INSTRUCTIONAL OUTLINE

Transcription

1 INSTRUCTIONAL OUTLINE AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION EQUINE SCIENCE II 6826 WINTER 2004

2 Instructional Outline COURSE: UNIT A: EQUINE SCIENCE II LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT COMPETENCY: EQ01.00 Demonstrate the major components of leadership involved in successful employment. OBJECTIVE: EQ01.01 Identify leadership qualities desired by the equine science industry. Leadership Qualities Agriscience Fundamentals & Applications, 3 rd Edition, Elmer L. Cooper and L. DeVere Burton, Thomson Delmar Learning, Albany, New York, pp Integrity honesty 2. Courage willing to go forward under difficult conditions 3. Management using people, resources and processes to reach a goal 4. Unselfishness placing the desires and welfare of others above yourself 5. Loyalty reliable support for an individual, group or cause 6. Enthusiasm energy to do a job and the inspiration to encourage others 7. Plan think through, determine procedures 8. Knowledge awareness, understanding 9. Tact saying or doing the right thing without offending Winter Equine Science II

3 COURSE: UNIT A: EQUINE SCIENCE II LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT COMPETENCY: EQ01.00 Demonstrate the major components of leadership involved in successful employment. OBJECTIVE: EQ01.02 Develop leadership qualities through participation in the equine science instructional program. Components of Instructional Program Agriscience Fundamentals & Applications, 3 rd Edition, pp Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE) provides opportunities to explore interests and to gain work experiences. 2. Classroom instruction studying and learning subject matter in the classroom. 3. Laboratory instruction learning by demonstrations and practice in shops, greenhouses, nurseries, and other settings. 4. FFA the club or organization that develops leadership and citizenship skills. Communication skills are developed through speaking career development events such as public speaking, creed, parliamentary procedure, extemporaneous speaking, agricultural sales and equine oral reasons. Winter Equine Science II

4 COURSE: UNIT A: EQUINE SCIENCE II LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT COMPETENCY: EQ02.00 Adapt public speaking techniques to the audience and purpose of the communication. OBJECTIVE: EQ02.01 Describe the major types of speeches and the variables to be considered when presenting speeches. A. Types of Speeches Leadership: Personal Development and Career Success, 2 nd Edition, Cliff Ricketts, Delmar Publishers, Albany, NY pp To inform gives knowledge or information to audiences 2. To persuade convinces people to believe or do something 3. To integrate pep talks, welcome speeches, introductions 4. Prepared speech is written and learned 5. Extemporaneous speech with little or no preparation B. Variables to Consider 1. Purpose of the speech Why are you giving the speech? 2. Audience What group is hearing the speech? 3. Occasion What is the event? 4. Content What is in the speech? 5. Composition How is the speech written and organized? 6. Oral delivery variables: a. voice pitch, quality, articulation, pronunciation, force b. stage presence appearance, poise, attitude, confidence, ease before audience, personality, posture c. power of expression fluency, sincerity, emphasis, directness, communicative ability, conveyance of thought and meaning. d. response to questions accurate, ability to think quickly e. general effect interesting, understandable, convincing, pleasing, holds attention Winter Equine Science II

5 COURSE: UNIT A: EQUINE SCIENCE II LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT COMPETENCY: EQ02.00 Adapt public speaking techniques to the audience and purpose of the communication. OBJECTIVE: EQ02.02 Deliver a speech to an equine science industry organization. Delivering a Speech Leadership: Personal Development and Career Success, 2 nd Edition, pp A. Outline 1. Introduction is the first part of the speech a. Used to create interest and get the audience s attention b. Sets the stage for the speech. 2. Body of the speech a. Contains most of the content b. Largest content and longest part of a speech 3. Conclusion brings the speech focus back to the audience before closing a. Sum up the speech b. Repeat the major points B. Apply the information learned from Objective EQ02.01 including types of speeches and variables to consider especially the audience and the occasion. 1. Topics chosen for a speech should be of interest to the audience where the speech will be given. 2. A good speech takes into consideration the needs of the audience and the reason the speech should be important to the audience. Winter Equine Science II

6 COURSE: UNIT A: EQUINE SCIENCE II LEADERSHIP COMPETENCY: EQ03.00 Apply Robert s Rules of Order to conduct business meetings of equine organizations. OBJECTIVE: EQ03.01 Analyze the role that Robert s Rules of Order plays in the orderly conduct of business. Parliamentary Law FFA Student Handbook, National FFA Organization, Alexandria, VA. pp A. Robert's Rules of Order is the book of authority. B. Assures that all sides of an issue are treated fairly and that everyone has an opportunity to discuss and vote. C. Main objectives 1. focus on one item at a time 2. extend courtesy to everyone 3. observe the rule of the majority 4. ensure the rights of the minority D. Methods of voting 1. voice aye (pronounced I ) for yes, or no 2. rising standing or show of hands 3. secret ballot written vote 4. roll call secretary asks each member to state vote. E. Single majority one vote more than 50% or 1/2 of votes cast F. Two-thirds majority 2/3 of members voting must vote for motion, usually used when motion will limit rights of members. G. Quorum number of members required to conduct business. H. Gavel symbol of authority Winter Equine Science II

