reproductive peak of the target species (Silva et al., 2002b). The anomaly observed during 2005 could be caused by the marked increase in octopus landings. Increase and declines of octopus abundance may be of cyclic nature because such fluctuations were observed in the past during the nineties, possibly due to environmental factors that were beneficial to the life cycle of the species (Sobrino et al., 2002). 72

81 IBERMIX report Section Segmentation of the Portuguese fleets In order to give a clearer presentation of results, the Portuguese fleets were also divided into fleets using mobile gears and fleets using fixed gears Segmentation of the Portuguese fleets using mobile gears Taking into account the gear characteristics, data analysis was performed separately for the trawl and purse-seine fleets. Portuguese bottom otter trawl fleet (OTB) The analysis was performed in two steps. In a first segmentation, all trawl trips were assigned to two main clusters, corresponding to Demersal Fish and Crustacean fisheries (Figure a). These two groups could be obtained directly from the licensing system, but due to changes in the objectives of the fishing trip, some vessels/trips were assigned differently. However, these two groups constitute a mixture of trips that could be subdivided according to their target species. A second classification was performed for each group and the following results were obtained: Demersal fish fishery Although the average silhouette width was not large, typical of a mixed fishery, a common structure in the data was found. Some groups are well defined (SC 0.5) and directed to one species, others are composed by trips targeting different species. Figure b shows the cluster silhouette plot for each year. There are small differences between years but three main groups can be considered for the whole period: OTB-HOM: trips targeting horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). OTB-CEPH: trips targeting cephalopods (octopus and squids) OTB-MIX: trips targeting a mixture of species as horse mackerel, hake (Merluccius merluccius), pouting (Trisopterus luscus) and axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne) among others. The OTB-MIX is the most important group, constituting 44% to 51% of all fish trips. Horse mackerel is a constant presence in all groups. In 2005, another group was found, with few but well defined trips targeting blue whiting (OTB-WHB). Figure c summarizes the landing profiles in value for each trip type. Figure d shows the distribution of species proportions within the different clusters. 73

82 Section 3 IBERMIX report The cluster OTB-HOM shows a clear seasonal pattern with a higher number of trips in the first half of the year, whereas the clusters OTB-CEPH and OTB-WHB are more important in the second half. The trips of the cluster OTB-MIX are evenly distributed along the year (Figure e). Crustacean fishery There are two main target species in this fishery, which are the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus, NEP) and the deepwater rose shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris, DPS). These two species have a different but overlapping depth distribution. Rose shrimp occurs from 100 to 350 metres of depth whereas Norway lobster distributes from 200 to 800 metres. The cluster analysis gives two clusters for the three years (with an average silhouette width larger than 0.5, Figure f), with differences in the species composition which are the result of changes in the abundance of these two species. Although the trip clusters are well defined, they are not constant along the period. In Figure g, the landing profiles in value for each trip type are presented. Figure h shows the distribution of species proportions within each cluster. In 2003, one of the clusters was directed for rose shrimp, the other being a mixed cluster targeting both species. In 2004, both clusters are mixed, with one species dominant over the other. In 2005, one cluster is directed to Nephrops and in the other, although the catch being a mixture, the deepwater rose shrimp is dominant. Other important species in this fishery are hake and anglerfish. The other crustacean species, namely red and scarlet shrimps are important in some years and some clusters. The distribution of the fishing trips of each cluster along the year (Figure i) follows the abundance trend of the dominant species in the cluster, i.e., rose shrimp is more important in winter and spring and Nephrops in summer. Portuguese purse-seine fleet (PS) The cluster analysis for the purse-seine fleet revealed in all years four well-defined clusters, with high average silhouette, and another cluster not so well defined, with a lower silhouette (Figure j). From the four well-defined clusters, three correspond roughly to trips with a large proportion in value of one species: PS-PIL: trips targeting sardine (Sardina pilchardus). PS-MAS: trips targeting chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus). PS-HOM: trips targeting horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). 74

83 IBERMIX report Section 3 The fourth is a cluster made of trips with a high proportion of non-target species included in the Others category. The fifth cluster, which is less well defined in all years, includes trips with a mixture of the target species (Figures k). When calculating the proportion of vessels with more than 50% of the trips classified in just one cluster, it was found that, while more than 100 vessels each year had more than 50% of their trips classified into the cluster defined by a high sardine proportion, this did not happen for any of the other clusters. Therefore, the other clusters not characterised by sardine, do not correspond to an identifiable and fixed set of vessels in the fleet. As an example, every year, around 10 vessels had more than 50% of the trips classified in the cluster characterised by high proportion of horse mackerel. Figures l shows the number of trips in each cluster along the months in 2003, 2004 and The cluster with high proportion of sardine shows a marked fluctuation of the number of trips, being most of the trips done in the spring and summer. Some of the other clusters, although with a much smaller number of trips, show opposite trends, with a high proportion of the trips outside those months. This probably shows, for some vessels, changes in the target species along the year, and therefore the contribution with trips for different clusters Segmentation of the Portuguese fleets using fixed gears (multi-gear fleet) Table a shows that the number of vessels of the multi-gear fleet decreased from 2003 to Nevertheless, the number of daily landings decreased in the first year but increased again from 2004 to The number of species that account for 95% of the total annual landings in value varied between 55 and 61. The complexity of this fleet has made that the CLARA method, used for analysing the rest of the fleets, had to be contrasted with an alternative methodology. Particularly, due to the polyvalent character of this fleet, it is not possible to link a single gear to a particular landing. Therefore, a multivariate regression tree was thought to be an appropriate option for relating catch profiles and groups of gears. Non-hierarchical cluster analysis A non- hierarchical cluster analysis requires the indication of the number of clusters (k). As a first step and in order to find the optimal k, the number of clusters was changed between 2 and 20. k corresponding to the highest silhouette coefficient (SC) was considered as the final number of clusters. The silhouette coefficient is plotted against k in Figure a. Increasing trends can be observed until k = 16 (2003), 18 (2004) and 14 (2005), which were therefore considered as the final number of clusters. 75

84 Section 3 IBERMIX report From the silhouette plots (Figure b) it can be seen that for each year there are clusters with a higher silhouette coefficient while other clusters show lower values. By plotting the species compositions it can be seen that clusters with a higher coefficient show one or more dominant species in proportion. Clusters with lower coefficients show a mixture of different species and were therefore named as mix-species. These mix-species clusters may be consequence of the simultaneous use of different fishing gears or of simultaneous exploitation of different habitats. Table b contains a summary for each cluster or fishing trip type. The average silhouette coefficient shown in the silhouette plots (Figure b) for the total number of observations differ slightly from the maximum value shown in Figure a due to the different random number generator used in both estimations. However, exploratory analysis showed that the optimal K is not sensitive to changing random number in the CLARA method. Multivariate regression tree The results of the multivariate regressions trees are shown in Figure c. In the year 2003 there were no administrative fishing licenses attributed to bottom longlines deep sea species, therefore this gear cannot be shown in the tree graph and the compared analysis cannot be performed for Therefore, for the years 2004 and 2005 the first three divisions separate: dredges (landing essentially bivalves). pelagic longlines with a specific fishing license for swordfish (landing essentially large pelagic teleosts and elasmobranchii) and set bottom longlines for deep-sea fish (black scabbardish, including also teleosts and elasmobranchii). For the remaining vessels that capture a mixture of different groups of species the following division separates vessels with and without traps and pots. This last branch (without traps and pots) can be identified as nets (gillnets and trammel nets), which are not possible to separate because the vessels have licences to operate with both types of nets. So, accordingly to the results of the regression tree it was possible to identify for the 2004 and 2005 the following fleet segments: Dredges. Bottom long lines or set longlines (LLS). Pelagic long lines or drifting longlines (LLD). Nets (gillnets and trammel). Pots and traps. 76

85 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure d shows the relative importance (% in value) of the tree clusters in each group of species in 2004 and In both years bivalves were recorded in the landings of the dredges ( 100%) and a wide range of group of species were important in the landings from the nets, particularly demersal species ( 40%). Large pelagic species were mainly landed by pelagic long-line (LLD), with an importance of 68% in 2004 and 88% in Bathyal species landings were mainly recorded from bottom long-line (LLS), with 86% in 2004 and 74% in Crustacean and Cephalopods were mostly landed (more than 60%) by traps& pots. Figure e shows the relative importance (% in value) of tree clusters in each fishing trip type in 2004 and In 2005, some fishing trip types were not identified, such as, Conger (cluster 4, in 2004), Pagellus (cluster 13, in 2004), and Sepia (cluster 7, in 2004). The majority of the fishing trip types are included in the tree cluster nets and pots&traps. For example, the fishing trip type Aphanopus (blackscabard fish) is mainly included in the tree clusters bottom long-line (90%) and nets (7%); the Spisula solida (bivalve), Chamelea gallina (bivalve) and Solenidae fishing trip types are all included in the dredges and the Merluccius fishing trip type is included in the bottom long-line, nets and pots&traps. 77

86 Section 3 IBERMIX report 3.3. Conclusions The greatest goal of the IBERMIX project is to achieve a fleet segmentation which permits to classify the real variety of the fleet structure by using the actual information available. Other aspects, as the possible limitations of the respective National Sampling Programmes, the adaptation to the new CFP or the demands of assessors and managers will be treated in the Section 4. Taking into account the results of the multivariate analysis carried out, those trip types which present a high mathematical significance and feasibility on the segmentation of their fishing data have been chosen as métiers and integrated into a hierarchical diagram Métiers of the Atlantic Spanish fleets Regarding the Northern Spanish coastal fleets using mobile gears, the bottom otter trawl fleet (OTB) can be split into four trip types: trips targeting horse mackerel (OTB-HOM), trips targeting mackerel (OTB-MAC), trips targeting blue whiting (OTB-WHB), and trips with a variety of species in landings (OTB-mixed). In the case of the Northern Spanish coastal bottom pair trawl fleet (PTB), two trip types can be taken out: trips targeting blue whiting (PTB-WHB) and trips targeting mackerel (PTB-MAC). The Northern Spanish coastal purse seine fleet (PS) can be segmented in six different trip types: trips targeting sardine (PS-PIL), trips targeting horse mackerels (PS-JAX), trips targeting anchovy (PS-ANE), trips targeting mackerel (PS-MAC), trips targeting seabreams (PS-SBX), and trips with mixed catch (PSmixed). In the case of the Northern Spanish coastal fleet using fixed gears, the set longline fleet (SLL) was found to be compounded of five trip types: trips targeting conger (LLS-COE), trips targeting hake (LLS-HKE), trips targeting pollacks (LLS-POL), trips targeting seabass (LLS- BSS), and trips with a mixed catch (LLS-mixed). In the case of the Northern Spanish coastal gillnet fleet (GNS), due to the highly mixed character of this fishery, only two clean trip types can be taken out: trips targeting hake (GN-HKE) and trips targeting anglerfishes (GN-MNZ); the rest of trips being joined in a mixed group (GNS-mixed). Nevertheless, the Northern Spanish coastal trammel net fleet (GTR) cannot be split in a consistent way even though to have found some reasonable trip types in concordance with the knowledge of the fishery. 78

87 IBERMIX report Section 3 Northern Spanish coastal fleets Gear category MOBILE GEARS FIXED GEARS Gear Group BOTTOM TRAWLS SURROUNDING NETS LONGLINE ENTANGLING NETS AND GILLNETS Fleet Trip type Description Bottom otter trawl (OTB) Bottom pair trawl (PTB) Purse (PS) seine Set long lines (LLS) Set gillnet (GNS) Trammel net (GTR) OTB-HOM OTB-MAC OTB-WHB OTB-mixed PTB-WHB PTB-MAC PS-PIL PS-ANE PS-MAC PS-JAX PS-SBX PS-mixed LLS-COE LLS-HKE LLS-POL LLS-BSS LLS-mixed GNS-HKE GNS-MNZ GNS-mixed GTR Northern Spanish coastal bottom otter trawl targeting horse mackerel Northern Spanish coastal bottom otter trawl targeting mackerel Northern Spanish coastal bottom otter trawl targeting blue whiting Northern Spanish coastal bottom otter trawl targeting a variety of demersal species Northern Spanish coastal bottom pair trawl targeting blue whiting Northern Spanish coastal bottom pair trawl targeting mackerel Northern Spanish coastal purse seine targeting sardine Northern Spanish coastal purse seine targeting anchovy Northern Spanish coastal purse seine mackerel Northern Spanish coastal purse seine mackerels Northern Spanish coastal purse seine seabreams Group of mixed unspecified trips of the Northern Spanish coastal purse seine fleet Northern Spanish coastal set longline targeting conger Northern Spanish coastal set longline targeting hake Northern Spanish coastal set longline targeting pollacks Northern Spanish coastal set longline targeting seabass Group of mixed unspecified trips of the Northern Spanish coastal set longline fleet Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet targeting hake Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet anglerfishes Group of mixed unspecified trips of the Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet fleet Northern Spanish coastal trammel net fleet exploiting demersal fish In relation to the Gulf of Cádiz fleets, it is possible to apply the IBERMIX results only on the mobile fleets, because the low coverage of fixed gears on logbooks does not allow us to apply the IBERMIX results to the whole fishery in a properly way. So that, regarding the Gulf of Cádiz bottom otter trawl fleet, due to no significant trip types were found, it can be kept as a homogenous group (OTB). However, it is possible to disaggregate the Gulf of Cádiz purse seine fleet in two different groups regarding their catch profile: trips targeting anchovy (PS-ANE) and trips targeting sardine (PS-PIL). 79

88 Section 3 IBERMIX report Southern Spanish Atlantic coastal fleets (Gulf of Cádiz) Gear category Gear Group Fleet Trip type Description MOBILE GEARS BOTTOM TRAWLS SURROUNDING NETS Bottom otter trawl (OTB) Purse seine (PS) OTB PS-PIL PS-ANE Gulf of Cádiz bottom otter trawl targeting a mixed of crustaceans, cephalopods, and demersal fish Gulf of Cádiz purse seine targeting sardine Gulf of Cádiz purse seine targeting anchovy FIXED GEARS MULTIGEAR FLEET Multigear fleet Multigear fleet Gulf of Cádiz multigear fleet using minor gears Métiers of the Portuguese fleets. Bottom otter trawl fleet (OTB) This is the first time that daily trips are used for the identification of fleet components in Portugal in trawl fleet. The degree of detail used will led to a more precise definition of the fishing trips, which can be useful for the estimation of the target effort. It is important to emphasize that the results of the classification could be different if the basic data are in weight or value. Some species with low value, as small pelagic fish and blue whiting, only become important if their volume in the catches is large, whereas valuable species, as octopus and crustaceans, constitute normally target species. The Portuguese trawl fleet has two components: the Demersal Fish (PT-OTB-fish) and the Crustacean (PT-OTB-crust). In the Demersal Fish component (PT-OTB-fish) 3 clusters or fishing trip types were identified: o o o Horse mackerel Cephalopods Mixed Demersal Fish. 80

89 IBERMIX report Section 3 For 2005, a cluster with trips targeting blue whiting was clearly identified. Only forthcoming analyses shall confirm the consistency of this cluster. Although clearly defined, the Crustacean trawl (PT-OTB-crust) clusters do not follow the same pattern every year, depending on the abundance of the two main target crustacean species, which are Norway lobster and deepwater rose shrimp. There can be one target species by cluster or mixed clusters with different percentages of these two species. Under these conditions an overall cluster or fishing trip type designated Crustaceans was considered more appropriate. Campos et al. (2007) made a first attempt to identify the trawl clusters, using landings data. However, the approach used in their work was different from the one presented in this document. The data comprised the monthly landings in weight per vessel and the method of classification used was a hierarchical clustering analysis. The results of that study are similar, pointing to six clusters targeting horse mackerel, blue whiting, cephalopods, Norway lobster, shrimp and one mixed. Purse seine fleet (PS) Four well-defined fishing trip types were identified for the Portuguese purse seine fleet component: o o o o Sardine Spanish mackerel Horse mackerel Mixed There are no previous attempts to define fishing activities based on individual trips for this fleet. The results obtained in this work confirm previous empirical observations that indicated a dominance of sardine as the target species of this fleet. Nevertheless, there are groups of trips that clearly indicate other species, such as Spanish mackerel and horse mackerel, as the main targets. Therefore, even if further exploration of these data indicates that the clusters not dominated by sardine are not big enough, in terms of trips or vessels, to justify further segmentation of the purse-seine fleet, in a multi-fleet and mixed-fisheries framework it may be important to take into account the proportion of the effort of the purse-seine fleet allocated to the different fishing activities. Multi-gear fleet The identification of the segments or metiers of the Portuguese multi-gear fleet is complex because the data used in the analysis (daily landing) does not include the information of the gear used. The linkage of the fishing trip type with the fishing license information did not 81

90 Section 3 IBERMIX report allow identifying distinctively the gears used in each trip, because some vessels are licenced for more than one gear. The use of the log-books information is an adequate way to solve this lack of information; however, actually, the amount of records and the information available in the Portuguese log-books from the multi-gear fleet are insufficient to perform a satisfactory analysis. Nevertheless, even though this type of difficulty, the analysis performed has provided a first proposal for this fleet segmentation. The following table shows the proposal for the overall Portuguese fleets operating in the Portuguese continental waters (ICES, Div. IXa). Portuguese fleets Gear category Gear group Fleet Trip type Description OTBcrust Portuguese bottom otter trawl targeting crustaceans MOBILE GEARS BOTTOM TRAWLS DREDGES SURROUNDING NETS LONGLINE Bottom otter trawl (OTB) Boat dredge (DRB) Purse seine (PS) Drifting longlines (LLD) OTB-fish DRB PS-PIL PS-HOM PS-MAS PS-mixed LLD OTB-HOM: Portuguese bottom otter trawl trips targeting horse mackerel OTB-ceph Portuguese bottom otter trawl trips targeting cephalopods OTB-mixed Portuguese bottom otter trawl trips with mixed catch Portuguese dredge fleet targeting mollluscs (Bivalves) Portuguese purse seine trips targeting sardine Portuguese purse seine trips targeting horse mackerel Portuguese purse seine trips targeting chub mackerel Portuguese purse seine trips with mixed catch Portuguese drifting longline targeting large pelagic fish LONGLINE Set longlines (LLS) LLS Portuguese set longline fleet targeting deepwater fish FIXED GEARS ENTANGLIN G NETS AND GILLNETS Trammel net (GTR) Set gillnet (GNS) GNS/GTR Portuguese fleets using tangling nets and gillnets targeting demersal fish TRAPS Pots and traps (FPO) FPO Portuguese fleet using pots and traps targeting cephalopods (Octopus) 82

91 IBERMIX report Section 3 Table a. Species group used in the analysis of the Portuguese Multi-gear fleet. 83

92 Section 3 IBERMIX report Table a. Logbook coverage level (in landings) for the Northern Spanish coastal fleets using mobile gears. Gear Class SURROUNDING NETS BOTTOM TRAWL FLEET (DCR Level 4) Coverage (%) PURSE SEINES 82.3 BOTTOM OTTER TRAWL BOTTOM PAIR TRAWL 74.0 Table b. Trip type catch profiles of the Northern Spanish coastal bottom otter trawl (OTB) fleet obtained by clustering by 3 and 4 clusters in the period (OTB-HOM: trips targeting horse mackerel; OTB-MAC: trips targeting mackerel, OTB-WHB: trips targeting blue whiting; OTB-mixed: trips targeting a mixed of demersal species). k3 OTB-mixed OTB-HOM OTB-MAC spp Eledone cirrhosa Illex spp Lepidorhombus spp Lophius spp Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Nephrops norvegicus Scombrus spp Trachurus spp Trisopterus spp Others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) TOTAL EFFORT (days) k4 OTB-mixed OTB-WHB OTB-HOM OTB-MAC spp Eledone cirrhosa Illex spp Lepidorhombus spp Lophius spp Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Nephrops norvegicus Scombrus spp Trachurus spp Trisopterus spp Others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) TOTAL EFFORT (days)

93 IBERMIX report Section 3 Table c. Mean technical features of the three fleet segments obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal OTB fleet. VESSEL 1 VESSEL 2 VESSEL 3 size tonnage Nº Table d. Trip type catch profiles of the Northern Spanish coastal bottom pair trawl (PTB) fleet in the period ( PTB-WHB : trips targeting mainly blue whiting; and PTB- MAC : trips targeting mainly mackerel). PTB-WHB PTB-MAC Illex spp Lophius spp Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Scombrus spp Trachurus spp others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days) Table e. Mean technical features of the two fleet segments obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal PTB fleet. VESSEL 1 VESSEL 2 size tonnage Nº

94 Section 3 IBERMIX report Table f. Catch profiles of the clusters obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal purse seine fleet (PS) in the period Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Clus 8 Belone belone Boops boops Engraulis encrasicolus Sardina pilchardus Scomber japonicus Scomber scombrus Scomberesox saurus Sparidae Trachurus spp Tunidos Others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days) Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Belone belone Boops boops Engraulis encrasicolus Sardina pilchardus Scomber japonicus Scomber scombrus Scomberesox saurus Sparidae Trachurus spp Tunidos Others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days) Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Clus 8 Belone belone Boops boops Engraulis encrasicolus Sardina pilchardus Scomber japonicus Scomber scombrus Scomberesox saurus Sparidae Trachurus spp Tunidos Others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days)

95 IBERMIX report Section 3 Table g. Correspondence (percentage of trips) between the trip types obtained and the fleet technical categories of the Northern Spanish coastal purse seine fleet (PS). (PS-PIL: trips targeting sardine; PS-ANE: trips targeting anchovy; PS-MAC: trips targeting mackerel; PS- JAX: trips targeting horse mackerels; PS-SBX: trips targeting seabreams). Catch profiles 2003 PS-ANE PS-JAX PS-PIL PS-SBX PS-mixed PSB PSS Catch profiles 2004 PS-ANE PS-JAX PS-MAC PS-PIL PS-SBX PS-mixed PSB PSS Catch profiles 2005 PS-JAX PS-MAC PS-PIL PS-SBX PS-mixed PSB PSS

96 Section 3 IBERMIX report Table a. Logbook coverage level (in landings) for the Northern Spanish coastal fleets using fixed gears. Gear Group Fleet (level 4) Coverage (%) NETS SET GILLNETS 100 TRAMMEL NETS --- LONGLINES SET LONGLINE

97 IBERMIX report Section 3 Table b. Catch profiles of the clusters obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal set longline fleet (LLS) in the period Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Clus 8 Belone belone Beryx spp Brama brama Conger conger Dicentrarchus labrax Elasmobranchii Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Phycis spp Pollachius spp Polyprion americanus Scomber scombrus Sparidae Trachurus spp Trisopterus spp Others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days) Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Belone belone Beryx spp Brama brama Conger conger Dicentrarchus labrax Elasmobranchii Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Phycis spp Pollachius spp Polyprion americanus Scomber scombrus Sparidae Trachurus spp Trisopterus spp Others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days) Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Belone belone Beryx spp Brama brama Conger conger Dicentrarchus labrax Elasmobranchii Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Phycis spp Pollachius pollachius Polyprion americanus Scomber scombrus Sparidae Trachurus trachurus Trisopterus spp Others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days)

98 Section 3 IBERMIX report Table c. Catch profiles of the clusters obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet fleet (GNS) in the period Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Clus 8 Clus 9 Clus 10 Beryx spp Crustaceans Dicentrarchus labrax Dicologlossa cuneata Elasmobranchii Loliginidae Lophius spp Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Mullus spp Octopodidae Phycis spp Pleuronectiformes Scomber spp Sepia officinalis Sparidae Trachurus spp Trisopterus spp Others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) Effort Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Clus 8 Clus 9 Clus 10 Beryx spp Crustaceans Dicentrarchus labrax Dicologlossa cuneata Elasmobranchii Loliginidae Lophius spp Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Mullus spp Octopodidae Phycis spp Pleuronectiformes Scomber spp Sepia officinalis Sparidae Trachurus spp Trisopterus spp Others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days) Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Beryx spp Crustaceans Dicentrarchus labrax Dicologlossa cuneata Elasmobranchii Loliginidae Lophius spp Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Mullus spp Octopodidae Phycis spp Pleuronectiformes Scomber spp Sepia officinalis Sparidae Trachurus spp Trisopterus spp Others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days)

99 IBERMIX report Section 3 Table d. Catch profiles of the clusters obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal trammel net fleet (GTR) in the period Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Clus 8 Clus 9 Clus 10 Crustaceans Dicentrarchus labrax Dicologlossa cuneata Elasmobranchii Lophius spp Merluccius merluccius Mullus spp Octopodidae Pleuronectiformes Scomber spp Sepia officinalis Sparidae Trachurus spp Trisopterus spp Others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days) Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Clus 8 Clus 9 Clus 10 Crustaceans Dicentrarchus labrax Dicologlossa cuneata Elasmobranchii Lophius spp Merluccius merluccius Mullus spp Octopodidae Pleuronectiformes Scomber spp Sepia officinalis Sparidae Trachurus spp Trisopterus spp Others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days) Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Clus 8 Clus 9 Clus 10 Crustaceans Dicentrarchus labrax Dicologlossa cuneata Elasmobranchii Lophius spp Merluccius merluccius Mullus spp Octopodidae Pleuronectiformes Scomber spp Sepia officinalis Sparidae Trachurus spp Trisopterus spp Others TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days)

100 Section 3 IBERMIX report Table a. Logbook coverage level (in landings) for the Gulf of Cádiz fleets using mobile gears. Gear Class SURROUNDING NETS BOTTOM TRAWL FLEET (DCR Level 4) PURSE SEINES BOTTOM OTTER TRAWL Coverage (%)

101 IBERMIX report Section 3 Table b catch profiles of each cluster obtained in the Gulf of Cádiz bottom otter trawl fleet (OTB) for 2 and 4 clusters, respectively. k2 Clus-1 Clus-2 spp Citharus linguatula Dicologoglosa cuneata Galeorhinus galeus Lithognatus mormyrus Loligo spp Lophius spp Melicertus kerathurus Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Mullus spp Nephrops norvegicus Octopus vulgaris Ommastrephidae Other Pagellus bogaraveo Pagellus spp Parapenaeus longirostris Raja spp Sepia officinalis Solea spp Squilla mantis Trachurus spp TOTAL LANDINGS(T) TOTAL EFFORT (days) k4 Clus-1 Clus-2 Clus-3 Clus-4 spp Citharus linguatula Dicologoglosa cuneata Galeorhinus galeus Lithognatus mormyrus Loligo spp Lophius spp Melicertus kerathurus Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Mullus spp Nephrops norvegicus Octopus vulgaris Ommastrephidae Other Pagellus bogaraveo Pagellus spp Parapenaeus longirostris Raja spp Sepia officinalis Solea spp Squilla mantis Trachurus spp TOTAL LANDINGS(T) TOTAL EFFORT (days)

102 Section 3 IBERMIX report Table c. Catch profiles of the two trip types identified in the Gulf of Cádiz purse seine (PS) fleet for the period Spp. PS-ANE PS-PIL PS-ANE PS-PIL PS-ANE PS-PIL Engraulis encrasicolus Scomber spp Lithognatus mormyrus Sardina pilchardus Other Trachurus spp TOTAL LANDINGS (t) TOTAL EFFORT (days) Table a. Logbook coverage level (in landings) for the Gulf of Cádiz fleets using fixed gears. Gear Group NETS LONGLINES TRAPS Fleet (level 4) SET GILLNETS TRAMMEL NETS SET LONGLINE TRAPS Coverage (%)

103 IBERMIX report Section 3 Table b catch profiles of the three trip types obtained in the Gulf of Cádiz set long line fleet (LLS): LLS-SBR: trips targeting blackspot seabream; LLS-SFS: trips targeting silver scabbardfish; LLS-mixed: trips with catches of pink dentex, forkbeards, conger, and others species. spp. LLSmixed LLS- LLSmixed LLS- LLS- LLS- LLS- SBR C3 SBR SFS mixed SBR Argyrosomus regius Batoideo Beryx decadaptylus Brama brama Conger conger Dentex dentex Dentex gibbosus Diplodus spp Galeorhinus galeus H.dactylopterus Isurus oxirhinchus Lepidopus caudatus Langosta Lophius spp Merluccius merluccius Muraena helena Octopus vulgaris OTHERS Plectorhinchus mediterraneus Pagellus bogaraveo Pagellus spp Phycis spp Polyprion americanus Raya spp Scorpaena spp Seriola spp Sparus aurata Squalidae Thunnus spp Trachurus spp Trachynotus ovatus Umbrina spp Xiphia gladius TOTAL LANDINGS (t) Effort (days) LLS- SFS 95

104 Section 3 IBERMIX report Table c catch profiles of the six trip types obtained in the Gulf of Cádiz set gillnet fleet (GNS) for the period Spp. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Argyrosomus regius Dentex gibbosus Dicentrarchus labrax Dicologoglosa cuneata Diplodus spp Galeorhinus galeus Homarus gammarus Lithognatus mormyrus Melicertus kerathurus Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Mullus surmuletus Octopus vulgaris Pagellus bogaraveo Pagellus spp Pagrus auriga P. Mediterraneus Pomatomus saltator Raja spp Scomber spp Sepia officinalis Solea spp Sparus aurata Squilla mantis Torpedo spp Trachurus spp Trachynotus ovatus Umbrina spp OTHER TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days)

105 IBERMIX report Section 3 Table d catch profiles of the clusters obtained in the Gulf of Cádiz trammel net fleet (GTR) spp. C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 Argyrosomus regius Dentex gibbosus Dicentrarchus labrax Dicologoglosa cuneata Diplodus spp Galeorhinus galeus Homarus gammarus Lepidopus caudatus Lithognatus mormyrus Lophius spp Melicertus kerathurus Merluccius merluccius Mullus surmuletus Octopus vulgaris OTHERS P. mediterraneus Pagellus bogaraveo Pagellus spp Phycis spp. 0.5 Pomatomus saltator Raja spp Scomber sp 0.2 Sepia officinalis Solea spp Sparus aurata Squilla mantis Torpedo spp Trachurus spp Trisopterus spp. 0.5 Umbrina spp TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days)

106 Section 3 IBERMIX report Table e catch profiles of the clusters obtained in the Gulf of Cádiz trap fleet (FPO) by year spp. C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 Brama brama Citharus linguatula Conger conger Dentex gibbosus Diplodus spp Homarus gammarus L. mormyrus Muraena helena Octopus vulgaris OTHER Pagellus bogaraveo Pagellus spp S. cantharus Sepia officinalis Sparus aurata Umbrina spp TOTAL LANDINGS (t) EFFORT (days)

107 IBERMIX report Section 3 Table a. Number of vessels and landings of the Portuguese multi-gear fleet by year. Year Number vessels Number daily landings Number species (95%) Table b. Portuguese Multi-gear fleet: fishing trip types or clusters identified by year. Year Cluster number/ Fishing trip type Si. coef. N. vessels N. trips Octopus vulgaris Mixed species Merluccius merluccius Mixed species Octopus spp. & other Raja spp. & other Solea spp. & other Lophius spp. & other Aphanopus carbo Other Trisopterus luscus & other Chamelea gallina Spisula solida Microchirus spp. & other Solenidae Callista chione Octopus vulgaris & other Merluccius merluccius & other Mixed species Conger conger & other Solea spp. & other Octopus vulgaris Sepia officinalis & other Microchirus spp. & other Aphanopus carbo Other species Zeus faber & other Lophius spp. & other Pagellus acarne & other Trisopterus luscus & other Spisula solida Chamelea gallina Solenidae Solea lascaris & Solea spp Merluccius merluccius & other Mixed species Mixed species Octopus vulgaris & other Raja spp. & other Solea spp. & other Aphanopus carbo Other species Octopus vulgaris Lophius spp. & other Trisopterus luscus & other Solenidae Chamelea gallina Spisula solida

108 100 Average silhouette width : 0.5 Average silhouette width : 0.49 Average silhouette width : 0.54 Silhouette width s i Silhouette width s i Silhouette width s i : : : : : : : : : : n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i Silouhette OTB 2003 Silouhette OTB 2004 Silouhette OTB 2005 Nº Cluster Nº Cluster Nº Cluster ASW ASW ASW OTB 2003 OTB 2004 OTB 2005 bottom otter trawl fleet (OTB) by year analyzed. Figure a. Silhouette coefficients for 2 to 14 clusters, and silhouette plots for the highest SC obtained for the Northern Spanish coastal Section 3 IBERMIX report

109 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure b. Catch profiles of the clusters obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal bottom otter trawl (OTB) fleet by year analyzed. percentage 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% 2003 OTB catch profiles cluster 1 cluster 2 cluster 3 trip types others pout horse mackerel mackerel nephrops blue whiting hake monk megrim illex eledone percentage 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% 2004 OTB catchprofile cluster 1 cluster 2 cluster 3 cluster 4 trip type others pout horse mackerel mackerel nephrops blue whiting hake monk megrim illex eledone percentage 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% 2005 OTB catch profiles cluster 1 cluster 2 cluster 3 trip type others pout horse mackerel mackerel nephrops blue whiting hake monk megrim illex eledone 101

110 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure c. Monthly analysis of the four trip types of the Northern Spanish coastal bottom otter trawl fleet (OTB) by year. (OTB-HOM: trips targeting horse mackerel; OTB- MAC: trips targeting mackerel, OTB-WHB: trips targeting blue whiting; OTB-mixed: trips targeting a mixed of demersal species) OTB seasonality nº of trips month OTB-MAC OTB-HOM OTB-WHB OTB-mixed 2004 OTB seasonality nº od trips months OTB-MAC TB-HOM OTB-WHB OTB-mixed 2005 OTB seasonality nº of trips months OTB-MAC OTB-HOM OTB-WHB OTB-mixed 102

111 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure d. Silhouette plot of the highest SC clustering obtained by the CLARA analysis of the technical features of the Northern Spanish coastal bottom otter trawl fleet (OTB) Silhouette width Average silhouette width :

112 104 Average silhouette width : 0.83 Average silhouette width : 0.75 Average silhouette width : 0.74 Silhouette width s i Silhouette width s i Silhouette width s i : : : : : : n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i PTB 2003 Silohuette plot PTB 2004 Silohuette plot PTB 2005 Silohuette plot nº cluster nº cluster nº cluster ASW ASW ASW PTB 2003 PTB 2004 PTB 2005 coastal bottom pair trawl fleet (PTB) by year analyzed. Figure e. Silhouette coefficients (SC) from 2 to 14 clusters, and silhouette plots for the highest SC obtained in the Northern Spanish Section 3 IBERMIX report

113 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure f. Catch profiles of the two clusters obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal bottom pair trawl fleet (PTB) by year PTB catch profiles 100% 75% 50% 25% others horse mackerel mackerel blue whiting hake monk illex 0% cluster 1 cluster PTB catch profiles 100% 75% 50% 25% others horse mackerel mackerel blue whiting hake monk illex 0% cluster 1 cluster PTB catch profiles 100% 75% 50% 25% others horse mackerel mackerel blue whiting hake monk illex 0% cluster 1 cluster 2 105

114 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure g. Seasonality for both the trip types obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal bottom pair trawl fleet (PTB) by year. ( PTB-WHB : trips targeting mainly blue whiting; and PTB-MAC : trips targeting mainly mackerel) PTB seasonality nº of trips PTB-MAC PTB-WHB month 2004 PTB seasonality nº of trips PTB-MA C PTB-WHB month 2005 PTB seasonality nº of trips PTB-MA C PTB-WHB month 106

115 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure h. Silhouette plot of the highest SC clustering obtained by the CLARA analysis of the technical features of the Northern Spanish coastal pair bottom trawl fleet (PTB) Silhouette width Average silhouette width :

116 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure i. Silhouette coefficients (SC) for 2 to 10 clusters, and silhouette plots for the highest SC obtained for the Northern Spanish coastal purse seine fleet (PS) by year analyzed. ASW PURSE SEINE 2003 ASW PURSE SEINE 2004 ASW PURSE SEINE Silhouette plot of clara(x = p, k = k.best) n = 56 8 clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i Silhouette plot of clara(x = p, k = k.best) n = 54 7 clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i 1 : Silhouette plot of clara(x = p, k = k.best) n = 56 8 clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i 1 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Silhouette width s i Silhouette width s i Silhouette width s i Average silhouette width : 0.86 Average silhouette width : 0.88 Average silhouette width :

117 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure j. Bar plots showing the catch profiles of the clusters obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal purse seine fleet (PS) by year PS catch profiles 100% 90% 80% percentage 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Others Tunidos Trachurus spp Sparidae Scomberesox saurus Scomber scombrus Scomber japonicus Sardina pilchardus Engraulis encrasicolus Boops boops Belone belone 10% 0% Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Clus 8 trip types 2004 PS catch profiles 100% 80% percentage 60% 40% 20% Others Tunidos Trachurus spp Sparidae Scomberesox saurus Scomber scombrus Scomber japonicus Sardina pilchardus Engraulis encrasicolus Boops boops Belone belone 0% Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 trip types 2005 PS catch profiles 100% 80% percentage 60% 40% 20% Others Tunidos Trachurus spp Sparidae Scomberesox saurus Scomber scombrus Scomber japonicus Sardina pilchardus Engraulis encrasicolus Boops boops Belone belone 0% Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Clus 8 trip types 109