7 I. Meaning of taps of gavel: 1. 1 tap means be seated, the meeting is adjourned or the result of a vote has been announced taps means that the meeting is called to order taps means that the members should stand on the third tap. 4. A series of taps means be quiet and orderly. J. Table of Motions should know for each motion: 1. privileged 2. incidental 3. subsidiary 4. unclassified 5. ranking top is highest ranking and takes precedence over those below 6. debatable or can be discussed yes or no 7. amendable yes or no 8. vote required majority, 2/3 majority or none 9. second required yes or no 10. can it be reconsidered yes, no, or special requirements Winter Equine Science II

8 TABLE OF PARLIAMENTARY ABILITIES: Privilege, subsidiary, and main motions are listed in order of precedence. Motion Privileged motions Second Required? Debatable? Amendable? Can it be Reconsidered? Vote Required Purpose Highest Ranking and generally take precedence over all other motions. Do not relate to pending business but are important Adjourn Yes No No No Majority End the meeting Recess Yes No Yes No Majority Take a break from the meeting Question of privilege* No No No No None Handle matters of comfort Subsidiary motions Applied to other motions to assist in handling business in an orderly manner. Lay on the table Yes No No No Majority Lay aside an item of business to handle more important business Previous question Yes No No Yes, before 2/3 Stop all debate on a motion or series of pending questions the vote Refer to a committee Yes Yes Yes Yes Majority Place business into the hands of a small group to report, recommend, and/or act. Amend Yes Yes Yes Yes Majority Change a motion by adding, striking out, or substituting words Main motion Introduces new business, but take precedence over nothing. Main motions are the lowest ranking motions and may only be made when no other motion is pending. Main motion Yes Yes Yes Yes Majority Introduce new business Incidental motions Usually accompany or arise out of other parliamentary abilities and needs. Incidental motions have no ranking and cannot be assigned an order of precedence other than the order of precedence of the motion they arise out of. Appeal* Yes Yes No Yes Majority Insure a majority agrees with the ruling of the chair Point of Order* No No No No None Enforce the rules and correct parliamentary error. Suspend the rules Yes No No No 2/3 Do something ordinarily against the rules of the organization Withdraw a motion* No No No No Usually none Save time on an unpopular or unneeded motion Division of the House* No No No No None Secure a standing vote on a voice vote or vote by show of hands. Unclassified motions Applied to motions that have already been dealt with by the assembly; Bring a motion back before the assembly Take from the table Yes No No No Majority Bring an item from the table that has been Reconsider Yes No/Yes No Negative vote only Rescind Yes Yes Yes Negative vote only Majority set aside To bring a motion back to the floor for more debate and consideration in the same session; must be made by a member on the prevailing side 2/3 Undo something that has been voted on prior to actions taking place * Denote motions in order while another person is assigned the floor and that may interrupt a person speaking in debate. Winter Equine Science II

9 COURSE: UNIT A: EQUINE SCIENCE II LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT COMPETENCY: EQ03.00 Apply Robert's Rules of Order to conduct business meetings needed of equine organizations. OBJECTIVE: EQ03.02 Conduct an orderly transaction of business utilizing Robert's Rules of Order. Conducting Business Meetings Use the information learned from Objective EQ03.01, FFA Student Handbook, National FFA Organization, Alexandria, VA. pp Winter Equine Science II

10 COURSE: UNIT B: EQUINE SCIENCE II SUPERVISED AGRICULTURAL EXPERIENCE PROGRAM COMPETENCY: EQ04.00 Design a school-to-work employment plan based upon career objectives. OBJECTIVE: EQ04.01 Describe the procedures to follow in planning and implementing a school-to-work employment plan. A. Factors to Consider When Selecting a Career Leadership: Personal Development and Career Success, 2 nd Edition, pp Standard of living Pay, location 2. Personal contact working more with people or with things 3. Educational requirements 4. Practice experiences or skills required 5. Location of employment 6. Your interests, likes and dislikes 7. Working conditions 8. Working hours and time for leisure activities 9. Retirement benefits 10. Your health and happiness Winter Equine Science II

11 B. Steps in Choosing a Career 1. Consider your interests, abilities, and other characteristics should be the first step. 2. Narrow the field of jobs. 3. Study the requirements of the job get good information. 4. Plan for alternative occupations the first choice may not work out. 5. Prepare a plan for career preparation early career planning can help you take the right courses in high school. 6. Be willing to pay the price for success education, dedication 7. Get work experience SAE, coop., part-time job C. For a school-to-work written plan to be effective, it must be implemented. Winter Equine Science II

12 COURSE: UNIT B: EQUINE SCIENCE II SUPERVISED AGRICULTURAL EXPERIENCE PROGRAM COMPETENCY: EQ04.00 Design a school-to-work employment plan based upon career objectives. OBJECTIVE: EQ04.02 Create an individual written school-to-work employment plan based upon career objectives. Use the information from Objective EQ04.01 to create a career development plan (CDP) based upon career objectives. Consider high school academic courses, agriculture education courses, supporting electives, work experiences and education after high school. Leadership: Personal Development and Career Success, 2 nd Edition, pp Winter Equine Science II

13 COURSE: UNIT B: EQUINE SCIENCE II SUPERVISED AGRICULTURAL EXPERIENCE PROGRAM COMPETENCY: EQ05.00 Develop a financial record system for use in the equine science industry. OBJECTIVE: EQ05.01 Identify the elements in a financial statement. Net Worth Statement Supervised Agricultural Experience Program Record Book, Moore, Gary, Agricultural & Extension Education, Box 7607, NC State Univ., Raleigh, NC (NCSU SAE Record Book) A. Total assets = current assets + non-current assets 1. Current assets items that can quickly be converted to cash or that will be sold within 12 months cash on hand, checking and savings accounts, stocks, bonds and cash in value of life insurance, money others owe you, current non-depreciable inventory 2. Non-current assets items that have a useful life of more than one year and are used in the business non-current, non-depreciable inventory, land B. Total liabilities = current liabilities (debts) + non-current liabilities (debts) 1. Current liabilities accounts and notes payable, this year s part of non-current liabilities 2. Non-current liabilities mortgages and other debts not due this year C. Net worth or owner s equity = total assets minus total liabilities D. Debt-to-Equity Ratio = total liabilities / net worth Winter Equine Science II

14 COURSE: UNIT B: EQUINE SCIENCE II SUPERVISED AGRICULTURAL EXPERIENCE PROGRAM COMPETENCY: EQ05.00 Develop a financial record system for use in the equine science industry. OBJECTIVE: EQ05.02 Compose a financial statement. Use the information from Objective EQ05.01 to determine which items should go in each category of the Financial Balance Sheet and Net Worth Statement in the Supervised Agricultural Experience Program Record Book, Winter Equine Science II

15 COURSE: UNIT C: EQUINE SCIENCE II FUNCTIONAL ANANTOMY COMPETENCY: EQ06.00 Describe the physiology of equine body systems. OBJECTIVE: EQ06.01 Define body surfaces and systems. A. Four Basic surfaces Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, Rick Parker, Thomson Delmar Learning, Clifton Park, NY p Dorsal refers to the upper surfaces of the animal. 2. Ventral refers to the lower or abdominal area of the animal. 3. Anterior or cranial refers to the head or front part of the animal. 4. Caudal or posterior relates to the tail or rear of the animal. B. Nine Body systems include: Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp The skeletal system is made up of bone and cartilage that give the body shape and protect internal organs. 2. The muscular system provides movement both externally and internally. 3. The digestive system converts feed into a form that can be used by the body for maintenance, growth, and reproduction. 4. The urinary system maintains water and mineral balance while holding and excreting wastes when needful. 5. The respiratory system takes in oxygen and delivers it to the tissues and cells and picks up carbon dioxide from the tissues and cells to deliver to the environment. 6. The circulatory system distributes blood throughout the body. 7. The nervous system supplies the body with information about its internal and external environment through electrical impulses between the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the body. 8. The reproductive system contains the organs necessary for the creating of new organisms. 9. The endocrine system produces hormones that influence vital functions. Winter Equine Science II

16 COURSE: UNIT C: EQUINE SCIENCE II FUNCTIONAL ANANTOMY COMPETENCY: EQ06.00 Describe the physiology of equine body systems. OBJECTIVE: EQ06.02 Describe how body systems function. A. The skeletal system has two main divisions Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, plus articulations pp The axial skeleton consist of the bones in the trunk area which includes the skull, spine (vertebral column), ribs and breastbone (chest cavity), pelvis, and tail. a. Bones of the skull are flat or irregular in shape and form the framework for the brain, mouth, eyes, and nasal cavities. b. The vertebral column consists of a flexible column of small bones (vertebrae) that forms the basis of the skeleton. c. Hip bones are two large flat bones attached to the spine and sacrum that form the pelvis or pelvic girdle and cavity. d. The ribs and breastbone (sternum) along with the thoracic vertebrae form the chest cavity. 2. Appendicular skeleton consists of the forelegs and hind legs that are used for locomotion, grooming, and to some extent, for defense and feeding. a. The forelimbs have no skeletal attachments to the axial skeleton or trunk, but are connected by muscles. b. The hind limbs are attached to the pelvis at the hip joint. 3. Articulations or joints are the union of two or more bones or cartilages held together by ligaments, tendons, or a tough fibrous capsule. a. Joints are classified by their structure and movability. b. Freely movable joints have a joint cavity between the two surfaces, the bones are covered with a smooth cartilage, and the bones are held by ligaments. Winter Equine Science II