118 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure k. Bar plots showing the seasonality for the trip types selected in the Northern Spanish coastal purse seine fleet (PS) by year PS seasonality number of trips PS-mixed PS-SBX PS-PIL PS-JAX PS-ANE month 2004 PS seasonality number of trips PS-mixed PS-SBX PS-PIL PS-JAX PS-MAC PS-ANE month 2005 PS seasonality number of trips PS-mixed PS-SBX PS-PIL PS-JAX PS-MAC month 110

119 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure l. Silhouette plot of the highest SC clustering obtained by the CLARA analysis of the technical features of the Northern Spanish coastal purse seine fleet (PS) Silhouette plot of pam(x = b, k = k.best) n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i 1 : : Average silhouette width : 0.59 Silhouette width s i 111

120 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure m. Bar plots showing the seasonality of the PS trip types and CPUEs for the big (PSB) and small (PSS) fleet segments of the Northern Spanish coastal purse seine fleet (PS) by year PSB seasonality 2003 PSS seasonality PS-mixed PS-SBX PS-mixed PS-SBX nº of trips CPUE PS-PIL PS-JAX PS-ANE CPUE nº of trips CPUE PS-PIL PS-JAX PS-ANE CPUE months months 2004 PSB seasonality 2004 PSS seasonality nº of trips CPUE PS-mixed PS-SBX PS-PIL PS-JAX PS-MAC PS-ANE CPUE nº of trips CPUE PS-mixed PS-SBX PS-PIL PS-JA X PS-MAC PS-A NE CPUE months months PSB seasonality 2005 PSS seasonality nº of trips CPUE PS-mixed PS-SBX PS-PIL PS-JAX PS-MAC CPUE nº of trips CPUE PS-mixed PS-SBX PS-PIL PS-JAX PS-MAC CPUE months months 112

121 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure a. Silhouette coefficients (SC) for 2 to 10 clusters, and silhouette plots for the highest SC obtained for the Northern Spanish coastal set long line fleet (LLS) by year. ASW LONG LINE 2003 ASW LONG LINE 2004 ASW LONG LINE Silhouette plot of clara(x = p, k = k.best) Silhouette plot of clara(x = p, k = k.best) Silhouette plot of clara(x = p, k = k.best) n = 56 8 clusters C j n = 52 6 clusters C j n = 54 7 clusters C j j : n j avei Cj si j : n j avei Cj si j : n j avei Cj si 1 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Silhouette width s i Silhouette width s i Silhouette width s i Average silhouette width : 0.63 Average silhouette width : 0.65 Average silhouette width :

122 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure b. Bar plots showing the catch profiles of the clusters obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal set long line fleet (LLS) by year LLS catch profiles 100% percentage 80% 60% 40% 20% Others Trisopterus spp Trachurus spp Sparidae Scomber scombrus Polyprion americanus Pollachius spp Phycis spp Micromesistius poutassou Merluccius merluccius Elasmobranchii Dicentrarchus labrax Conger conger Brama brama Beryx spp Belone belone 0% Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Clus 8 trip types 2004 LLS catch profiles 100% percentage 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Others Trisopterus spp Trachurus spp Sparidae Scomber scombrus Polyprion americanus Pollachius spp Phycis spp Micromesistius poutassou Merluccius merluccius Elasmobranchii Dicentrarchus labrax Conger conger Brama brama Beryx spp Belone belone 0% Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 trip types 2005 LLS catch profiles 100% percentage 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Others Trisopterus spp Trachurus spp Sparidae Scomber scombrus Polyprion americanus Pollachius spp Phycis spp Micromesistius poutassou Merluccius merluccius Elasmobranchii Dicentrarchus labrax Conger conger Brama brama Beryx spp Belone belone 0% Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 trip types 114

123 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure c. Bar plots showing the seasonality for the trip types selected in the Northern Spanish coastal set longline fleet (LLS) by year. (LLS-COE: trips targeting conger; LLS-HKE: trips targeting hake; LLS-POL: trips targeting pollacks; LLS-BSS: trips targeting seabass; LLS-mixed: trips with a mixed species catch) LLS seasonality number of trips SLL-POL SLL-mixed SLL-HKE SLL-COE SLL-BSS month 2004 LLS seasonality number of trips LLS-POL LLS-mixed LLS-HKE LLS-COE LLS-BSS month 2005 LLS seasonality number of trips LLS-POL LLS-mixed LLS-HKE LLS-COE LLS-BSS month 115

124 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure d. Silhouette plots of the highest SC clusters obtained by the CLARA analysis of the technical features of the Northern Spanish coastal set long line fleet (LLS) Silhouette plot of pam(x = b, k = k.best) n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i 1 : : Average silhouette width : 0.68 Silhouette width si 116

125 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure e. Silhouette coefficients (SC) for 2 to 10 clusters, and silhouette plots for the highest SC obtained for the Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet fleet (GNS) by year. ASW SET GILLNET 2003 ASW SET GILLNET 2004 ASW SET GILLNET Silhouette plot of clara(x = p, k = k.best) n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i 1 : Silhouette plot of clara(x = p, k = k.best) n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i 1 : : Silhouette plot of clara(x = p, k = k.best) n = 52 6 clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i 1 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Silhouette width s i Average silhouette width : Silhouette width s i Average silhouette width : Silhouette width s i Average silhouette width :

126 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure f. Bar plots showing the catch profiles of the clusters obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet fleet (GNS) by year GNS catch profiles 100% percentage 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Others Trisopterus spp Trachurus spp Sparidae Sepia officinalis Scomber spp Pleuronectiformes Phycis spp Octopodidae Mullus spp Micromesistius poutassou Merluccius merluccius Lophius spp Loliginidae Elasmobranchii Dicologlossa cuneata Dicentrarchus labrax Crustaceans Beryx spp 0% Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Clus 8 Clus 9 Clus 10 trip types 2004 GNS catch profiles 100% percentage 80% 60% 40% 20% Others Trisopterus spp Trachurus spp Sparidae Sepia officinalis Scomber spp Pleuronectiformes Phycis spp Octopodidae Mullus spp Micromesistius poutassou Merluccius merluccius Lophius spp Loliginidae Elasmobranchii Dicologlossa cuneata Dicentrarchus labrax Crustaceans Beryx spp 0% Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Clus 8 Clus 9 Clus 10 trip types 2005 GNS catch profiles 100% percentage 80% 60% 40% 20% Others Trisopterus spp Trachurus spp Sparidae Sepia officinalis Scomber spp Pleuronectiformes Phycis spp Octopodidae Mullus spp Micromesistius poutassou Merluccius merluccius Lophius spp Loliginidae Elasmobranchii Dicologlossa cuneata Dicentrarchus labrax Crustaceans Beryx spp 0% Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 trip types 118

127 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure g. Bar plots showing the seasonality of the trip types selected among the clusters obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal fleet (GNS) by year. (GNS-MNZ: trips targeting monkfish; GNS-HKE: trips targeting hake; GNS-mixed: trips with mixed species catch) GNS seasonality number of trips GNS-MNZ GNS-mixed GNS-HKE month 2004 GNS seasonality number of trips GNS-MNZ GNS-mixed GNS-HKE month 2005 GNS seasonality number of trips GNS-MNZ GNS-mixed GNS-HKE month 119

128 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure h. Silhouette plots of the highest SC clustering obtained by the CLARA analysis of the technical features of the Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet fleet (GNS) Silhouette plot of pam(x = b, k = k.best) n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i 1 : : Average silhouette width : 0.52 Silhouette width si 120

129 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure i. Silhouette coefficients (SC) for 2 to 10 clusters, and silhouette plots for the highest SC obtained for the Northern Spanish coastal trammel net fleet (GTR) by year. ASW TRAMMEL NET 2003 ASW TRAMMEL NET 2004 ASW TRAMMEL NET Silhouette plot of clara(x = p, k = k.best) n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i 1 : : : : Silhouette plot of clara(x = p, k = k.best) n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i 1 : : : : Silhouette plot of clara(x = p, k = k.best) n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i 1 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Silhouette width s i Average silhouette width : Silhouette width s i Average silhouette width : Silhouette width s i Average silhouette width :

130 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure j. Bar plots showing the catch profiles of the clusters obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal trammel net fleet (GTR) by year GTR catch profiles 100% 90% percentage 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Others Trisopterus spp Trachurus spp Sparidae Sepia officinalis Scomber spp Pleuronectiformes Octopodidae Mullus spp Merluccius merluccius Lophius spp Elasmobranchii Dicologlossa cuneata Dicentrarchus labrax Crustaceans 10% 0% Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Clus 8 Clus 9 Clus 10 trip types 2004 GTR catch profiles 100% percentage 80% 60% 40% 20% Others Trisopterus spp Trachurus spp Sparidae Sepia officinalis Scomber spp Pleuronectiformes Octopodidae Mullus spp Merluccius merluccius Lophius spp Elasmobranchii Dicologlossa cuneata Dicentrarchus labrax Crustaceans 0% Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Clus 8 Clus 9 Clus 10 trip types 2005 GTR catch profiles 100% percentage 80% 60% 40% 20% Others Trisopterus spp Trachurus spp Sparidae Sepia officinalis Scomber spp Pleuronectiformes Octopodidae Mullus spp Merluccius merluccius Lophius spp Elasmobranchii Dicologlossa cuneata Dicentrarchus labrax Crustaceans 0% Clus 1 Clus 2 Clus 3 Clus 4 Clus 5 Clus 6 Clus 7 Clus 8 Clus 9 Clus 10 trip types 122

131 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure k. Bar plots showing the seasonality for the trip types selected in the Northern Spanish coastal trammel net fleet (GTR) by year. (GTR-CRU: trips targeting crustaceans; GTR-MNZ: trips targeting monk; GTR-mixed: trips with mixed species catch) GTR seasonality number of trips GTR-MNZ GTR-mixed GTR-CRU month 2004 GTR seasonality number of trips GTR-MNZ GTR-mixed GTR-CRU month 2005 GTR seasonality number of trips GTR-MNZ GTR-mixed GTR-CRU month 123

132 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure l. Silhouette plots of the highest SC clustering obtained by the CLARA analysis of the technical features of the Northern Spanish coastal trammel net fleet (GTR) Silhouette plot of pam(x = b, k = k.best) n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i 1 : : Average silhouette width : 0.56 Silhouette width si 124

133 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure a. Silhouette coefficients (SC) for 2 to 7 clusters, and silhouette plots for the highest SC obtained for the Gulf of Cadiz bottom otter trawl (OTB) fleet by year. OBT 2003 OBT 2004 OBT ASW nº cluster ASW nº cluster ASW nº cluster Silhouette width Average silhouette width : Silhouette width Average silhouette width : Silhouette width Average silhouette width :

134 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure b Catch profiles of the clusters obtained in the Gulf of Cádiz bottom otter trawl (OTB) fleet by year OTB cath profiles 2003 OBT catch profiles percentage 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% trip types Trachurus spp. Squilla mantis Solea spp. Sepia officinalis Parapenaeus longirostris Pagellus spp. Other Octopus vulgaris Nephrops norvegicus Mullus spp. Micromesistius poutassou Merluccius merluccius Melicertus kerathurus Lophius spp. Loligo spp. Dicologoglosa cuneata Citharus linguatula percentage trips types Trachurus spp. Squilla mantis Solea spp. Sepia officinalis Parapenaeus longirostris Pagellus spp. Other Octopus vulgaris Nephrops norvegicus Mullus spp. Micromesistius poutassou Merluccius merluccius Melicertus kerathurus Lophius spp. Loligo spp. Dicologoglosa cuneata Citharus linguatula percentage 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2004 OTB cath profiles 1 2 trip types Trachurus spp. Squilla mantis Solea spp. Sepia officinalis Raja spp. Parapenaeus longirostris Pagellus spp. Pagellus bogaraveo Other Octopus vulgaris Nephrops norvegicus Mullus spp. Micromesistius poutassou Merluccius merluccius Melicertus kerathurus Lophius spp. Lithognatus mormyrus Dicologoglosa cuneata Citharus linguatula percentage 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2005 OTB cath profiles trip types Trachurus spp. Squilla mantis Solea spp. Sepia officinalis Raja spp. Parapenaeus longirostris Pagellus spp. Pagellus bogaraveo Other Ommastrephidae Octopus vulgaris Nephrops norvegicus Mullus spp. Micromesistius poutassou Merluccius merluccius Melicertus kerathurus Lophius spp. Loligo spp. Lithognatus mormyrus Galeorhinus galeus Dicologoglosa cuneata C itharus linguatula 126

135 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure c. Seasonality of the clusters obtained in the Gulf of Cádiz bottom otter trawl fleet (OTB) by year OTB seasonality OTB seasonality nº of trips nº of trips months months OTB seasonality nº of trips months OTB seasonality 2500 nº of metier months 127

136 Silhouette width Average silhouette width : Silhouette width Average silhouette width : Silhouette width Average silhouette width : 0.8 nº cluster nº cluster nº cluster ASW 0.4 ASW ASW Purse seine 2003 Purse seine 2004 Purse seine 2005 by year. Figure d. Silhouette coefficients (SC) for 2 to 5 clusters and silhouette plot for the highest SC for the Gulf of Cádiz purse seine (PS) fleet Section 3 IBERMIX report

137 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure e. Catch profile bar plot of the clusters obtained in the Gulf of Cádiz purse seine (PS) fleet in the period Purse Seine Catch profiles 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% horse mackerel mackerel sardine OTHERS anchovy 0% C1 C2 C3 C4 trip types 2004 Purse Seine Catch profiles 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% horse mackerel mackerel sardine OTHERS anchovy 0% C1 C2 C3 C4 trip types 2005 Purse Seine Catch profiles 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% horse mackerel mackerel sardine OTHERS anchovy 0% C1 trip types C2 129

138 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure f. Seasonality of the two trip types obtained in the Gulf of Cádiz purse seine (PS) fleet: PS-ANE: trips targeting anchovy; and PS-PIL: trips targeting sardine Gulf of Cádiz Purse Seine seasonality PS-PIL PS-ANE months 2004 Gulf of Cádiz Purse Seine seasonality PS-PIL PS-ANE months 2005 Gulf of Cádiz Purse Seine seasonality PS-PIL PS-ANE months 130

139 IBE RMIX report Section 3 Figure a. Silhouette coefficient for 2 to 6 clusters and silhouette plot for the highest SC for the Gulf of Cádiz set long line fleet (LLS) by year set long line cadiz 2004 set long line cadiz 2005 set long line cadiz g 3g 4g 5g 6g ASW 2g 3g 4g 5g 6g ASW ASW 2g 3g 4g 5g 6g nº de clusters nº de clusters nº de clusters Silhouette width Average silhouette width : Silhouette width Average silhouette width : Silhouette width Average silhouette width :

140 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure b. Catch profile bar plot of the trip types obtained in the Gulf of Cádiz set long line fleet (LLS) by year: LLS-SBR: trips targeting blackspot seabream; LLS-SFS: trips targeting silver scabbardfish; LLS-mixed: trips with catches of pink dentex, forkbeards, conger, and others species Gulf of Cádiz set longline (LLS) cat ch prof iles Xiphia gladius Trachynot us ovat us Trachurus sp 100% Squalidae 90% Scorpaena sp 80% Raya sp percentages 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% LLS-mixed LLS-SBR C3 Polyprion americanus Physis sp Pagellus sp Pagellus bogaraveo Ot hers Merluccius merluccius L. caudat us Galeorhinus galeus Dent ex gibbosus Dent ex dent ex percentages 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2004 Gulf of Cádiz setl ongline (LLS) catch profiles LLS-mixed LLS-SBR LL-SFS Xiphia gladius Trachynotus ovatus Trachurus sp Squalidae Scorpaena sp Raya sp Polyprion americanus Physis sp Pagellus sp Pagellus bogaraveo Others Merluccius merluccius L. caudatus Galeorhinus galeus Dentex gibbosus Dentex dentex Conger conger Brama brama percentages 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2005 Gulf of Cádiz set longline (LLS) catch profiles LLS-mixed LLS-SBR LL-SFS Xiphia gladius Trachynotus ovatus Trachurus sp Squalidae Scorpaena sp Raya sp Polyprion americanus Physis sp Pagellus sp Pagellus bogaraveo Others Merluccius merluccius L. caudatus Galeorhinus galeus Dentex gibbosus Dentex dentex Conger conger Brama brama 132

141 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure c. Seasonality of the clusters obtained in the Gulf of Cádiz set long line fleet (LLS) by year: : LLS-SBR: trips targeting blackspot seabream; LLS-SFS: trips targeting silver scabbardfish; LLS-mixed: trips with catches of pink dentex, forkbeards, conger, and others species. Seasonality 2003 Gulf of Cádiz set longline nº of trips month C3 LLS-SBR LLS-mixed Seasonality 2004 Gulf of Cádiz set longline nº of trips month LL-SFS LLS-SBR LLS-mixed Seasonality 2005 Gulf of Cádiz set longline nº of trips month LL-SFS LLS-SBR LLS-mixed 133

142 Silhouette width Average silhouette width : Silhouette width Average silhouette width : Silhouette width Average silhouette width : nº cluster nº cluster nº cluster ASW ASW ASW SetGillnet 2003 SetGillnet 2004 SetGillnet 2005 fleet (GNS) by year. Figure d. Silhouette coefficients (SC) for 2 to 7 clusters and silhouette plot for the highest SC obtained for the Gulf of Cádiz set gillnet Section 3 IBERMIX report

143 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure e. Catch profile bar plot of the six trip types obtained in the Gulf of Cádiz set gillnet fleet (GNS) by year. percentage 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% SetGillnet trip types Other Squilla mantis Sparus aurata Solea spp. Sepia officinalis Pomatomus saltator P. Mediterraneus Pagellus spp. Octopus vulgaris Merluccius merluccius Melicertus kerathurus Lithognatus mormyrus Galeorhinus galeus Diplodus spp. Dicologoglosa cuneata Dicentrarchus labrax Dentex dentex Argyrosomus regius percentage 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% SetGillnet trip types Other Squilla mantis Sparus aurata Solea spp. Sepia officinalis P. Mediterraneus Pagellus spp. Octopus vulgaris Merluccius merluccius Melicertus kerathurus Lithognatus mormyrus Galeorhinus galeus Diplodus spp. Dicologoglosa cuneata Dicentrarchus labrax Dentex gibbosus Argyrosomus regius percentage 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% SetGillnet trip types Other Squilla mantis Solea spp. Sepia officinalis Pomatomus saltator P. Mediterraneus Pagellus spp. Octopus vulgaris Melicertus kerathurus Lithognatus mormyrus Galeorhinus galeus Dicologoglosa cuneata Dentex gibbosus Argyrosomus regius 135