17 B. Muscular system Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp Muscles are red, lean meat that compose about 50% of the equine s total body weight that are stimulated to contract or change shape by nerve impulses from the brain and in turn send nerve impulses back to brain indicating the degree of contraction so that movement is smooth. 2. There are three basic muscle types in the muscular system: a. Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles. 1) Sometimes called visceral muscle. 2) Found in the digestive system and in the uterus of females. 3) Capable of prolonged activity without fatigue. b. Cardiac muscle is involuntary striated muscle. 1) Found only in the heart. 2) Contractions of the cardiac muscle require no nerve stimulus. 3) Contractions are rhythmic and require no conscious control. c. Striated or skeletal muscles are usually attached to bones of the skeletal system either directly or by tendons and act voluntarily. 1) Bones serve as levers and the muscles move the body voluntarily under the direct control of the will. 2) Skeletal muscles are usually arranged in opposite sets so that one set of muscles bend the limb (flexor muscle) and the other set straightens it (extensor muscle). 3) Voluntary muscles become fatigued and need rest after a short period of time. 3. Tendons eliminate undue friction to allow muscles to act more freely. a. The tendon sheath is a synovial sac through which a tendon passes and which provides snyovia to lubricate the surrounded tendon. b. The tendon bursa does the same thing as the sheath except the tendon does not pass through it. The tendon bursa is a snyovial sac interposed between the tendon and the surface over which it comes in contact which lubricates and cushions the tendon. c. Both are found mainly near joints. Winter Equine Science II

18 C. Digestive System Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp Interview: Dr. Robert A. Mowrey, Coordinator Extension Horse Husbandry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC The parts of the digestive system work together to convert feed into a form that can be used by the body for maintenance, growth, and reproduction. Parts include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, anus, and associated organs like the liver, teeth, pancreas, and salivary glands. a. Rate of feed passage through the stomach (30 minutes to 2 hours) and small intestine is very rapid so that any feed not digested and absorbed in the small intestine passes on to the cecum and colon within 2 to 4 hours. b. Grinding or chopping decreases feed size which increases the rate of passage but decreases the absorption of nutrients by the equine. c. It is easy to overwhelm the digestive capacity of the equine s stomach and small intestine with large amounts of concentrates, which if pass through to the cecum, become fermented and produce gas or lactic acid causing colic or founder. 2. The mouth extends from the lips to the pharynx. It is bounded on the sides by the cheeks, above by the hard palate, and below by the tongue. 3. The pharynx is the muscular, somewhat funnel shaped tube from back part of the mouth to the esophagus directs food and serves as an air passage. 4. The esophagus extends from the pharynx down the left side of the neck through the thoracic cavity and diaphragm to the stomach at an angle which makes regurgitation impossible. 5. The stomach is a U-shaped muscular sac at the front of the abdominal cavity close to the diaphragm and makes up less than 10% of the total digestive capacity for an adult equine. 6. The small intestine is a tube about 2" in diameter and is the site of most nutrient absorption but makes up only 30% of the total digestive capacity. 7. The large intestine consist of the cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum, and anus. a. The cecum and colon make up 65% of the digestive system capacity and are greatly enlarged to allow bacteria time to break down the large quantities of cellulose from plant material. d. The small colon extends from the large colon to the rectum and is the place where the balls of dung are formed. The contents are solid as most of the moisture in the food is reabsorbed in this part of the large intestine. Winter Equine Science II

19 D. Urinary System Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp The urinary system is made up of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, which filter the blood and dispose of waste products. a. All the blood in the body passes through the two kidneys more than 400 times per day and is filtered of nitrogenous wastes each time. b. The kidneys are from 6 to 7 inches long, 4 to 6 inches wide, about 2 inches thick, and are located on each side of the backbone at about the 18 th rib. c. Millions of tiny nephrons in the outer cortex of the kidneys filter about 200 gallons of liguid per day, rejecting blood cells and proteins but permitting fluid salts and other chemical waste to pass through them. d. The kidneys return about 198 gallons of the 200 gallons to the bloodstream, including salts, sugars, and most of the fluids. e. The two gallons of waste fluid, urine, is collected in the inner portion of the kidney, the renal pelvis, and drained drop by drop through the ureters to the bladder. E. Respiratory System Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp The respiratory system takes in oxygen and delivers it to tissues and cells and removes carbon dioxide from those same tissues and cells. a. The lungs are the essential organ of respiration. b. Air is taken into the lungs where oxygen is removed by diffusion into the blood. 2. Supporting parts of the respiratory system carry air to and from the lungs and include the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. a. The pharynx is common to both the digestive and respiratory systems. b. The larynx serves as the voice box, allowing equine to make sounds such as neighing, whinnying, or nickering and regulates the amount of air passing into or out of the lungs. c. The trachea is a long tube connecting the larynx with the lungs and branches into bronchi in each lung containing minute air sacs called alveoli where the gaseous exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place between the circulating blood and air. Winter Equine Science II