144 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure f. Seasonality of the trip types founded in the Gulf of Cádiz set gillnet fleet (GNS) by year. nº of trips 2003 Gulf of Cádiz set gillnet seasonality octopus GNS-mixed GNS-SOL/CTC GNS-CET GNS-HKE months GNS-MGR nº of trips Gulf of Cádiz set gillnet seasonality months GNS-CTC GNS-mixed GNS-SOL GNS-CET GNS-HKE GNS-MGR nº of trips Gulf of Cádiz set gillnet seasonality months octopus GNS-mixed GNS-SOL/CTC GNS-CET GNS-HKE GNS-MGR 136

145 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure g. Silhouette coefficient for 2 to 6 clusters and silhouette plot for the highest SC for the Gulf of Cádiz trammel net fleet (GTR) by year. Trammelnet 2003 Trammelnet 2004 Trammelnet ASW ASW ASW nº cluster nº cluster nº cluster Silhouette width Average silhouette width : Silhouette width Average silhouette width : Silhouette width Average silhouette width :

146 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure h. Catch profile bar plot of the clusters obtained in the Gulf of Cádiz trammel net fleet (GTR) by year Trammelnet catch profiles percentage 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% trip types Umbrina spp. Torpedo spp. Sparus aurata Solea spp. Sepia officinalis Raja spp. Pomatomus saltator P. mediterraneus Pagellus spp. Other Octopus vulgaris Mullus surmuletus Merluccius merluccius Melicertus kerathurus Lithognatus mormyrus Diplodus spp. Dicologoglosa cuneata Argyrosomus regius percentage 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2004 Trammelnet catch profiles trip types Umbrina spp. Torpedo spp. Solea spp. Sepia officinalis Raja spp. Pomatomus saltator P. mediterraneus Pagellus spp. Pagellus bogaraveo Other Octopus vulgaris Mullus surmuletus Merluccius merluccius Melicertus kerathurus Lithognatus mormyrus Diplodus spp. Dicologoglosa cuneata Dicentrarchus labrax Argyrosomus regius percentage 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2005 Trammelnet catch profile 1 2 trip types Umbrina spp. Solea spp. Sepia officinalis Raja spp. P. mediterraneus Pagellus spp. Other Octopus vulgaris Mullus surmuletus Merluccius merluccius Melicertus kerathurus Lithognatus mormyrus Diplodus spp. Dicologoglosa cuneata Dentex gibbosus Argyrosomus regius 138

147 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure i. Seasonality of the clusters obtained in the Gulf of Cádiz trammel net fleet (GTR) by year GTR seasonality 50 nº of trips cluster 3 cluster 2 cluster month 2004 GTR seasonality nº of trips month cluster 4 cluster 3 cluster 2 cluster GTR seasonality nº of trips cluster 2 cluster month 139

148 Silhouette width Average silhouette width : Silhouette width Average silhouette width : Silhouette width Average silhouette width : nº cluster nº cluster nº cluster ASW ASW ASW Traps 2003 Traps 2004 Traps 2005 Figure j. Silhouette coefficient for 2 to 4 clusters and silhouette plot for the highest SC for the Gulf of Cádiz trap fleet by year. Section 3 IBERMIX report

149 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure k. Catch profile bar plot of the clusters obtained in the Gulf of Cádiz trap fleet (FPO) by year Traps seasonality 100% percentage 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% trip types Other S. cantharus Sparus aurata Pagellus spp. Pagellus bogaraveo Octopus vulgaris Muraena helena L. mormyrus Homarus gammarus Diplodus spp. Dentex gibbosus Brama brama 2004 Traps seasonality 100% percentage 80% 60% 40% 20% Other Umbrina spp. S. cantharus Pagellus spp. Octopus vulgaris Diplodus spp. Dentex gibbosus Brama brama 0% trip types 2005 Traps seasonality 100% percentage 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% trip types Other Umbrina spp. Sparus aurata Sepia officinalis Pagellus spp. Pagellus bogaraveo Octopus vulgaris Muraena helena Diplodus spp. Dentex gibbosus Conger conger Citharus linguatula 141

150 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure l. Seasonality of the clusters obtained in the Gulf of Cádiz trap fleet (FPO) by year Gulf of Cádiz trap fleet seasonality nº of trips FIX-OCT FIX-mixed months 2004 Gulf of Cádiz trap fleet seasonality nº of trips FIX-OCT FIX-mixed months 2005 Gulf of Cádiz trap fleet seasonality nº of trips FIX-OCT FIX-mixed months 142

151 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure a. Silhouette plots for the Portuguese trawl fleet in the period , showing the Fish and Crustacean trip groups. 143

152 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure b. Silhouette plots for the Portuguese Fish trawl trips for the period

153 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure c. Landing profiles (species composition in % value) of each trip type, identified in the group of Fish trawl trips, in the period , for the Portuguese trawl fleet % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% OTB-HOM OTB-MIX OTB-CEPH Other WHB THS SSH SQU SKA SBA OCT NEP MAC JOD HOM HKE BIB 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2004 OTB-HOM OTB-MIX OTB-CEPH Other WHB THS SSH SQU SKA SBA OCT MAS MAC JOD HOM HKE CTC BIB 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2005 OTB-HOM OTB-MIX OTB-CEPH OTB-WHB Other WHB THS SSH SQU SKA SBA OCT MAS MAC JOD HOM HKE CTC BIB 145

154 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure d. Distribution of species proportions within the clusters OTB-HOM (Group 1), OTB-MIX (Group 2) and OTB-CEPH (Group 3) for the year

155 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure d (cont.). Distribution of species proportions within the clusters OTB-MIX (Group 1), OTB-HOM (Group 2) and OTB-CEPH (Group 3) for the year

156 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure d (cont.). Distribution of species proportions within the clusters OTB-CEPH (Group 1), OTB-MIX (Group 2), OTB-HOM (Group 3) and OTB_WHB (Group 4) for the year

157 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure e. Seasonal variation of the number of trips for each of the Portuguese Fish trawl cluster groups by year HOM MIX MIX HOM CEPH MIX CEPH CEPH HOM WHB Months Months Number of trips Number of trips Number of trips Months

158 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure f. Silhouette plots for the Portuguese Crustacean trawl trips for the period n = clusters C j j : n j a ve i Cj s i n = clusters C j j : n j a ve i Cj s i n = cl usters C j j : n j a ve i Cj s i 1 : : : : : : Average silhouette width : 0.55 Silhouette width s i Average silhouette width : 0.51 Silhouette width s i Average silhouette width : 0.63 Silhouette width s i

159 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure g. Landing profiles (species composition in % value) of each trip type, identified in the group of Crustacean trawl trips, in the period , for the Portuguese trawl fleet % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% DPS+NEP DPS Other SSH NEP HKE DPS ARA ANF % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% NEP+ DPS+ Other WHB SSH NEP HKE DPS ARA ANF % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% DPS+NEP NEP Other WHB SSH NEP LEF HKE DPS ANF 151

160 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure h. Distribution of species proportions within the Crustacean trawl clusters for the period

161 IBER MIX report Section 3 Figure i. Seasonal variation of the number of trips for each of the Portuguese Crustacean trawl cluster groups by year DPS+NEP DPS NE P+ DPS+ DPS+NEP NE P Months Months Number of trips Number of trips Number of trips Months

162 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure j. Silhouette plots for the Portuguese purse-seine trips for the period

163 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure k. Distribution of species proportions within the clusters for Portuguese purse-seine in

164 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure k (cont.). Distribution of species proportions within the clusters for the purse-seine in

165 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure k (cont.). Distribution of species proportions within the clusters for the Portuguese purse-seine in

166 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure l. Seasonal variation of the number of trips for each of the Portuguese purse-seine clusters in

167 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure l (cont.). Seasonal variation of the number of trips for each of the Portuguese purse-seine clusters in

168 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure l (cont.). Seasonal variation of the number of trips for each of the Portuguese purse-seine clusters in

169 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure a. Portuguese multi-gear fleet: Plots of si against k, by years. 161

170 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure b. Portuguese multi-gear fleet: Silhouette plots by year 162

171 IBER MIX report Section 3 Figure c. Portuguese multi-gear fleet: results of the Multivariate Regressions trees

172 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure d. Portuguese multi-gear fleet: relative importance (% in value) of tree clusters in each group of species in 2004 and (P-LL: pelagic/drifting longline; B-LL: bottom/set longline) % 80% 60% 40% Pots&traps Nets P-LL B-LL Dredges 20% 0% Crustacean Mol. Bivalves Mol. Cephalop Large pelagics Demersal Bathyal % 80% 60% 40% Pots&traps Nets P-LL B-LL Dredges 20% 0% Crustacean Mol. Bivalves Mol. Cephalop Large pelagics Demersal Bathyal 164

173 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure e. Portuguese multi-gear fleet: relative importance (% in value) of tree clusters in each fishing trip type in 2004 and (P-LL: pelagic/drifting longline; B-LL: bottom/set longline) % 80% 60% Pots&traps Nets P-LL B-LL Dredges 40% 20% 0% Aphanopus Chamelea Conger Lophius Merluccius Microchirus Mixed Octopus Octopus & Other Pagellus Sepia Solea Solea spp. Solenidae Spisula Trisopterus Zeus faber Fishing trip type % 80% 60% Pots&traps Nets P-LL B-LL Dredges 40% 20% 0% Aphanopus Chamelea Conger Lophius Merluccius Microchirus Mixed Octopus Octopus & Other Pagellus Sepia Solea Solea spp. Solenidae Spisula Trisopterus Zeus faber Fishing trip type 165

174 Section 3 IBERMIX report Map a. Geographical distribution of the four trip types obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal bottom otter trawl (OTB) fleet by year (pies centred in the middle of the ICES rectangle). (OTB-HOM: trips targeting horse mackerel; OTB-MAC: trips targeting mackerel, OTB-WHB: trips targeting blue whiting; OTB-mixed: trips targeting a mixed of demersal species). 166

175 IBERMIX report Section 3 Map b. Geographical distribution of both the trip types found in the Northern Spanish coastal bottom pair trawl (PTB) fleet by year (pies centred in the middle of the ICES rectangle). (PTB-WHB: trips targeting blue whiting; PTB-MAC: trips targeting mackerel). 167

176 Section 3 IBERMIX report Map c. Geographical distribution of the six trip types obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal purse seine (PS) fleet by year. (PS-PIL: trips targeting sardine; PS-ANE: trips targeting anchovy; PS-MAC: trips targeting mackerel; PS-JAX: trips targeting horse-mackerel; PS-SBX: trips targeting seabreams). 168

177 IBERMIX report Section 3 Map d. Geographical distribution of the six trip types obtained in the big fleet segment of the Northern Spanish coastal purse seine fleet (PSB) by year. (PS-PIL: trips targeting sardine; PS-ANE: trips targeting anchovy; PS-MAC: trips targeting mackerel; PS- JAX: trips targeting horse-mackerel; PS-SBX: trips targeting seabreams). 169

178 Section 3 IBERMIX report Map e. Geographical distribution of the six trip types obtained in the small fleet segment of the Northern Spanish coastal purse seine (PSS) fleet by year. (PS-PIL: trips targeting sardine; PS-ANE: trips targeting anchovy; PS-MAC: trips targeting mackerel; PS- JAX: trips targeting horse-mackerel; PS-SBX: trips targeting seabreams). 170

179 IBERMIX report Section 3 Map a. Geographical distribution of the five trip types obtained in the Northern Spanish coastal set long line (LLS) fleet by year. (LLS-COE: Trips targeting conger; LLS-HKE: Trips targeting hake; LLS-POL: Trips targeting pollack; LLS-BSS: Trips targeting seabass; LLSmixed: Trips with mixed species catch). 171

180 Section 3 IBERMIX report Figure b. Map showing the geographical distribution of the trip types selected for the Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet (GNS) fleet by year. (GNS-MNZ: trips targeting monkfish; GNS-HKE: trips targeting hake; GNS-mixed: trips with mixed species catch). 172

181 IBERMIX report Section 3 Figure c. Map showing the geographical distribution of the trip types selected in the Northern Spanish coastal trammell net fleet (GTR) by year. (GTR-CRU: trips targeting crustaceans; GTR-MNZ: trips targeting monk; GTR-mixed: trips with mixed species catch). 173

182

183 IBERMIX report Section 4 4. Métier-disaggregated fishing data Once the identification of the métiers of the fleets operating in the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula waters had been achieved, the second objective of the IBERMIX project was to analyze the feasibility of compiling catch-effort data disaggregated by this new fleet segmentation. For doing that, those possible changes in the scheme of the respective National Sampling Programmes were needed to be specified, in such a way it could be estimated the level of difficulty in putting the new scheme into practice. Then, the third objective was to present a proposal of métier-disaggregated data to the assessment and management working groups where the Iberian stocks are dealt with, and then to agree a final métier-disaggregated data structure by which their suitability and usefulness could be optimized. In relation to the second IBERMIX objective, it should be taken into account that the current National Sampling Programmes scheme are based on stocks in concordance with the traditional single-stock approach used by the ICES assessments, which is applied by the European Commission for managing under a single-stock TAC criterion. The implementation of these sampling programmes was established following the European Data Collection Regulation (DCR) for the period (EC Regulation 1639/2001). However, the importance of the fleet-fishery approach has been highlighted in the last CFP review, so that it is currently being taken into account in the new DCR design. The aim of this revision is to achieve an integrated process, from the sampling to the assessment and management, which is able to facilitate the application and monitoring of the effort control measures besides the TAC-based strategy. This new DCR, which should have been implemented since 2007 to 2013, is being still negotiated. In consequence, the old regulation was extended two years more (2007 and 2008) keeping the traditional system. Therefore, the IBERMIX results have been available on time to be used in these EC working groups for preparing the common structure of the new National Sampling Programmes. Regarding the third IBERMIX objective, the application of métier-disaggregated data, two aspects of stocks management have been considered: the mixed-fisheries management and the fishing effort management. Even though both of them are closely related, they have been undertaken by different working groups due its different level of development. On the one hand, the mixed-fisheries approach was being developed in the Working Group on the Assessment of Southern Shelf Stocks of Hake, Monk and Megrim (WGHMM) and the ICES Study Group on Mixed Fisheries Management (SGMIXMAN). The first one has been the responsible on put this approach into practice for the Atlantic Iberian stocks, while the second one has been more focused on the theoretical development of a mixed-fisheries management methodology. On the other hand, the first implementation of a fishing effort management in the Atlantic Iberian waters has been recently undertaken by the Southern 175

184 Section 4 IBERMIX report hake and Iberian Norway lobster stocks recovery plans (EC Regulation 2166/2005). This management plan, enacted in 2006, aims to rebuild the stock within safe biological limits by combining TAC and effort management measures. In order to evaluate the effects of theses measures on the stocks recovery, several meetings of the SGRST Subgroup on fishing effort management have been held since Finally, as management measures are based on the stocks status, some extra work was made in order to improve the catch data used in the single-stock assessments. This issue is beyond of the IBERMIX working line; however the fleet knowledge achieved was tried to be applied not only in management but also in the previous assessments they are based on. Three are the working groups involved in the Iberian stocks assessment: demersal and Nephrops stocks are dealt with in the ICES WGHMM, while the pelagic stocks are assessed at the ICES working group on the assessment of mackerel, horse mackerel, sardine and anchovy (WGMHSA) and the ICES working group on the assessment of the Northern pelagic and blue whiting fisheries (WGNPBW). Both of them have specific requirements regarding catch-effort data, because most of the assessment methods need CPUE time series for tuning the parameters estimation. However, some of the current tuning fleets are used identically as they were defined decades ago, in spite of knowing they have experienced changes in their fishing efficiency or strategy. Obviously, the time series restoration and its application in assessments is a hard and complex task that need further and deeper analyses which will surely have to be carried out in an independent project. Nevertheless, a preliminary restoration of some particular fleets has been advanced into the IBERMIX project intending to evaluate the viability of this task in the future. 176

185 IBERMIX report Section Review of the National Sampling Programmes When the European Commission requested ICES to establish the base of performing fisherybased forecasts in 2001 and 2002, ICES reacted by establishing the SGDFF. As it was described in Section 3, the first task of SGDFF was to provide a guideline for fleet and fishery definitions. However, its second objective was to advise on a database structure and data exchange format for the mixed-species and multi-fisheries forecasts. In the same year, the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) defined Operational Units (OU) for the Mediterranean area. Although the OU had been primarily defined for management purposes, they were also expected to facilitate consistent collection of bio-economic data in the Mediterranean Sea. On the basis of these experiences, both in the ICES area and in the Mediterranean Sea, ICES PGCCDBS 1 recommended in 2005 that a Workshop be established, under the auspices of the European Commission, to recommend a fleet and fishery segmentation to be used for the future sampling design of bio-economic data. In this view, a Workshop on Fleet-Fishery Based Sampling was carried out by the Commission in May 2005 to agree on the concepts, the terminology and to define the process to establish the fleet segments (EC, 2005a). The Workshop proposed a generic approach to split the fishing trips into groups of similar exploitation pattern, clustered in a hierarchical tree. An equivalent multi level approach is applied to the fleets for economic sampling purpose. The economic and biological information can be then gathered harmoniously in a matrix where the fleets segments correspond to the lines and the fishing activities correspond to the columns. This Workshop was followed by a Workshop on small-scale fisheries to take into account their specificities such as multi-species multi-gear fisheries, heterogeneity, high variability in fishery activity over the time, and lack of information concerning landings, discards and effort (EC, 2005b). The consequences for defining the sampling protocols to collect information related to this fleet segment were evaluated. One of the recommendations of the Workshop on fleet-fishery based sampling was that Member States tested this matrix approach on their national data in order to check its relevancy and if necessary to propose better adequate and stable national fleet segmentation for the length vessel classes. 1 ICES Planning Group on Commercial Catch, Discards and Biological Sampling. 177