20 F. Circulatory System Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp The circulatory system distributes blood throughout the body to nourish each cell with food substance and oxygen while removing waste products. 2. The parts of the circulatory system include the: a. Heart A muscular organ of about 7 or 8 pounds in ordinary sized equine that is the main pump of the circulatory system that creates blood flow. b. Arteries Vessels with rather thick elastic walls that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. c. Veins Vessels that carry blood from the tissues back to the heart. 3. Capillaries connect the arteries carrying blood to the cells and the veins carrying blood away from the cells. a. It is through the walls of the capillaries that the exchange of food and oxygen for waste products takes place. b. Capillaries are microscopic is size. 4. Blood is the red alkaline fluid tissue that is the regulator of the body. It is composed of blood plasma and red and white blood cells. a. White blood cells are the active agents in fighting disease germs in the body. b. Red blood cells originate in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen, and carry oxygen from the lungs and carbon dioxide from the tissues. 5. Lymph is the fluid that assists in carrying food from the digestive tract to the tissues and waste products back to the bloodstream. a. Lymph vessels are ducts that transport lymph and lymph nodes, or lymphatics, are gland-like bodies found in the lymphatic vessels that act as filters. b. The vessels converge to form one large duct that lies parallel to the aorta, the main artery from the heart, and empties into one of the large veins near the heart. Winter Equine Science II

21 G. Nervous System Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp The nervous system is a complex system that uses electrical-chemical changes to send impulses to and from the brain or spinal cord, nerve fibers, and sensory receptors. 2. The nervous system is the communication system of the body made up of the brain, spinal cord, ganglia (secondary nerve centers along the spinal cord), and nerves. 3. The nervous system has two main portions: a. The autonomic or automatic nervous system is directed by the brain stem to control respiration, digestion, and major organs like the heart automatically. b. The central nervous system is directed by the brain to control the conscious or voluntary actions of the body like movement. H. Endocrine System Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp Consists of ductless glands producing internal secretions called hormones that control and promote homeostasis (balance) between physiologic functions. 2. Hormones regulate bodily reactions by slowing or speeding the rate of organ functions. 3. The pituitary and hypothalamus work together to coordinate the endocrine and nervous systems. a. The hypothalamus is the center of the autonomic nervous system. b. The hypothalamus releases hormones that regulate the pituitary. 4. Some of hormones and the glands of their origin are: a. Hypothalamus : ADH (vasopressin) is the trauma hormone, oxytocin controls lactation and reproductive phases of the mare. b. Pituitary: FSH stimulates the ovaries of the mare and sperm production in the male, LH stimulates secretion of estrogen in the mare and testosterone in the male, LTH (prolactin) promotes lactation once the mammary system has been primed by estrogen and progesterone, TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxin that regulates body metabolism. c. Pancreas: insulin regulates glucose metabolism. Winter Equine Science II

22 I. Reproductive System Instructional Materials Service, Module 8901-A, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp. 122, Research by Ollie Ginther. 1. The Stallion s Reproductive System a. Testicles Primary sex organ used to produce sperm and the male hormone testosterone. b. The seminal vesicles, prostrate gland, and bulbo urethral gland are accessory sex glands that furnish fluid secretions for the semen. c. The eqididymus carries sperm from the testes to the Vas deferens and provides a place for storage and maturation of sperm. d. The Vas deferens transports mature sperm from the epididymus to the urethra. e. The urethra takes sperm from the Vas deferens to the end of the male genitalia, the glans penis. f. The penis deposits the sperm into the female reproductive tract. 1) Stallions can ejaculate from 60 to 300 milliliters of sperm with up to about 10 billion live spermatozoa per ejaculate. 2) A sperm cell may live in a mare s reproductive tract for 24 to 48 hours. 3) Sperm travel to the mare s Fallopian tubs in as short as a time as 15 to 18 minutes but normally requires 2 to 6 hours(ollie Ginther research). 2. The Mare s Reproductive System Instructional Materials Service, Module 8901-A, Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp. 121, a. The ovaries produce eggs and secrete the hormone estrogen that causes heat (estrus) and stimulates the production of other hormones to condition the reproductive tract. b. The Fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus and are the normal site of fertilization of the egg by the sperm. c. The uterus consists of the body, cervix and two horns. It is in one of the two horns that the egg normally develops after fertilization. d. The vagina receives the sperm during mating and serves as the birth canal. e. The uterus is prone to infections due to its elongated shape. f. The mare s reproductive system has and unusual placenta arrangement and inefficient cervical closure that may hinder full-term pregnancy. Winter Equine Science II

23 COURSE: UNIT C: EQUINE SCIENCE II FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY COMPETENCY: EQ07.00 Explain how physiology relates to movement. OBJECTIVE: EQ07.01 Discuss the four functional muscle groups used to perform gaits. A. Flexors bend the limb Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, p Flexors decrease the angle of a joint. 2. Examples of flexors include: Teres major in the front leg and Iliacus in the hind leg. B. Extensors straighten the limb Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, p Extensor muscles increase the angle of a joint. 2. Examples of extensors include: Brachiocephalicus of the front leg and Gluteus medius of the hind leg. C. Abductors Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, p Abductors move a limb away from the center plane of the equine. 2. The abductor of the front leg is the deltoid. D. Adductors Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, p Adductors pull a limb toward the center plane of the equine. 2. Adductors of the front legs are the pectoral muscles. Winter Equine Science II