186 Section 4 IBERMIX report The results would have been presented to the Regional Coordination Meetings (RCMs) by September/October 2005, so proposal for fleet segmentations at the regional level could be done and then final decisions for all the areas could be taken during a final Workshop later at the start of However, as most of the Member States pointed out the difficulties in following the recommendations from the May 2005 Workshop, the Commission decided to postpone the final Workshop by June 2006 and to plan a specific Workshop in March 2006 in order to train the scientists involved in the Fleet Based Sampling. During this training Workshop recommendations were made to set the regional matrix, guidelines were given to fill in the matrix and rules were established to carry out analysis in order to guarantee the relevant data would be provided to the June 2006 Workshop (EC, 2006a/b). Due to the difficulty of coordinate such a huge work among the members states, another workshop was needed to be hold in June 2007 in order to finalize the Fleet-Based Sampling exercise, and based on the results of the analysis carried out on the national data and the information provided to the Workshop by the participants, to take final decisions about the regional fleet segments. These segments will be used in the new Data Collection Framework as key element for stratification of the regional sampling designs in order to collect information at the regional level. Being in the middle of two different sampling systems, the IBERMIX results were timely used by the National Sampling Programmes in order to integrate the new fleet segmentation with the new DCR system based on fleets Disaggregating of the Spanish fishing data by métier The Spanish Fishing Sampling Programme is compounded of 5 sub-programmes: Atlantic European fisheries (divided between Community waters and national waters; ICES); Mediterranean fisheries (GFCM 2 ); Eastern Central Atlantic fisheries (CECAF 3 ); fisheries of big pelagic species (ICCAT 4, IOTTC 5 ); and fisheries in long distance waters (NAFO 6, SW Atlantic ). Obviously, the IBERMIX results only will be applied to the Atlantic Iberian Spanish fleets, in the context of the Spanish national waters of the first sub-programme. Administratively, the Spanish Sampling Programme is coordinated by IEO in collaboration with AZTI and under the general supervision of SGPM. As was explained above, it has been 2 General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM). 3 Fishery Committee for the Eastern Central Atlantic. 4 International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas. 5 Indian Ocean Tuna Commission. 6 Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization. 178

187 IBERMIX report Section 4 designed following the old DCR structure in concordance with the EC regulations 1543/2000 and 1639/2001, being based on a stock-stratification sampling scheme. The fleet analyses carried out in the IBERMIX project have laid the foundations of the restructuring of the Spanish Sampling Programme taking in advance the new DCR guidelines agreed in the course of several EC scientific meetings (EC, 2005; 2006; 2007). Previously to describe the new sampling scheme agreed, some explanations are made in relation to the system currently used by both laboratories involved in the Spanish fleet sampling, IEO and AZTI. IEO IEO has been developing a routinely sampling of catches based in collecting sale slips, sampling at the main commercial ports, discards sampling onboard and sampling of biological analysis, such as length, age and reproductive parameters. Since logbooks have been available, the current IEO sampling scheme is structured by the following aspects: Fishery capacity: all the information arises from the official fleet census provided by SGPM. Fishing effort for fleet segment: logbooks for vessels > 10m, and sampling for vessels < 10m. Catches and landings: logbooks and sale slips for landings of vessels > 10m; sampling on port for landings of vessels < 10m; and discards are estimated from onboard sampling. LPUE/CPUE: logbooks and sale slips for landings of vessels > 10m; sampling on port for landings of vessels < 10m; and discards are estimated from onboard sampling. Biological sampling: length, age and reproductive parameters are obtained from a combination of biological samplings on port, in the IEO laboratories, on scientific surveys, and directly on commercial vessels by observers on board. The geographical coverage includes the most important Spanish ports and fishing gears, mainly bottom otter trawl, bottom pair trawl, purse seine, live bait and trolling, longline, hand line, gillnets, trammel nets, and tramps and pots. Regarding the biology sampling, the list of stocks was established by the DCR taking into account the amount of landings by stock. In this case, it is distinguished between two different levels of biological sampling: Length sampling: blue whiting, hake, anglerfishes, megrims, seabass, conger, Sparidae, rays, horse mackerel, mackerel, anchovy, sardine, Norway lobsters, deepwater rose shrimp, octopus, cuttlefish and squids. 179

188 Section 4 IBERMIX report Age sampling: blue whiting, hake, anglerfishes, megrims, seabass, conger, Sparidae, horse mackerel, mackerel, anchovy and sardine. AZTI AZTI has been developing a routinely sampling of catches based in collecting log-books, sale slips, sampling at the main commercial ports and sampling of biological analysis in AZTI labs (this procedure is not described here). At the same time has developed first-step quality control routines for the data collected. Thus, these samples are collected and routinely evaluated their representativeness of the existing fisheries/fleets. In this case, almost 90% of the log-books are available and around 85% of the sale slips for the last 15 years. From here, the knowledge of the different fisheries that have occurred in the Basque ports along AZTI existence has been qualitatively derived. Since 1987, catch profiles, gear and area are being used qualitatively in AZTI as the defining variables used for a qualitative fisheries definition in which research studies have been always based on. This fisheries knowledge has been built during the last 15 years and as a dynamic process keeps going. In fact, the best way to explain how AZTI knowledge is in relation to the Basque fisheries is that the analytical methods used for the new Fisheries Definition (new DCR) has actually supported what already was assumed in relation to the Basque fisheries. Very briefly, the sampling program of AZTI for landings covers all the Basque ports and all the species as far as they are disaggregated. In addition to this, monks and megrims, which are landed without species identification, are processed in order to estimate landings by species. The sampling program for lengths is based on 14 main species, i.e. hake, megrims (2), monkfish (2), blue whiting, anchovy, sardine, mackerel, Spanish mackerel, horse mackerel, albacore and blue fin tuna. These species are sampled for length in 5 different ports, which represent more than 90% of the total landings of the Basque country. The target species, stock and gears are sampled on monthly basis and they are selected taking into consideration the economic and management importance for the different Basque fleets in terms of individual value or tonnage. The main gears landing in the Basque country are purse seine (targeting anchovy, sardine, mackerel and horse mackerel), live bait and trolling (albacore and blue fin tuna), gillnets (hake in industrial segment and a variety of species in artisanal fleet), longline (targeting conger, ling and hake), hand line (mackerel), pair trawl (blue whiting, mackerel and hake), baka trawl (hake, megrim, monk, pout and a large variety of species, depending on sea area). During 2005, a new gear (twin trawl) focused in catching anglerfish appeared opportunistically. This new gear is being also monitored both in landings and length sampling. 180

189 IBERMIX report Section 4 Regarding the main stocks for Basque fleets, some of them (hake VI-VIIIabcde, anglers VII- VIIIabd, mackerel VIIIabcd, Spanish mackerel VIIIabcd and horse mackerel VIIIabcd) have been sampled both in terms of number of individuals and in term of ratio weight landed/weight sampled. In case of megrims and anglers in VIIIc, AZTI has no estimates of the landings since 1997 due to the fact that the low levels of landings makes the access to sampling for these species very difficult. The fluctuation in fourr-spotted megrim ratio is due to the fact that it is not landed as an identified species but merged with the other megrim so that it is not a target species in AZTI sampling program. For blue whiting in VIIIc, sampling programs have been conducted since 1997 onwards. The sampling level for small pelagic (anchovy, sardine) has been reduced from 1999 levels because of the clear decrease in the landings. New Spanish sampling scheme The main difference between the old and the new DCR sampling scheme is the change of the sampling unit. The old DCR was based on a stock-structured sampling, while the new DCR is based on a métier-structured sampling. However, previously to put this new design into practice, it is necessary to determine the sampling strata, i.e. those métiers in which fleets are segmented. As it was explained in Section 3, logbooks result a useful data source for identifying landing profiles and disaggregating the catch-effort data of the Spanish fleets operating in the ICES Divisions VIIIc and IXa. The only exception is the small scale Spanish fleet, which affects particularly both the Gulf of Cádiz fleet and the Northern Spanish minor-gear fleet. On the one hand, estimations of landings and effort are routinely obtained by the Sampling Programme for the whole Gulf of Cádiz minor-gear fleet (compounded of 503 vessels). On the other hand, the Northern Spanish minor-gear fleet, which is compounded of 6,654 vessels, is not able to be sampled at the level in which catch profiles can be obtained. As a result, a combination of the métiers of the Spanish fleets identified by the IBERMIX project and the stratification of the sampling programme has been integrated in a fleetfishery matrix following the new DCR fishing activities classification matrix (Table a). By the new DCR, the biological sampling will be established at level 5; however, landings and effort estimation could be achieved at IBERMIX and geographical levels. Obviously, such a marked change in the sampling design will be able to produce some challenges that must be taken into account in advance: o Sampling strategy: conversion of the old system in a concurrent sampling system (target species assemblage). The old DCR established stock as sampling unit; the new DCR is based on fleet units (métiers) in which all the stocks are required to be 181

190 Section 4 IBERMIX report o o o o o o sampled. This new strategy will increase sampling effort (sampling time, number of samplers). Logistics: Prior métier identification, accessibility to the samples. Some métiers, which are easily identified by subsequently logbooks analyses, are probably to give difficulties in prior identification on port. Data base: development of the data base structure under the new approach. Optimization: assumptions regarding similar length distributions among sampling strata. Coverage: identification of the species to sample by métier. The new DCR establishes three levels of sampling species: target species, by-catch species, and the remaining of species. Type of information by métier to be obtained: catches, landings, discards, effort, catch profile, length distribution Fleet dynamic: sampling is based in metiers/fisheries defined the previous year(s) and so new metiers/fisheries appearing along the year will not be susceptible for sampling until these are detected, usually after their occurrence. In order to determine in detail the level of difficulty of all these aspects, some pilot samplings will be carried out through Therefore, more specific information will be available about how to put the new Spanish Sampling Programme into practice, and to fix a stable sampling scheme under the future DCR implementation Disaggregating of the Portuguese fishing data by métier The Portuguese Institute (IPIMAR) has in practice several schemes of sampling: (i) sampling at the main commercial harbours, (ii) discards sampling on board of the commercial trawl fleet (fish and crustacean components), (iii) sampling of biological data (length, age and maturity parameters) at the laboratory and (iv) sampling of biological data on board of scientific surveys. Portuguese data from commercial fleet concerning fishing effort and CPUE are estimated by IPIMAR from the logbooks data collected and recorded by DGPA (Direcção Geral das Pescas e Aquicultura). Landings, vessels characteristics and licensing information are also provided to IPIMAR by DGPA. At present, the Portuguese sampling programme for length distributions of landings at the fishing harbours are directed to the main species in the following fleet segments: - Bottom trawl (hake, horse mackerel, mackerel, Spanish mackerel, blue whiting, megrims, monkfish, pouting, octopus, squids, Norway lobster, deepwater rose shrimp and red shrimp) 182

191 IBERMIX report Section 4 - Purse seine (sardine, horse mackerel, mackerel, Spanish mackerel) - Artisanal (Polyvalent) fleet: Longlines (black scabbardfish, hake) Gillnets & trammel nets (hake, monkfish, horse mackerel, mackerel, pouting, megrims, etc) Pots and traps (octopus, cuttlefish). It is important to mention that the Artisanal/Polyvalent fleet refers to two components: (i) boats smaller than 12 m (4k1) also called small scale or artisanal and (ii) boats larger or equal to 12 m (4k2) designated by multi-gear. In the IBERMIX project the proposed segmentation concerns the multi-gear (4k2) component. New Portuguese sampling scheme The proposed fleet segmentation implies some important changes, which can be schematized as follows: Current fleets in the Portuguese sampling programme Bottom trawl Purse seine Level 5 Fishing activity regional level Portuguese Continental waters Crustaceans Demersal Fish Small pelagic fish Demersal Fish (Bottom Longlines) Large pelagic Fish (Pelagic Longlines) Multi-gear (4k2) Demersal fish (Gillnets and trammel nets) Cephalopods (Pots & traps) Bivalves (Dredges) This change appears to be easily implemented in the future because the components are well identified. For example in the case of the bottom trawl the two components, crustacean and demersal fish, in practice corresponds to two types of trawlers identified by their respective fishing licences. 183

192 Section 4 IBERMIX report 4.2. Supplying results to the assessment and management WG s The most practical aspect of the IBERMIX project is to achieve a compromise between the métiers obtained and the usefulness of this information in the assessment and management of the species exploited by them. Under this point of view, the target is to establish a workable number of métiers that can improve the accuracy of the current single-stock assessment, and can facilitate the implementation of the fishery-based approach in management. All this work was gradually made attending all the relevant working groups through the period of the IBERMIX project Proposal of segmentation of the Atlantic Iberian fleets in agreement with the working groups related Once the Atlantic Iberian fleets were analyzed, identifying their respective métiers, and the feasibility of a new sampling scheme has been determined, a new Atlantic Iberian fleet segmentation was presented to the respective working groups. However, this was a gradual work involving several working groups through the period of the project. In fact, some preliminary analyses were carried out prior to IBERMIX project ICES WGHMM The first IBERMIX outputs were presented at the 2005 ICES WGMHSA (Castro and Punzón, 2005) even though the project had not officially started. This paper put special emphasis on the pelagic strategy that had been lately detected in the traditionally demersal Spanish coastal trawl fleet. This work was carried out using sampling data before the Spanish logbooks were available; as a result, no general conclusions could be achieved ICES WGHMM During the 2006 ICES WGHMM very little progress was made regarding the Spanish fleets due to the lack of access to the official logbooks before the WG dates. Nevertheless, the IBERMIX Portuguese team from IPIMAR was able to present some preliminary results regarding the trawl and artisanal Portuguese fleets (Duarte and Cardador, 2006; Silva and Cardador, 2006) ICES WGHMM The final results for both countries involved in the IBERMIX project were finally presented at 2007 ICES WGHMM (Castro et al., 2007a; Abad et al., 2007; Silva and Murta, 2007; Duarte et al., 2007; Silva et al., 2007; and Castro et al., 2007b). 184

193 IBERMIX report Section 4 The Atlantic Iberian Peninsula Fishery Units currently used in the ICES WGHMM (Table a) were originally described in the report of the Southern hake task force meeting (STECF, 1994), and improved with subsequent contributions only based on qualitative studies (Lart et al., 2002; STECF/SGRTST, 2002; Velasco et al., 2003) or on analytical methodologies but using partial information (Punzón et al., 2001; Silva et al., 2002a; Bellido et al., 2003; Jiménez et al., 2004). Obviously, the detailed IBERMIX results presented at 2007 WGHMM were considered as an appropriate updating of the fleets components. However, the IBERMIX outputs had to be adapted in order to satisfy the necessities of the WGHMM, which is focused on demersal species: o Spanish fleets (Table b): The four catch profiles identified in the bottom otter trawl fleet operating in the North were regrouped in two components: OTB targeting pelagic species (SP-OTB-8c9aN-pel), and OTB targeting demersal species (SP-OTB- 8c9aN-dem). The two trip types obtained in the bottom pair trawl fleet (PTB) operating in the North were not found consistent enough to be disaggregated. As a result, it was decided to keep this fleet as an only fishery unit (SP-PTB). Similarly, the trawl fleet operating in the Gulf of Cádiz was decided to be kept as an only fishery unit (SP-OTB-9S). The four trip types obtained in the Northern longline fleet were regrouped in order to distinguish between the metier targeting WGHMM species (SP-LLS- HKE) from those targeting other species foreign to the WGHMM. Regarding the Northern Spanish set gillnet fleet, two métiers target WGHMM species: hake (SP-GNS-HKE), and monkfish (SP-GNS-MNZ). Both the traditional minor-gear fleets from the Northern Spain and the Gulf of Cádiz, denominated artisanal fleets in WGHMM, were still maintained without desegregation due to their irrelevant WGHMM stocks catches: SP-artisanal- 8c9aN and SP- artisanal-9as. o Portuguese fleets (Table c): The Portuguese bottom otter trawl results present two métiers: targeting fish (PT-OTB-fish) and targeting crustaceans (PT-OTB-crustaceans). Regarding the traditionally called Portuguese artisanal fleet, only two trip types related with the demersal stocks dealt with in the WGHMM were match with their correspondent gear: Portuguese set long line (PT-LLS), and set nets (gillnets and trammel together: PT-GNS/GRT). 185

194 Section 4 IBERMIX report Comparing the WGHMM current fleet segmentation and the new segmentation proposed, only four fleets present changes in the aggregation level: The new SP-SGN-HKE fishing unit merges the old fishing units Gillnet (HKE) and Small Gillnet (HKE). The last one is not recorded in log-books, and it was traditionally sampled under strong assumptions without taking into account its evolution. Nowadays, it is not possible to sample it in a feasible way. However, their catches will be included in SP-artisanal-8c9aN. The old Spanish trawl-n fishing unit is split in three new métiers: SP-OTB- 8c9aN-dem, SP-OTB-8c9aN-pel, and SP-PTB-8c9aN. The old Portuguese artisanal fleet is split in two new fleet components: PT- GNS/GTR and PT-LLS. The old Portuguese trawl fishing unit is split into PT-OTB-crustaceans and PT- OTB-fish. As a result, all these changes in the hierarchical level of both the old and the new fleet segmentations will need further analysis in order to determine the possible effect of new length distributions on the catch-at-age data used in the assessments. Therefore, both countries were asked by the WGHMM to supply to 2008 WGHMM the length distributions of these fleets obtained by the old and the new fleet segmentation in order to evaluate possible effects on assessments Use of the fishing data disaggregated by the new Atlantic Iberian fleet segmentation One of the fields, in which a detailed fleet segmentation is the most essential input, is the fleet-based management, particularly in those fisheries where several species are exploited jointly by the same fleet units. The mixed fisheries approach was firstly assumed by the European Commission establishing a Mixed-fisheries working group under STECF in 2002 (STECF/SGRST, 2002). However, due to the complexity of setting a consistent base in such a recent approach, ICES decided to establish SGDFF for pointing out the first guidelines as conceptual definitions, methodological approaches or an agreed catch data structure (ICES/SGDFF, 2003). Along several meetings from both the institutions, a new methodology was developed in order to integrate all the aspects needed in a mixed-fisheries management, the MTAC method (STECF/SGRST, 2002; STECF/SGRST, 2003; ICES/SGDFF, 2003; STECF/SGRST, 2004; ICES/SGDFF, 2004; STECF/SGRST, 2005). MTAC is the name given to the approach developed by Vinther et al. (2004) as a means of generating candidate TACs which takes mixed-fishery effects into account and thus represents a compromise between the individual single-species TACs. The approach takes as its starting point the single species catch forecasts from each of the species within the mixed 186

195 IBERMIX report Section 4 fishery area of concern. In addition to these it also uses catch data by species and fleet/fishery for these same species to quantify the technical interactions. The other input required is a series of policy weightings which determine how much priority is given to each species; how any required effort reduction for a given species is allocated across fleets, and how each fleet is treated with regard to its target species. These weightings can be supplied externally, or the fleet-related weightings can be based on the fleet/fishery catch data. By adjusting the level of relative effort for each fleet/fishery, the approach then arrives at a set of TACs which fulfil the priorities set by the policy weightings, and which account for the technical interactions apparent in the data. Since 2002 to 2005, some ICES assessment working groups tried to implement the mixedfisheries approach to their respective stocks by using the MTAC method, as it was the case of WGHMM in 2004 (ICES/WGHMM, 2005). Nevertheless, ACFM rejected the use of MTAC for advisory purposes, mostly based on the argument that the data were inadequate. Despite the concerns of ACFM, STECF has calculated mixed-fisheries catch options for the North Sea, North-Western and South-Western areas. As a consequence, ICES tried to rethink the mixedfisheries approach by establishing a specific workshop in 2006: Workshop on Simple Mixed Fisheries Management Model (WKMIXMAN) ICES WKMIXMAN The IBERMIX team attended WKMIXMAN because its most important aim was to find new methodological frameworks for carrying out mixed fisheries forecasts. Among several frameworks presented, this study group chose the F 3 method due to its simplicity in data compiling and results interpretation. The F 3 method was developed within the larger development of the multifleet and multispecies bioeconomic simulation framework TEMAS (TECTAC, 2006), where forecast simulations of stocks and fleets dynamics are performed in order to evaluate the consequences of various management scenarios. This simulation framework is built on the explicit description of fleets flexibility, allowing vessels within one fleet to share their activity on several métiers. The basic principle of the F 3 method is to predict the future levels of effort by fleet, knowing catchability and effort distribution by métier and TAC forecast by stock. These effort levels by fleet are thus used to model forecast catches by fleet and stock. Catches can in return be broken into landings and over-quota discards. The required input data are (i) single species assessments and catch forecasts, (ii) observed effort and landings by fleet, métier and stock and (iii) fixed quota shares by fleet and stock. As the F 3 method seemed to be an appropriate framework, it was proposed by AMAWGC to be used at ICES assessment working groups, but with the intention just to investigate the 187

196 Section 4 IBERMIX report approach and not to provide advice. As a result, exploratory F 3 runs were made at 2006 WGHMM ICES WGHMM Therefore, the first application of the F 3 method in the Iberian stocks was carried out during 2006 ICES WGHMM by its mixed fisheries coordinators, both of them involved in the IBERMIX project. Due to the fact that the WG was hold before the IBERMIX final outputs, just a traditional compiling of catch data could be used. Nevertheless, the special characteristics of the Iberian stocks permitted to detect some conceptual problems in the F 3 method. The F 3 algorithm provided by WKMIXMAN did not take into account the stock biomass, so TAC prognosis and effort distributions were wrongly calculated, missing unallocated catches when the allowed catches are less than the fishing power (ICES/WGHMM, 2006). Particularly, trials under the most restrictive scenario, proposing zero catches for hake and other species, only non-zero catches were predicted for non-restricted species (Figure a). However, the method assigned the highest effort level to one fleet (SP-trawl), in which hake represents around 70% of the species considered (Figure b). Obviously, having some effort allowed in a fleet catching hake, some catch must be expected in hake (unallocated catch, knowing the hake TAC was zero). During 2006 WGHMM, it was pointed out that to calculate the produced catch correctly, given a fixed level of effort and catchability or fishing mortality, the biomass of each stock should be included in the calculations. The original F 3 algorithm was modified by the IBERMIX team during the working group in order to proceed with the tests with the Iberian stocks. As expected, using the reviewed version of F 3, the results of the same restrictive scenario looked more reasonable (Figure c), showing a clear consistency between the effort allowed in the SP-trawl fleet and the high level of unallocated catches in hake. As a result, this review of the F 3 method was proposed during the WGHMM (ICES/WGHMM, 2006) and facilitated to the authors who incorporated those aspects in a new version (Ulrich et al., 2006) STECF/SGRST fishing effort management Since 2002, sub-groups of the European Commission s STECF had run mixed-fishery analyses, leading to the development of the MTAC approach which preceded the current F 3 method. Nevertheless, no such analyses took place during

197 IBERMIX report Section 4 A series of STECF subgroup meetings in relation to the effort management schemes associated with cod recovery plans resulted in the compilation of an extensive data set of catches by gear and mesh size category. As consequence, STECF scheduled a series of three Fishing effort management meetings in 2006 intending to review the effort regulations implemented until that moment. One of the effort regulations to be evaluated was the Annex IIB of EC Regulation 51/2006, implemented in the Atlantic Iberian waters in the context of the Recovery plan for Southern hake and Iberian Nephrops stocks (EC Regulation 2166/2005). These effort regulations were specific for gear types and management areas and defined special conditions, to which the vessels of given fleets had complied or did comply, hereafter called derogations. Nevertheless, due to the preliminary state of the IBERMIX analysis, no métier segmentation of the Portuguese and Spanish fleets was able to be used in any of the 2006 working groups. Since the definitive IBERMIX results have been successfully achieved, future meetings could be able to be properly attended ICES SGMIXMAN Since the practical implementation of F 3 had been transferred to the assessment working groups, the MIXMAN workshop was replaced in 2007 by a study group (2007 ICES SGMIXMAN). One of the SGMIXMAN terms of reference was to evaluate the results of the exploratory applications of mixed fisheries forecasts (F 3 ) in 2006 WGHMM. Therefore, some preliminary IBERMIX results were presented in advance in order to better test the F 3 method with a more appropriate segmentation of the Atlantic Iberian fleets. As a result, these runs allowed a better understanding of the interactions between stocks, showing the importance of a reliable fleet-métier definition in mixed-fisheries management ICES WGHMM During the 2007 AMAWGC it was decided not to overload the regional assessment working groups with extra mixed-fisheries management assessments. As a result, even the IBERMIX final outputs had been obtained in time for supplying data to the 2007 WGHMM, only information about fleet segmentation was required (see section 4.2.1) but no mixed-fisheries management using the F 3 method was needed to be carried out. 189

198 Section 4 IBERMIX report 4.3. Time series restoration As it was explained in the introduction of this section, the time series restoration is not one of the IBERMIX objectives. Nevertheless, some preliminary work was developed in order to assess the difficulty level of this task. During the 2007 WGHMM, the standardization of the CPUE time series was emphasized in order to improve some tuning fleets currently used in assessments. The Iberian stocks assessments are mainly carried out by XSA except for anglerfishes, which are assessed by ASPIC. Some of the tuning fleets currently used in the Southern stocks assessments at WGHMM were defined decades ago. As a result, some analytical assessments are tuned by using fleets which have experienced changes in their fishing efficiency or strategy, needing to be split for avoiding strong trends in the CPUE time series (Table 4.3-a) Spanish time series restoration The first step for standardizing tuning fleets is to restore backwards the fleet time series split by métier. Two Northern Spanish coastal fleets have been revised backwards in order to understand their evolution: the Northern Spanish coastal OTB in VIIIc ( ) and the Northern Spanish long line in VIIIc-IXa ( ). Northern Spanish coastal OTB in VIIIc ( ) For restoring the time series of the Northern Spanish coastal OTB fleet operating in the ICES Division VIIIc all the available information was compiled; i.e. the samplings by trip for identifying the catch profiles, and the sale notes for compiling the total landings since 1983 to However, it was not possible to compile logbooks from that period, so that the inputs can show differences regarding the logbook data used in the analysis carried out in Section 3. The total matrix compiled 1,302,803 records from 114,348 trips. From all the 54 species or groups of species originally recorded, only 11 of them were used in the final analysis: hake, monkfish, megrim, nephrops, blue whiting, conger, pout, mackerel, catsharks, horse mackerel and octopus. The rest of species were joined and classified as others. After exploring the matrix and removing outliers, catches by species/group were standardized as percentages of the total catch of the trip. For analyzing the technical features of the vessels, complete data of power, tonnage and size was available for 212 vessels from a total of 240 vessels. Regarding methodology, multivariate analysis CLARA was used to clustering trip types as in Section 3. The technical features were analyzed by means a partitioning around medioids 190

199 IBERMIX report Section 4 (PAM) methodology. Both the analyses were carried out by the R software (R Development Core Team, 2005). Results of catch profile clustering give the highest value (SC= 0.41) for 4 clusters. Only one cluster gives a partial SC over 0.5, being the rest between 0.25 and 0.5 (Figure a). The catch profiles by cluster permit to identify the following trip types (Table b): Cluster 1: trips targeting a mixed of different species where the highest percentages belong to the group of other species, followed by monkfish, horse mackerel and blue whiting. However, hake and megrim show the highest percentages in relation to the other clusters. Cluster 2: trips targeting blue whiting (62% of total catches). Cluster 3: trips targeting horse mackerel (63% of total catches). Cluster 4: trips targeting mackerel (76% of total catches). In order to analyze the evolution of the trip types obtained through the time period, percentages of cluster were calculated by year (Table b and Figure b). The most evident change along the time is the decrease of the OTB-WHB relative importance, from a mean of 34.9% of trips in to a mean of 7.4% in the period A possible explanation of this decrease could be given by the competence of the pair trawl fleet (PTB), whose gear is highly efficient catching blue whiting. In fact, an OTB reduction observed in some harbours between 1999 and 2001 produced a reallocation of effort directed to PTB, so that pairs of OTB vessels were joined in order to develop a PTB fishing strategy. As a result an increase in PTB effort was detected since 2000 (Punzón et al., 2005). Regarding the analysis of the technical features of the vessels, 2 clusters were obtained with SC=0.5. One cluster is compounded by vessels of 434 HP, 34 t of tonnage and 26.7 m of size; while the second one present a mean of 547 HP, 193 t and 32 m of size (Table c and Figure c). The differences between both of the groups are significant regarding size, power and tonnage. Besides, the year of construction also gives significant results, being more recent the first cluster compounded by smaller vessels, 1980 of mean instead 1973 for the second group. A possible relationship between fleet segments and metiers was analyzed crossing the percentage of each trip type by fleet segment (Table d), however no significant differences were found (p=0.97). In fact, percentages of each trip type are highly similar between both the fleet segments. As can be noted, results from the time series are very similar to the results obtained using logbooks from the period (see Sub-section ). This means an optimistic first step in the Spanish OTB time series restoration, however further analysis need to be carried out for obtaining useful time series by port. Particularly, the A Coruña OTB 191

200 Section 4 IBERMIX report fleet must be analyzed individually in order to determine whether the inconsistency currently detected in this tuning fleet is due to a different evolution of each metier of which it is compounded. Northern Spanish coastal LLS fleet in ICES Divisions VIIIc-IXaN ( ) The Spanish longline fleet in ICES Divisions VIIIc and IXa-North was analysed from 1994 to The available information is from the IEO sampling programme and consisted of the landing date, the vessel identification, the species landed and the landed weight (kg). The number of trips before 2000 were very poor (1,375 trips), but were included with the aim to identify if in previous years had a similar pattern. From all the 144 species or groups of species originally recorded, only 18 of them were used in the final analysis by applying similar selective criteria as used in the Northern Spanish coastal OTB time series restoration. A total of 21,537 fishing trips were objectively characterised from the species composition of these landings using a non-hierarchical Cluster Analysis (CLARA) technique. Results of clustering of the entire data set provided the highest silhouette coefficient (SC=0.59) for 6 clusters (Figure d). The catch profiles by cluster permit to identify the following trip types (Table e): Cluster 1: trips targeting a mixture of different species (mainly blackspot seabream, alfonsino, mackerel and horse mackerel). Cluster 2: trips targeting hake (Merluccius merluccius; HKE). Cluster 3: trips targeting seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax; BSS). Cluster 4: trips targeting conger (Conger conger; COE). Cluster 5: trips targeting forkbeards (Phycis spp.; FOX). Cluster 6: trips targeting garfish (Belone belone; GAR). All the clusters show a significant internal SC, except for cluster 1, whose catch profile is compounded by a mixed of species. The most representative cluster (around 40% of trips) is cluster 4 targeting conger. Cluster 2, second in importance, is commercially important due to the quality of hake, its target species. The monthly analysis from 2000 to 2004 shows a spring seasonal pattern in trips targeting hake and conger; while trips targeting seabass are concentrated in autumn. Those trips targeting garfish are clearly concentrated in the first semester (Figure e). To classify the vessel types participating in the fishery a PAM methodology was used. The matrix was made up of 626 vessels and the variables used for the identification of groups were horsepower, vessel length and gross tonnage. Two clusters were obtained with a SC= 0.65 (Figure f). A possible relationship between fleet segments and metiers (Table 192

201 IBERMIX report Section f) was analyzed by a chi-squared test (X 2 =1835.3; df=5; p-value< ) giving significant results. Comparing these results with those obtained in Section 3, four similar clusters are found: trips targeting conger (LLS-COE); trips targeting hake (LLS-HKE); trips targeting seabass (LLS-BSS); and a mixed cluster (LLS-mixed), with a lightly different combination of species probably due to the difference in recording criteria. However, some different clusters were also obtained: LLS-POL targeting pollacks obtained by using logbooks is not identified in the time series. Cluster 5 targeting forkbeard is only identified in 2003 logbooks. Cluster 6 targeting garfish is not identified in logbooks analysis. The sporadic trip targeting Atlantic promfet, identified in 2005 logbooks, is not identified in the time series probably due to its sporadic character is lost when a multiyear analysis is carried out. Regarding the monthly analysis, results show similar patterns in relation to Section 3: LLS- HKE and LLS-COE concentrated in spring, and LLS-BSS concentrated in autumn. For evaluating the differences observed between this time series restoration with the results obtained in Section 3, it must be taken into account that two different data sources were used. On one hand, logbooks give a complete overview (census) of vessels bigger than 10m; on the other one, sampling data used for restoring the time series is based on partial information but including a small scale fleet representation. Similarly, two fleet segments are obtained by both analyses; however, the low consistency found using an updated vessel list produce significant results when the whole time series of the vessel list is analyzed Portuguese time series restoration. During the development of IBERMIX it was not possible to rebuild the data series of landings and effort of the Portuguese fleet according to the level 5 of the fleet segmentation. It is expected that this task takes place during 2008 and 2009, particularly for crustacean and demersal fish segments in the bottom trawl. For some important species, such hake and Norway lobster, subject to a recovery plan, it will be important to obtain the length distributions from the two segments identified in the trawl fleet, e.g., crustaceans and demersal fish. However, at present, IPIMAR is not sampling hake in the market where landings of the crustacean trawl fleet are auctioned. The source of data for hake, for this segment, could be 193

202 Section 4 IBERMIX report the sampling program for discards carried out on board of commercial crustacean trawlers, which has started in So, it is expected that this information is analysed in In the case of Norway lobster, sampling is only carried out for the crustacean fleet in the market. Also, the discards sampling on board of commercial fish trawlers should be considered as a source for providing the length distributions of Norway lobster from this segment. This task is expected to be undertaken in

203 IBERMIX report Section 4 Table a. Spanish Sampling Programme: the métiers obtained by the IBERMIX results have been integrated in the new DCR Nantes matrix, and subdivided by geographical areas for administrative reasons. Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Activity Gear class Gear group Gear type Target assemblage IBERMIX Level (Metier) (Area) NSS Level Description DREDGES DREDGES Mechanised/Suction Dredge [HMD] Molluscs HMD-SVE HMD-SVE-9aS Gulf of Cádiz mechanised dredge targeting molluscs (Chamelea gallina) TRAWLS BOTTOM TRAWLS Bottom otter trawl [OTB] Demersal fish Mixed crustaceans, cephalopods and demersal fish Pelagic fish OTB-mixed OTB-mixed-8c9aN OTB-WHB OTB-WHB-8c9aN Northern Spanish coastal bottom otter trawl targeting a mixed of demersal species (hake, monk, megrim, nephrops...) Northern Spanish coastal bottom otter trawl targeting a blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) OTB-mixed OTB-mixed-9aS Gulf of Cádiz bottom otter trawl OTB-MAC OTB-MAC-8c9aN OTB-HOM OTB-HOM-8c9aN Northern Spanish coastal bottom otter trawl targeting mackerel (Scomber scombrus) Northern Spanish coastal bottom otter trawl targeting horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) Bottom pair trawl [PTB] Demersal fish PTB PTB-8c9aN Northern Spanish coastal bottom pair trawl FISHING ACTIVITY HOOKS AND LINES RODS AND LINES LONGLINES Hand and pole lines [LHP] [LHM] Drifting longlines [LLD] Fin Fish Set longlines [LLS] Demersal fish Large pelagic fish LLD-SKX LHP-SBR LHP-SBR-9aS LHP-MAC LHP-MAC-8c Gulf of Cádiz hand line targeting black spot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) Northern Spanish coastal hand line targeting mackerel (Scomber scombrus) LLD-SKX-8c9aN Northern Spanish coastal drifting longline targeting sharks LLS-COE LLS-COE-8c9aN LLS-HKE LLS-HKE-8c9aN LLS-POL LLS-POL-8c9aN LLS-BSS LLS-BSS-8c9aN LLS-mixed LLS-mixed-8c9aN LLS-deep LLS-deep-9aS LLD-SKX-9aS Gulf of Cádiz coastal drifting longline targeting sharks Northern Spanish coastal set longline targeting conger (Conger conger) Northern Spanish coastal set longline targeting hake (Merluccius merluccius) Northern Spanish coastal set longline targeting pollack (Pollachius pollachius) Northern Spanish coastal set longline targeting seabass (Dicentrachus labrax) Northern Spanish coastal set longline targeting a mixed of demersal fish species Gulf of Cádiz set longline targeting deep fish species (Pagellus bogaraveo) LLS-demersal LLS-demersal-9aS Gulf of Cádiz set longline targeting demersal fish species 195