24 COURSE: UNIT C: EQUINE SCIENCE II FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY COMPETENCY: EQ07.00 Explain how physiology relates to movement. OBJECTIVE: EQ07.02 Describe gaits and actions of equine. A. Terminology of movement Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp A gait is an equine s way of going or moving its legs during movement. 2. A beat refers to the time a foot or two feet simultaneously hit the ground. 3. A step is the distance between the imprints of the two front legs or the two hind legs. 4. A stride is the distance between successive imprints of the same foot. 5. Directness, also called trueness, is the line in which the foot is carried forward during the stride. 6. Spring is the manner in which weight settles back on the supporting leg at the completion of the stride. 7. Balance refers to the ability of the equine to coordinate action, go composed, and in form. B. Components of a Stride Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp A stride has two phases: a. Stride stance is the weight bearing phase b. Stride suspension or swing is the non-weight bearing phase. 2. The speed of a horse is affected by: a. Length of stride, rapidity or frequency of stride, and overlap time b. Overlap time is the time on the ground versus the time off the ground Winter Equine Science II

25 C. Four natural gaits for which equine Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, do not need training pp Walk is a slow, even, four beat gait. a. The sequence of hoof-beats is first left hind, next left fore, then right hind, and finally right fore. b. Both feet on one side strike the ground before the feet on the opposite side strike the ground. 2. Trot is a two-beat gait where the diagonal fore and hind legs act together. a. A period of suspension when all four feet are off the ground occurs between each beat. b. There are different styles of trotting: road horse trot is fast-stepping, hackney trot and heavy harness trot are high-stepping forms of trotting 3. Canter or lope as a three-beat collected gait where the equine carries more weight on its haunches or rear quarter. a. Sequence of hoof-beats for canter is first right rear hoof, next left rear and right front striking the ground at the same time, and last left front hoof. b. Canter is performed in a slow, animated, rhythm. 4. Gallop or run is a fast, four-beat gait. a. Sequence of hoof-beats for gallop is first - one hind foot, next - the other hind foot, then - the diagonal forefoot followed by the remaining forefoot. b. A period of suspension follows the four beats. c. Racehorses use the gallop or run gait. D. Other gaits Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, p Pace is a two-beat, lateral gait used for speed with the fore and hind legs on the same side moving together. The gait has a rolling motion. 2. Slow gait or stepping pace is a show gait that uses a lateral, four beat gait where the front foot on the right is followed by the hind foot on the right. Winter Equine Science II

26 3. Rack (sometimes called the single foot) is an even, fast four-beat lateral gait that hard on the equine s forelegs due to increased amount of concussion from the excessive leg movement. Rack is easy on the rider. 4. Running walk is the fast walk of a Tennessee walking horse where the horse travels with a gliding motion as a result of extending its hind leg forward to overstep the forefoot print. 5. Back is actually trotting in reverse. E. Gait defects may interfere or Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, cause injury to the equine pp Forging is the striking of the toe of hind foot against the sole of the forefoot. 2. Interfering is when the foot of the striding leg strikes the supporting leg and usually occurs between the supporting front leg and a striding front leg or between a supporting hind leg and a striding hind leg. 3. Paddling or winging outward occurs when front feet move forward in wide outward arcs. Paddling is common with narrow or pigeon-toed standing equine and almost always causes interference. 4. Winding is twisting the front leg around in front of the supporting leg as each stride is taken and is common with wide-chested horses. 5. Other gait defects include scalping, speedy-cutting, cross-firing, pointing, dwelling, trappy, pounding, and rolling. F. Center of gravity, conformation, and gaits Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp Most commonly located in the middle of the rib cage just caudal to the line separating the cranial and middle thirds of the body. 2. Because the center of gravity is located more cranially, the forelimbs bear 60 to 65 percent of the equine s weight resulting in more stress and lameness in the forelimbs/ 3. Conformation for structure of the horse can be generalized to say that basically an equine that stands straight is likely to move straight and true. Winter Equine Science II

27 COURSE: UNIT D: EQUINE SCIENCE II SELECTING EQUINE FOR THE HERD COMPETENCY: EQ08.00 Discuss the usefulness, vigor, and longevity expectancy for equine. OBJECTIVE: EQ08.01 Describe factors that influence usefulness, vigor, and longevity of equine. A. The importance of age Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp Instructional Materials Service, Module 8892-A, The productive life or period of an equine s usefulness is comparatively brief. a. Equine reach their physical peak between 9 and 10 years of age, with the prime age being between 7 and 9 years. a. Market value for similar conditioned and trained animals increases up to the peak and decreases after the peak. b. The chance of unsoundness goes up with age. c. Buyers must decide if a top-quality older horse can be purchased for the same or less than a younger equine of lesser quality. 2. Age is also important when equine are used for competitive events such as racing and showing. January 1 st is considered the universal birth date for foals. a. Affects the class horses are shown or raced in and is especially important in the younger age groups such as the racing and halter futurities. b. A foal born on May 30, 2003 is considered a year old for racing/showing on January 1, 2004 and would lack the growth advantage of a foal born closer to January 1. B. The importance of height Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, p Height can influence usefulness and price. Ponies are usually cheaper because their use is limited. 2. Equine height is measured in hands with 1 hand = 4". The measurement is made on level ground and is made from the ground to the highest point of the withers. A pony that measures 10 hands is 40" tall. Winter Equine Science II

28 C. The importance of weight Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp Weight depends on breed, type, and age of equine and is often missed when evaluating equine. a. Weight is most often underestimated when visual guesses are made. b. The best method to determine equine weight is to too weigh the trailer and equine on a truck scale and then weigh the trailer empty. c. Weight tapes are available for rough estimates. d. A more accurate estimate of weight can be accomplished by measuring the equine s body length, heart girth, and using a formula to calculate weight. 1. Avoid using noisy tapes or cloth tapes that may stretch. 2. A cord or string that has no stretch may be used, marked, and then measured in the place of using a measuring tape on the equine. 2. Knowing an equine s weight is important for several management decisions, such as: a. Amount of feed needed b. Breeding efficiency c. Potential health problems d. Medical treatment Winter Equine Science II

29 COURSE: UNIT D: EQUINE SCIENCE II SELECTING EQUINE FOR THE HERD COMPETENCY: EQ08.00 Discuss the usefulness, vigor, and longevity expectancy for equine. OBJECTIVE: EQ08.02 Explain how structure and body dimensions influence usefulness. A. Stance indicates structure and how an animal Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, will move; therefore, view equine from at pp least three positions. 1. Front view of the forelimbs a. A vertical line drawn downward from the point of the shoulder should fall on the center of the knee, cannon, pastern, foot. b View from the side a. When the hind legs are set properly, a vertical line drawn from the point of buttock should just touch the rear of the cannon from the hock to fetlock and meet the ground behind heel Winter Equine Science II

30 b. When the forelimbs are in the correct position, a vertical line drawn downward from the center of the elbow point should fall upon the center of the knee and pastern, and back of the foot View from the back a. When conformation of the hind legs is correct, a vertical line can be drawn from the point of the buttock through the center of the hock, cannon, pastern and foot. b. B. Body dimensions and performance Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp Shoulders should be long and sloping so that they extend the stride in running, absorb shock, and reduce stumbling. 2. Short backs and long underlines contribute to style and action and increase the height and length of stride. In addition, short backs are stronger. 3. Long, smooth muscling in the hindquarter is of particular importance since all the power used in motion comes from the hindquarter. Winter Equine Science II

31 COURSE: UNIT D: EQUINE SCIENCE II SELECTING EQUINE FOR THE HERD COMPETENCY: EQ09.00 Determine the usefulness, vigor, and longevity expectancy for equine. OBJECTIVE: EQ09.01 Tell how to determine the age and weight of equine. A. Determining age - Never look Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp a gift horse in the mouth. Instructional Materials Service, Module 8892-A, Age affects usefulness and value of an equine. Type, number, and appearance of incisor teeth help one determine the correct age. a. Equine which are 5 years of age or less will have some combination ranging from all milk teeth (first temporary teeth developed) to all permanent incisors. b. Noting the number of cups (or indentations) in the permanent incisor teeth for equine between 6 and 12 years of age. c. Examining the cross section and slant of the incisor teeth for equine over 12 years of age. 2. How to know the difference a. Temporary teeth are small, white, oval shaped and wider from side to side than from front to rear; whereas, permanent teeth are yellow in color, larger than temporary teeth and have a general round surface. b. Molars are the teeth used for grinding on each side of the mouth; incisors are the front teeth used for cutting. c. There are three sets of incisors called the central, intermediate and corner incisors (6 upper and 6 lower). d. Incisors have a cup on indentation in the center of the tooth that wears down with age and disappears. 3. The numbers make the difference. a. Immature horses have a total of 24 temporary teeth. b. Mature mares have a total of permanent teeth; stallions and geldings have permanent teeth. Winter Equine Science II

32 4. Examples: Age of Horse Characteristics of teeth 1 year old All temporary incisors present, but cups (indentations) are gone from central incisors. 2 years old All temporary incisors present, but all cups are gone. 3 years old Temporary central incisors are replaced with permanent central incisors. 4 years old Temporary intermediate incisors are replaced with permanent intermediate incisors. 5 years old All temporary incisors are replaced with permanent incisors. 6 years old Cups (indentations) are gone from lower central incisors. 7 years old Cups (indentations) are gone from lower intermediate incisors. 8 years old Cups are gone from lower corner incisors. 9 years old Cups are gone from upper central incisor. 10 years old Cups are gone from upper intermediate incisors. 11 years old Cups are gone from all incisors. The horse is smooth mouthed. B. Determining approximate weight Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, p Measure and record in inches the heart girth just behind the elbow after making sure the equine exhales prior to taking the reading. 2. Measure and record in inches the body length in a straight line from the point of the shoulder to the point of the buttocks. 3. Body Weight = heart girth x heart girth x body length 330 EXAMPLE: For an equine measuring 70 inches at the heart girth and 62 inches in length: Body Weight = 70 x 70 x 62 = 921 pounds Formula for body weight of light horse foals from 1 to 6 weeks of age Body Weight = heart girth in inches Winter Equine Science II