204 Secti on 4 IBERMIX report Table a (cont.) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Activity Gear class Gear group Gear type TRAPS TRAPS Pots and traps [FPO] Target assemblage IBERMIX Level Molluscs FPO-OCT (Metier) (Area) NSS Level Description FPO-OCT-8c9aN Northern Spanish coastal traps targeting octopus (Octopus vulgaris) FPO-OCT-9aS Gulf of Cádiz traps targeting octopus (Octopus vulgaris) Crustaceans FPO-CRU FPO-CRU-8c9aN Northern Spanish coastal traps targeting custaceans FISHING ACTIVITY NETS NETS SEINES gear unidentified SURROUNDING NETS gear unidentified trammel net [GTR] Set gillnet [GNS] Purse seine [PS] gear unidentified [NK] Demersal fish GTR Demersal fish Small pelagic fish GNS-MNZ GNS-MNZ-8c9aN GNS-HKE GNS-HKE-8c9aN GNS-mixed GNS-mixed-8c9aN GTR-8c9aN Northern Spanish coastal trammel net targeting demersal fish GTR-9aS Gulf of Cádiz coastal trammel targeting demersal fish Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet targeting anglerfishes (Lophius spp.) Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet targeting hake (Merluccius merluccius) Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet targeting a mixed of demersal species GNS GNS-9aS Gulf of Cádiz set gillnet targeting a mixed of demersal species PS-PIL PS-ANE gear unidentified NK PS-PIL-8bc9aN Northern Spanish coastal purse seine targeting sardine (Sardina pilchardus) PS-PIL-9aS Gulf of Cádiz purse seine targeting sardine (Sardina pilchardus) PS-ANE-8bc9aN PS-MAC PS-MAC-8bc9aN PS-JAX PS-JAX-8bc9aN Northern Spanish coastal purse seine targeting anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) PS-ANE-9aS Gulf of Cádiz purse seine targeting anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) Northern Spanish coastal purse seine targeting mackerel (Scomber scombrus) Northern Spanish coastal purse seine horse mackerels (Trachurus spp.) PS-SBX PS-SBX-8bc9aN Northern Spanish coastal purse seine targeting porgies (Sparidae) PS-mixed PS-mixed-8bc9aN NK-8c9aN Northern Spanish coastal purse seine targeting a mixed of small pelagic species Northern Spanish coastal unidentified gear (small scale fleet using minor gears) NK-9aS Gulf of Cádiz unidentified gear (small scale fleet using minor gears) Other activity than fishing Other activity Other activity Other activity Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive 196

205 IBERMIX report Section 4 Table a. Current Atlantic Iberian Peninsula Fishery Units used in the ICES WGHMM with their fishery components based on descriptive studies and the knowledge of the fisheries. COUNTRY FISHERY UNIT FISHERY COMPONENTS AREA TARGET SPECIES DESCRIPTION Small gillnet Small gillnet Beta Division VIIIc and IXa North Hake Mesh size of 60 mm. Gillnet Gillnet Volanta Gillnet Rasco Division VIIIc Division VIIIc Anglerfish Mesh size of 90 mm. Mesh size of 280 mm. Long line Long line fleet Division VIIIc Hake + Great Fork beard + Conger Northern Artisanal Northern Artisanal Miscellaneous fleet Southern Artisanal Southern Artisanal South of Division IXa Miscellaneous fleet Pair Bottom Trawl Fishery (VHVO gear) Divisions VIIIc and IXa North. Blue whiting + hake Mesh size of 55 mm Vertical opening of 25 m. Spain Northern Trawl fleet Bottom Trawl Fishery ( baca gear) Divisions VIIIc and IXa North. Horse mackerel + Blue whiting+ Mackerel+ hake + megrim + monk + nephrops Mesh size of 65 mm Opening: m Bottom Trawl Fishery (HVO gear) Divisions VIIIc West and IXa North Horse mackerel + mackerel Mesh size of 65 mm Vertical opening of m Southern trawl fleet (Gulf of Cádiz) Gulf of Cadiz Trawl fleet South of Division IXa Sparids + Cephalopods + Sole+ Hake + Horse mackerel + Blue whiting + Shrimp + Norway lobster Mesh size of 40 mm Vertical opening reduced. Artisanal Two components (inshore and Offshore) Division IXa Hake + octopus + pout + horse mackerel + others 80 mm mesh size (gillnet); 100 mm mesh size (trammel); long line not available Portugal fish Division IXa Horse mackerel + hake + monk + nephrops Mesh size of 65 mm Trawl crustaceans Division IXa Nephrops + pink shrimp + red shrimp + hake + monk Mesh size of 55 mm 197

206 Section 4 IBERMIX report Table b. Spanish fleet segmentation proposed at 2007 ICES WGHMM. Spanish fleets in ICES Div. VIIIc-IXa Current fleets in WGHMM Gillnet (rasco) Gillnet (volanta) Small Gillnet (beta) Long line New fleet segmentation proposed SP-GNS-8c9aN-MNZ SP-SGN-8c9aN-HKE SP-SLL-8c9aN SP-OTB-8c9aN-dem Northern Trawl fleet SP-OTB-8c9aN-pel SP-PTB-8c9aN Northern Artisanal Southern Trawl fleet (Cádiz) Sothern Artisanal (Gulf of Cádiz) SP-artisanal-8c9aN SP-OTB-9aS SP- artisanal-9as Table c. Portuguese fleet segmentation proposed at 2007 ICES WGHMM. Portuguese fleets in ICES Div. VIIIc-IXa Current fleets in WGHMM New fleet segmentation proposed Artisanal PT-GNS/GTR PT-LLS PT-OTB-crustaceans Trawl PT-OTB-fish 198

207 IBERMIX report Section 4 Table 4.3-a. Current tuning fleets used in ICES WGHMM for assessing the Southern stocks: three tuning fleets had to be split in two different periods in order to avoid noisy effects on the XSA assessments. Stock Southern hake Southern anglerfishes Southern megrims Nephrops FU25 Nephrops FU26-27 Nephrops FU28-29 Tuning fleet (WGHMM06) P-TR-89 P-TR-95 SP-CORUTR8c-85 SP-CORUTR8c-94 SP-CORUTRP8c-85 SP-CORUTRP8c-94 SP-SANTR SP-VIMATR SP-CORUTR8c P-TR SP-CORUTR8c SP-AVILESTR SP-CORUTR8c SP-MATR P-TR Table a. Catch profiles by cluster obtained for the Northern Spanish coastal OTB fleet time series ( ). Spp. cluster 1 cluster 2 cluster 3 cluster 4 BIB COE HKE HOM LEZ MAC MNZ NEP OCT SYC WHB others EFFORT (days)

208 Section 4 IBERMIX report Table b. Annual relative importance (in percentage of trips) of the four metiers obtained for the Northern Spanish coastal OTB fleet time series ( ). year OTB-mixed OTB-WHB OTB-HOM OTB-MAC Table c. Mean technical features of both the fleet segments obtained for the Northern Spanish coastal OTB fleet in the period power tonnage size Fleet segment 1 Fleet segment 2 mean SE cofidence limit mean SE cofidence limit mean SE cofidence limit ITEMS

209 IBERMIX report Section 4 Table d. Proportion of métiers by fleet segment for the Northern Spanish coastal OTB fleet. Fleet Fleet OTB métiers segment 1 segment 2 OTB-mixed OTB-WHB OTB-HOM OTB-MAC Table e. Catch profiles by cluster obtained for the Northern Spanish coastal LLS fleet time series ( ). spp. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Belone belone Beryx spp Conger conger Dicentrarchus labrax Diplodus spp Loligo spp Merluccius merluccius Micromesistius poutassou Mullus surmuletus Pagellus acarne Pagellus bogaraveo Pagrus pagrus Phycis spp Polyprion americanus Pollachius spp Scomber scombrus Trachurus trachurus Trisopterus spp Effort (days)

210 Section 4 IBERMIX report Table f. Proportion of métiers by fleet segment for the Northern Spanish coastal LLS fleet. LLS métiers Fleet segment 1 Fleet segment 2 LLS-mixed LLS-HKE LLS-BBS LLS-COE LLS-FOX LLS-GAR

211 IBERMIX report Section 4 Figure a. Predicted catch by species for the WGHMM Southern stocks by using the original version the F 3 method. No hake catches are predicted despite of effort for some fleets targeting hake is still allowed. Figure b. Predicted effort by fleet for the WGHMM Southern stocks by using the original version the F 3 method. 203

212 Section 4 IBERMIX report Figure c. Predicted catch by species for the WGHMM Southern stocks by using the version the F 3 method reviewed in 2006 WGHMM. Hake unallocated catches are predicted in concordance with the effort allowed in prediction. 204

213 IBERMIX report Section 4 Figure a. Silhouette plot of the Northern Spanish coastal OTB fleet time series ( ) Silhouette plot of clara(x = b, k = k.best) n = 48 4 clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i 1 : : : : Average silhouette width : 0.41 Silhouette width s i 205

214 Section 4 IBERMIX report Figure b. Annual and monthly plots of the four metiers obtained for the Northern Spanish coastal OTB fleet time series ( ). ú e o de a eas Tipo de Marea T_MIX Tipo de Marea T_MIX N Mar Meses Meses ú e o de a eas Tipo de Marea T_WHB Tipo de Marea T_WHB N Mar Meses Meses ú e o de a eas Tipo de Marea T_HOM Tipo de Marea T_HOM N Mar Meses Meses ú e o de a eas Tipo de Marea T_MAC Tipo de Marea T_MAC N Mar Meses Meses 206

215 IBERMIX report Section 4 Figure c. Silhouette plot of the Northern Spanish coastal OTB fleet clustering by vessel features n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i 1 : : Silhouette width s i Average silhouette width :

216 Section 4 IBERMIX report Figure d. Silhouette plot of the Northern Spanish coastal LLS fleet time series ( ). Silhouette plot of clara(x = pmat, k = k, samples = muestras) n = 52 6 clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i 1 : : : : : : Silhouette w idth s i Average silhouette width :

217 IBERMIX report Section 4 Figure e. Annual and monthly plots of the six métiers obtained for the Northern Spanish coastal LLS fleet time series ( ). LLS-mixed e ps Months Months LLS-HKE (Merluccius merluccius) e ps Months Months LLS-BSS (Dicentrarchus labrax) e ps Months Months 209

218 Section 4 IBERMIX report Figure e (cont.). Annual and monthly plots of the six métiers obtained for the Northern Spanish coastal LLS fleet time series ( ). LLS-COE (Conger conger) e ps Months Months LLS-FOX (Phycis spp.) 2004 e ps Months Months LLS-GAR (Belone belone) 2004 e ps Months Months 210

219 IBERMIX report Section 4 Figure f. Silhouette plot of the Northern Spanish coastal LLS fleet clustering by vessel features Silhouette width s i Silhouette plot of pam(x = flotas, k = 2) Average silhouette width : 0.65 n = clusters C j j : n j ave i Cj s i 1 : :

220

221 IBERMIX report Section 5 5. Conclusions The IBERMIX project has been a short-term project (18 months) that, due to the huge amount of work developed, meant a full-time commitment for whole the IBERMIX team of the three laboratories involved: IEO, AZTI and IPIMAR. Fortunately, most of the IBERMIX objectives have been successfully achieved Identification of fleets/fisheries/métiers Regarding the available information of catch/economic profiles by trip and fishing activities features, daily vessel landings per species, in weight and value, could be compiled in the case of the Portuguese fishing data. Assuming that the value of the catch is be the best descriptor of the fishing fleets activity (ICES/SGDFF, 2003), the analysis was performed on landings value. In what concerns the Spanish data, it was the first time that logbooks were available for all the Spanish fleets and, as it was detailed in previous sections, these data have shown to be an appropriate source for analyzing fleet catch profiles and defining métiers, except for the minor-gear fleets. Several multivariate statistical techniques have been tried through the IBERMIX project, finally selecting the CLARA cluster analysis and a multivariate regression tree. On the one hand, the CLARA method is not only more robust than other techniques, but it is also a very practical tool because it is able to analyse huge data bases as logbooks very quickly. Besides, it provides plots and clustering coefficients very useful when a gradual analysis is needed to be carried out for contrasting with the knowledge of the fisheries. On the other hand, the multivariate regression tree has turned out specifically useful in the case of the Portuguese multi-gear fleet, where the combination of different type of gears makes it difficult to match individual gears with catch profiles Fishing data disaggregated by métier Once the IBERMIX results in métier identification were obtained, they were used for redesigning the National Sampling Programmes. Firstly, the IBERMIX results were discussed with the respective Data Base teams, trying to agree a consensus between the structure of commercial fishing data, the onboard observers programmes, and the biological sampling schemes. Secondly, the IBERMIX computing routines constitute a basis establishing the standard methodology to obtain métier-disaggregated data in automatic processes. Finally, the new DCR scheme has been taken seriously into account because it will be the sampling framework for integrating the whole European fishing data in the near future. 213

222 Section 5 IBERMIX report 5.3. Supplying IBERMIX results to WG s The first dissemination of IBERMIX results was a proposal of segmentation of the Spanish and Portuguese fleets, which was facilitated to the ICES assessment working groups related with the stocks exploited by them. Particularly, WGHMM was the forum chosen for presenting the final IBERMIX fleet segmentation because it is where the most important Atlantic Iberian demersal stocks are assessed. The Spanish and Portuguese fleet segmentations were discussed in plenary, and they were finally adapted to the specific requirements of WGHMM. Secondly, some preliminary IBERMIX métier-disaggregated data were used for testing the 3 new mixed-fisheries methodology that is being developed in ICES, the F method. Finally, the definitive IBERMIX results were not available in time for satisfying the requirements of the STECF effort control regime working group. Nevertheless, now the final results have been achieved, these new data requirements will be fulfilled in short time. 214

223 IBERMIX report References References Abad, E.; A. Punzón, J. Castro, M. Marín and L. Silva Métiers of the Northern Spanish coastal fleet using fixed gears. WD02 presented at ICES WGHMM07. Andrade J.P. et al., Collection of Biological data of 5 flatfish species from Iberian waters (Portuguese COSAT and Gula of Cádiz). Study Contract 97/0083, Final Report. Afonso-Dias, M., Sobrino, I. and Pestana, G Analysis of the South Atlantic Artisanal Fishery: Fleet Components, Specific Effort and Sampling Design. Final Report EC-DGXIV/C/STUDY/96/066 Afonso-Dias, M, Simões, J., Pinto, C. and Sousa, P Use of satellite GPS data to map effort and landings of the Portuguese crustacean fleet. Final Report EC-DGXIV/STUDY/99/059 Anonymous, Plan de Modernización del Sector Pesquero Andaluz. Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca. Depósito Legal: J Anonymous, Ordenación y regulación de la actividad pesquera en el estuario del Guadalquivir. Dirección General de Gestión del Medio Natural, Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucía. 163 p. Anonymous, Las artes de pesca en el litoral gaditano. Diputación Provincial de Cádiz. 245 pp. Arias, A.M., P. DRAKE Estados juveniles de la ictiofauna en los caños de las salinas de la Bahía de Cádiz. Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, Cádiz, 163 pp. Baldaque da Silva, A.A Estado actual das pescas em Portugal. Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, 520 p. Baldo F. et al.,2006. Spatial and temporal distribution of the early life stages of three commercial fish species in the northeastern shelf of the Gulf of Cádiz. Deep-see Research II (53): Bellido, J.M., Pérez, N., Castro, J., and Araújo, H Some insights on a possible métiers definition of the North coast Spanish demersal fishery by using total catch data. WD No. 4 in 2003 ICES WGHMM (ICES CM 2004/ACFM02). Biseau, A Definition of a directed fishing effort in a mixed-species trawl fishery, and its impact on stock assessments. Aquat. Living Resour. 11 (1998) Biseau, A. and Gondeaux, E Apport des méthodes d ordination en typologie des flottilles. Journal du Conseil International pour l Exploration de la Mer, 44 : Borges, T.C., Erzini, K., Bentes, L., Costa, M.E., Gonçalves, J.M.S., Lino, P.G., Pais, C. and Ribeiro, J By-catch and discarding practices in five Algarve (southern Portugal) métiers. J. Appl. Ichthyol., 17: Breiman, L.; Friedman,J. H., Olshen, R.A. and Stone, C.J Classification and Regression Trees. Monterey, California: Wadsworth and Brooks/Cole.. Campos, A. and Fonseca, P Selectivity of diamond and square mesh codends for horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). European hake (Merluccius merluccius) and axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne) in the shallow groundfish assemblage off the southwest coast of Portugal. Sci. Mar. 67, Campos, A. and Fonseca, P The use of separator panels and square mesh windows for by-catch reduction in the crustacean trawl fishery off the Algarve (South Portugal). Fish.Res.69: Campos, A., Fonseca, P. and Erzini, K Size selectivity of diamond and square mesh cod ends for rose shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) off the Portuguese south coast. Fish. Res. 58, Campos, A., Fonseca, P. and Henriques, V. 2003a. Size selectivity for four fish species of the deep groundfish assemblage off the Portuguese southwest coast: evidence of mesh size, mesh configuration and cod end catch effects. Fish. Res. 63: Campos, A., Fonseca, P. and Erzini, K. 2003b. Size selectivity of diamond and square mesh cod ends for four by-catch species in the crustacean fishery off the Portuguese south coast. Fish. Res. 60, Campos, A., Fonseca, P., Fonseca, T. and Parente, J Definition of fleet components in the Portuguese bottom trawl fishery. Fish. Res., 83 (2-3):

224 References IBERMIX report Cardador, F New experiments on trawl mesh selection of hake on the Portuguese coast. ICES Doc. C.M. 1986/B:16, 22p. Cardador, F. and Borges, M.F Bottom trawl mesh selection of Hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) and Horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus L.) in the Portuguese coast. Bol.Inst.Nac.Invest.Pescas, Lisboa, 16: Carneiro, M., Martins, R. and Rebordão, F.R Contribuição para o conhecimento das artes de pesca utilizadas no Algarve. Publicações Avulsas do IPIMAR, 13, 76p Planos Técnicos. Castro, J., Punzón, A Pelagic métiers of the Northern Spanish coastal bottom trawl fleet. WD04/05 in 2005 ICES WGMHSA (ICES CM 2006/ACFM:08). Castro, J., M. Marín, A. Punzón, E. Abad, L. Silva, M. Santurtún and I. Quincoces. 2007a. Métiers of the Northern Spanish coastal bottom trawl fleet. WD01 presented at ICES WGHMM07. Castro, J.; F. Cardador, M. Santurtún, A. Punzón, I. Quincoces, C. Silva, R. Duarte, A. Murta, L. Silva, E. Abad, and M. Marín. 2007b. Proposal of fleet segmentation for the Spanish and Portuguese fleets. WD06 presented at ICES WGHMM07. Costa, F. C., Franca, M.L.P. and Calado, C Pesca Artesanal na Zona Centro da Costa Ocidental Portuguesa. Documentação fotográfica. Publicações avulsa do INIP, 4, 96 p. De'ath, G Multivariate Regression Trees: A New Technique for Modelling Species Environment Relationships. Ecology 83(4): Duarte, R. and Cardador, F First approach to describe Portuguese Artisanal fleet components. Working Document presented to the WGHMM meeting, Bilbao, 9-18 May, Duarte, R., Azevedo, M. and Cardador, F Métiers of the Portuguese multi-gear (artisanal) fleet. Working Document presented to the WGHMM meeting, Vigo, May, EC, Request AIW/mrD(2001). EC, Request FISH/A1/KP D(2002) EC, 2005a. Report of the Ad Hoc Meeting of independent experts on Fleet-Fishery based sampling. Nantes, June EC, 2005b. Report of the Workshop on Small-Scale Fisheries. Kavala, Greece, th September EC, 2006a. EU Data Collection Regulation, 1543/2000 establishing a Community framework for the collection and management of data needed to conduct the CFP. Training workshop on fleetbased approach. Nantes, France, March EC, 2006b. Report of the Ad Hoc Meeting of independent experts on Fleet-Fishery based sampling. Nantes, June Eça, V.A As pescas marítimas em Portugal. Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa, 42p. Erzini, K., Costa, M.E., Bentes, L. and Borges, T.C A comparative study of the species composition of discards from five fisheries from the Algarve (southern Portugal). Fish. Manag. and Ecology, 9: Fernandes, A.C., Barbosa, S. and Silva, D. 2006a. Hake discards estimates for Portuguese bottom trawl. Working Document presented to the WGHMM meeting, Bilbao, 9-18 May, Fernandes, A.C., Barbosa, S. and Silva, D. 2006b. Nephrops discards estimates for Portuguese crustacean trawl fleet. Working Document presented to the WGHMM meeting, Bilbao, 9-18 May, Fernandes, A.C., Barbosa, S., Jardim, E. and Pestana, G Discards estimates of Merluccius merluccius and Nephrops norvegicus for period for Crustacean and Fish Trawl fleets in IXa Portuguese area. Working Document for the ICES Working Group on the Assessment of Southern Hake, Monk and Megrim (WGHMM). Vigo, 8-17 May Folkard A.M., Davies P.A., Fiuza A.F.G. Y Ambar I., Remotely sensed sea surface thermal patterns in the Gulf of Cadiz and the Strait of Gibraltar: variability, correlations and relationship with the surface wind field. Journal of geophisical research, 102 (C3): Fonseca, P., Campos, A. and Feitoria, J Square mesh windows experiments in Portuguese waters. Int. Coun. Explor. Sea, BB:12. Fonseca P., Campos A., Garcia A., Cardador F., Meixide M., Padín A., Theret F., Mellita M., and Morandeau, F Trawl Selectivity Studies in Region 3. Study Contract Nº 96/61; Final Report. 216

225 IBERMIX report References Fonseca, P.; Campos, A. And Garcia, A Bottom trawl codend selectivity for cephalopods in Portuguese continental waters. Fish. Res.59, Fonseca, P.; Martins, R.; Campos, A. and Sobral, P Gill-net selectivity off the Portuguese western coast. Fish. Res.73: Fonseca, P., Campos, A., and Millar, R.B Codend selection in the deep-water crustacean trawl fishery in Portuguese southern waters. Fish. Res. 85, Franca, M.L.P., Martins, R. and Carneiro, M A pesca artesanal local na costa continental portuguesa. IPIMAR, 236 p. Gil, J., Biología y pesca del voraz (Pagellus bogareveo; Brünnich, 1768) en el Estrecho de Gibraltar. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Cádiz, 236 pp. Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. and Black, W.C Análisis multivariante. Prentice Hall Iberia, Madrid, 832 pp. ICES/SGDFF, Report of the Study Group on the Development of Fishery-based Forecasts. ICES CM 2003/ACFM:08 Ref. D. ICES/WGHMM, Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Southern Shelf Stocks of Hake, Monk and Megrim (WGHMM); May 2004 Gijón, Spain (ICES CM 2005/ACFM:02). ICES/WGHMM, Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Southern Shelf Stocks of Hake, Monk and Megrim (WGHMM); 9-18 May 2006 Bilbao, Spain (ICES CM 2006/ACFM:29). ICES/WGHMSA, Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Mackerel, Horse Mackerel, Sardine and Anchovy (WGMHSA); 5-14 September 2006, Galway, Ireland (ICES CM 2006/ACFM:36). INE, Estatísticas da Pesca Produção primária. INE-DGPA, Pescas em Portugal Portuguese Fisheries: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, Direcção-Geral das Pescas e Aquicultura Lisboa: I.N.E,. 1998, 280 p. Jabeur, C., Gobert, C. and Missaoui, H Typologie de la flottille de pêche côtière dans le golfe de Gabès (Tunisie). Aquat. Living Resour. 13, Jiménez, M. P., I. Sobrino AND F. Ramos, Distribution pattern, reproductive biology and fishery of the wedge sole Dicologoglossa cuneata in the Gulf of Cadiz, south-west Spain. Marine Biology 131: Jiménez, M. P., Aplicación de análisis multivariantes para la obtención y estandorización de estandarización de esfuerzos pesqueros en pesquerías multiespecíficas. Las pesquerías demersales del Golfo de Cádiz. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Cádiz, 298 pp. Jiménez, M. P., I. Sobrino AND F. Ramos, Objetives methods for defining mixed-species trawl fisheries in Spanish waters of the Gula of Cádiz. Fish. Res 67: Kaufman, L. and Rousseeuw, P. J Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis. A Wiley-Interscience Publication. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. Lart, W. (co-ordinator) Monitoring of discarding and retention by trawl fisheries in Western Waters and the Irish Sea in relation to stock assessment and technical measures. Final Report. Contract Ref. 98/095. Laurec, A., Biseau, A., and Charuau, A Modelling technical interactions. ICES Marine Science Symposium, 193: Lewy, P. and Vinther, M Identification of Danish North Sea trawl fisheries. ICES Journal of marine Science, 51: Martins, R., Cardador, F. and Sobral, M Gillnet selectivity experiments on pout (Trisopterus luscus) in portuguese waters. ICES Doc. 1990/B:26, 7p. Martins, R Pesca artesanal local na costa continental Portuguesa. Dissertação para provas de acesso à categoria de Investigadora Auxiliar. IPIMAR, 178 p Millán, M Descripción de la pesquería de cerco de la región suratlántica española y atlántico-norte marroquí. Inf. Tec. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr., 136, 70 pp. Millán, M Reproductive characteristics and condition status of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus L. from the Bay of Cadiz (SW Spain). Fisheries Research, 41: Morales, M., Playas de pesca. Editorial Gustavo Gili, S.A., Barcelona, 346 pp. Monteiro, R Hake mesh selection on the Portuguese Coast. ICES Coop. Rés. Rep. Ser. B,

226 References IBERMIX report Muñoz, J., La pesca en la desembocadura del Guadalquivir. Observaciones geográfico-humanas sobre la supervivencia de un tipo de pesca. II Premio José de las Cuevas. Instituto de Estudios Gaditanos. Excma. Diputación Provincial de Cádiz. Cádiz. Oliveira, M.F. and Moura, O Quelques aspects de la pêcherie au chalut des côtes portugaises. CIEM Doc. C.M. 1973/ G:4, 12p. Palma, C., Sousa, P. Ramos, J., Martinho, T., Martins, R., Pestana, G., Barros, P. and Afonso-Dias, M Multivariate analysis of the southern Portuguese artisanal fishery: Trip types and fishing effort. ICES CM 1999/R:16, Poster. Parente, J Parâmetros caracterizadores do C.P.U.E- e padronização do esforço de pesca na frota de cerco costeira. Relat. Cient. Téc. Inst. Invest. Pescas Mar nº50, 16 pp. Parente, J Predictors of CPUE and standardization of fishing effort for the Portuguese coastal seine fleet. Fish. Res. 70: OK Pelletier, D. and Ferraris, J A multivariate approach for defining fishing tbactics from commercial catch and effort data. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 57: Pereda, P. & Villamor, B Artisanal fisheries in the Cantabrian sea. ICES. C.M.1991/G:30. Pereda, Punzón, A., Landa, J The "rasco": a gillnet fishery for Anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius L., 1758 and L. budegassa Spinola, 1807) in the Cantabrian Sea (ICES Division VIIIc). ICES CM 1998/O:46. Pérez, N., Pereda, P., Uriarte, A., Trujillo, V., Olaso, I. and Lens, S Descartes de la flota española en el área del ICES. Datos y resúmenes. NIPO: X). Pérez, N., Solla, A., Araújo, H. and Santos, J.J Informe final de pesca experimental RAI-AP- 21/2005 en aguas del Cantábrico y noroeste con arte selectivo. IEO internal report. Puente, E La pesca artesanal en aguas costeras vascas. Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Pais Vasco. Departamento de Acuicultura y Pesca. Vitoria 191 pp. Punzón, A., Costas, G., Gancedo, R., and Morlán, R Segmentation of the mixed baca trawl fishery that exploits demersal resources in the Cantábrico (ICES Division VIIIc). ICES CM 2001/Q:19. Punzón, A. and Gancedo R Specific characterisation and identification of the fishing gears in use in the Cantabrian sea (NE Atlantic, Nothern Spain). CM 1998/U:7. Punzón, A., Pereda, P., Villamor, B., Gancedo, R Evolución de las pesquerías pelágicas y demersales de la flota del mar Cantábrico entre 1982 y Inf. Téc. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 174, 1999: 50pp. Punzon, A. & Gancedo, R., Descripcion de las pesquerias artesanales de Cantabria y Asturias (norte de España). Inf. Tec. Inst. Esp. Oceanog., nº 179, 43 pp. Punzón, A., B. Villamor and I. Preciado Analysis of the handline fishery targeting mackerel (Scomber scombrus, L.) in the North of Spain (ICES Division VIIIbc). Fisheries Research 69 (2004) Ramalho, A.M Sobre alguns aspectos estatísticos das pescarias demersais exploradas pela frota de arrasto na plataforma continental portuguesas ( ). Notas e estudos do Inst. Biol. Mart. Lisboa, nº 9, Janeiro. Ramos, F., Sobrino. I., Jiménez, M.P Cartografía temática de caladeros de la flota de arrastre en el Golfo de Cádiz. Junta de Andalucía: Informaciones Técnicas, 45-96, 44 pp, 12 mapas. Ramos, F., Sobrino, I., Silva, L., The life history of Sepia officinalis (Cephalopoda: Sepiidae) in the Gulf of Cádiz (SW Spain).CIAC 2.000, Cephalopod Biomass and Production. University of Aberdeen, Scotland, 3-7 julio de Ramos, F., M. Millán, I. Sobrino, Searching for a fishery-based recruitment index under situations of limited direct estimates: the case of anchovy in ICES Subdivisión IXa South. ICES CM 2004/ACFM: 08. Rodríguez, A Biología del langostino Penaeus kerathurus (Forsköl, 1975) del golfo de Cádiz. I: Reprodución. Investigación pesquera 50 (2): Ruiz, J. et al., Meteorological and oceanographic factors influencing.engraulis encrasicolus early life stages and catches in the Gulf of Cádiz. Deep-see Research II (53): Silva, C. and Cardador F Portuguese Trawl Fishery: Basis for fleet/fishery segmentation. Working Document presented to the WGHMM meeting, Bilbao, 9-18 May, 2006 (WD 22). 218

227 IBERMIX report References Silva, C. and Murta, A Classification of the Trawl and Purse Seine fishing trips in the Portuguese Continental Waters. Working Document presented to the WGHMM meeting, Vigo, May, Silva, L., Gil, J. and I. Sobrino, 2002a.- Definition of fleet components in the Spanish artisanal fishery of the Gulf of Cádiz (SW. Spain, ICES division Ixa). ). Fish. Res., 59: Silva, L., Sobrino, I., Ramos, F., 2002b. Reproductive biology of common octopus (Octopus vulgaris, Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) in the Gulf of Cádiz (SW Spain). Bull. of Mar. Sci., 71(2): Silva L. et al., Distribición espacio-temporal del langostino Melicertus kerathurus (Forsköl, 1775) en la desembocadura del Gualdalquivir. Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 19 (1-4): Silva L. and Sobrino, I., Las pesquerías de cefalópodos en el Golfo de Cádiz. En: Acuicultura, Pesca y Marisqueo en el Golfo de Cádiz. Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca. Depósito Legal: SE Silva L. et al., Exploitation pattern of the artisanal fleet in the area of the Guadalquivir river mouth (Gulf of Cádiz, SW Spain). Thalassas 22 (1): Silva, L.; J. Castro, A Punzón, E. Abad, J.J. Acosta and M. Marín Metiers of the Southern Atlantic Spanish bottom trawl fleet (Gulf of Cádiz). WD05 presented at ICES WGHMM07. Sobrino I., Jimenez, M.P., Ramos, F., Baro, J., Descripción de las pesquerías demersales de la región española del Golfo de Cádiz. Inf. Téc. Inst Esp Oceanogr. 151: Sobrino, I., Biología y pesca de la gamba blanca (Parapenaeus longirostris, Lucas 1846) en el Atlántico nororiental. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Sevilla, 218 pp. Sobrino, I., Silva, L., Bellido, J.M. and Ramos, F., Relationship between common octopus and cuttlefish landings and environmental parameters in the Gulf of Cádiz (SW Spain). Bulletin of Marine Science,71(2): Sobrino et al., Informe Técnico de la Campaña de Arrastre Demersal Suratlántica ARSA Informe interno dirigido a la Subdirección del IEO. Sobrino et al., Informe Técnico de la Campaña de Arrastre Demersal Suratlántica ARSA Informe interno dirigido a la Subdirección del IEO. Sobrino et al., 2005a. Estudio previo para la delimitación de una Reserva de Pesca en la desembocadura del Guadalquivir. Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca. Depósito Legal: SE Sobrino et al., 2005b. Informe Técnico de la Campaña de Arrastre Demersal Suratlántica ARSA Informe interno dirigido a la Subdirección del IEO. STECF, Report of the Southern Hake Task Force. Lisbon (Portugal), October SEC(94) STECF/SGMOS, Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries Subgroup on Management Objectives (SGMOS) -Recovery plans of Southern hake and Iberian Norway lobster stocks June, IPIMAR Headquarter, Lisbon. Commission Staff Working Paper SEC (2004) 178; 109 pp. STECF/SGRST, Report of the Subgroup on Resource Status (SGRST) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF). Mixed Fisheries. Brussels, October SEC(2002) STECF/SGRST, Report of the Subgroup on Resource Status (SGRST) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF). Mixed Fisheries. Brussels, October SEC(2003) STECF/SGRST, Report of the Subgroup on Resource Status (SGRST) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF). Mixed Fisheries. Brussels, October SEC(2004) STECF/SGRST, Report of the Subgroup on Resource Status (SGRST) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF). Mixed Fisheries. Ispra, Italy, October Struyf, A., Hubert, M. and Rousseeuw, P.J Clustering in an Object-Oriented Environment. Journal of Statistical Software, 1:4, pp TECTAC, Technological developments and tactical adaptations of important EU fleets. EC 5th Framework Project, QLRT Ulrich, C., Andersen, B.S., Hovgård, H., Sparre, P., Murta, A., Garcia, D. and Castro, J Fleetbased short-term advice in mixed fisheries - the F3 approach. Oral presentation at the "ICES 219

228 References IBERMIX report Symposium on Management Strategies: Case Studies of Innovation", Galway (Ireland), June Velasco, F.; Silva, L.; and Sobrino, I. (2003) Exploring the hake Fishery in the Gulf of Cadiz: available information to perform a stock assessment. Working Document presented to the WGHMH 2003, Copenhagen May, Vila, Y., M.P. Jiménez and I. Sobrino, Reproductive biology of Dicologoglossa cuneata (Moreau, 1881) in three zones of Atlantic Iberian Coast. Thalassas, 18(1): Villamor, B., Porteiro, C., Lucio, P., Distribution and seasonality of mackerel (Scomber scombrus, L.) in the Cantabrian Sea and Galician waters (ICES Division VIIIc and Sub-Division IXa North) ICES CM 1994/Mini: 18. Villamor, B., Abaunza, P., Lucio, P., Porteiro, C Distribution and age structure of mackerel (Scomber scombrus, L.) and horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus, L.) in the northern coast of Spain, Scientia Marina 61 (3), Vinther, M., St. A. Reeves and K. R. Patterson From single-species advice to mixed-species management: taking the next step. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61: Wise, L., Ferreira, M. and Silva, A Caracterização da Pesca de Cerco na Costa Oeste Portuguesa. Relat.Cient. Téc. IPIMAR, Série digital ( nº 24, 19 p. 220

229 Annex I Gear descriptions

230

231 IBERMIX final report Annex I Figure I.1. The JURELERA gear used by the Northern Spanish coastal OTB fleet (Pérez et al., 2006). I

232 Annex I IBERMIX final report Figure I.2. The 4 SIDES gear used by the Northern Spanish coastal OTB fleet (Pérez et al., 2006). II

233 IBERMIX final report Annex I Figure I.3. The RASPITA gear used by the Northern Spanish coastal OTB fleet (Pérez et al., 2006). III

234 Annex I IBERMIX final report Figure I.4. Gear used by the Northern Spanish coastal purse seine fleet (Puente, 1993). IV

235 IBERMIX final report Annex I Figure I.5. Gear used by the Northern Spanish coastal set longline fleet (Puente, 1993). V

236 Annex I IBERMIX final report Figure I.6. Gear used by the Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet fleet: BETA and VOLANTA (Puente, 1993). VI

237 IBERMIX final report Annex I Figure I.7. The RASCO gear used by the Northern Spanish coastal set gillnet fleet (Puente, 1993). VII

238 Annex I IBERMIX final report Figure I.8. One of the gear types used by the Northern Spanish coastal trammel net fleet: MIÑO (Puente, 1993). VIII

239 IBERMIX final report Annex I Figure I.9. Gear used by the Southern Spanish coastal purse seine fleet (L. Silva). IX

240 Annex I IBERMIX final report Figure I.10. Gear used by the Southern Spanish coastal longline fleet: voracera (Anon., 2004). X

241 IBERMIX final report Annex I Figure I.11. Gear used by the Southern Spanish coastal set gillnet fleet: acedía (A. Juárez). Figure I.12. Gear used by the Southern Spanish coastal trammel fleet: langostino (A. Juárez). XI

242 Annex I IBERMIX final report Figure I.13. Gulf of Cádiz artisanal fisheries. Schematic diagram and method of deployment of the clay-pots ("alcatruz") for common octopus (Anon., 2004). XII

243 IBERMIX final report Annex I Figure I.14. Gulf of Cádiz artisanal fisheries. Schematic diagram and methods of deployment of traps ("nasa") for fish-cephalopod (common octopus) (Anon., 2004). XIII