33 COURSE: UNIT D: EQUINE SCIENCE II SELECTING EQUINE FOR THE HERD COMPETENCY: EQ09.00 Determine the usefulness, vigor, and longevity expectancy for equine. OBJECTIVE: EQ09.02 Determine the age and weight of equine. Use the material covered in EQ09.01 to calculate the age and weight of a live equine. Charts base on heart girth alone are also available. Winter Equine Science II

34 COURSE: UNIT E: EQUINE SCIENCE II NUTRITION AND FEEDING MANAGEMENT COMPETENCY: EQ10.00 Interpret the nutritional requirements of equine. OBJECTIVE: EQ10.01 Identify the major nutrient requirements of equine. A. Five nutrients needed for normal body Horse Industry Handbook, Module 790, functioning American Youth Horse Council, Lexington, Kentucky, pp Instructional Materials Service, Module 8895-C, Interview: Dr. Robert A. Mowrey, Coordinator Extension Horse Husbandry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Energy is supplied by carbohydrates and fats in units called calories. A Kilocalorie (Kcal) is 1,000 calories and a mega calorie (Mcal) is 1,000 kilocalories. a. Feed manufacturers formulate rations based on digestible energy (DE). Digestible energy is the gross energy of the feed minus the energy lost in the feces. b. Net energy (NE) refers to the actual energy used by the horse for production and maintenance. 2. Protein is 80 percent of the animal s structure on a fat-free, moisture free basis. a. Amino acids, the building blocks of protein, are the major components of muscle, enzymes and many hormones. b. The quality and digestibility of the protein, along with the needs of the animal, affects the dietary protein requirement of the equine. 3. Minerals are important for development and maintenance of a strong skeletal system. Also, they needed by equine because they are important parts of hormones, amino acids and used in the regulation of body functions. a. Many minerals are obtained from roughage (pasture and hay) and grain. b. Calcium/phosphorus intake and ratio are important because if phosphorus intake exceeds calcium intake, calcium may not be absorbed even though the feedstuff meets the calcium requirement. 1) Calcium and phosphorus are important for bone structure and many energy transfer reactions. 2) Sodium and chloride in salt play many roles including the maintenance of fluid balance, acid-base balance, normal flow of nerve impulses and muscular movements. Winter Equine Science II

35 4. Vitamins are needed by horses in exceedingly small amounts as catalysts for many transformations and reactions in the body tissues as part of the enzyme complex. a. Fat-soluble vitamins include vitamin A, D, E and K. These vitamins are stored by the body in fat cells and the liver. Vitamins A and E are the only fat-soluble vitamins that may need to be added to the diet as a supplement. b. Water soluble vitamins include B. complex (10 vitamins) and vitamin C. Watersoluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body so they must be ingested and synthesized daily. c. Water soluble vitamins and vitamin K are synthesized by cecal microbes. 5. Water is required by horses to regulate body temperature and to assist in softening feedstuff for ingestion. a. Under normal environmental conditions a horse needs gallons of fresh drinking water daily (1 gallon/100 lbs. of body weight). b. Restricted water intake can result in reduced feed intake. Winter Equine Science II

36 COURSE: UNIT E: EQUINE SCIENCE II NUTRITION AND FEEDING MANAGEMENT COMPETENCY: EQ10.00 Interpret the nutritional requirements of equine. OBJECTIVE: EQ10.02 Discuss the factors that regulate nutrient requirements. A. Five major factors that regulate nutrient Instructional Materials Service, Requirements Module 8895-C, Maintenance refers to the nutrient intake required to maintain a constant body weight during normal activities of a non-working horse. a. Generally, digestible protein and energy requirements for maintenance increase as the horse s weight increases. b. However, horses larger than 1,300 pounds require less energy for maintenance because they are usually less active. 2. The growth of the horse has a major impact on the nutrient requirement. a. Protein and energy intakes are the major nutrient factors influencing the growth of young horses. b. A young horse needs more protein and energy for their active growth and restricted intake of protein and energy will restrict the growth rate. 3. Reproduction factors that regulate the nutrient requirements of a horse include breeding and gestation. a. At breeding, nutrient requirements vary. 1. Mares gaining weight at the time of breeding are twice as likely to conceive as thin mares maintaining weight; hence, the energy intake may need to be 10-15% above normal. 2. Protein requirements at breeding are similar to the protein requirement for maintenance. Winter Equine Science II

37 b. During gestation, energy and protein requirements increase dramatically during the last three months of pregnancy % of fetal development occurs in the last trimester. 4. Lactation is another major factor that affects nutrient requirements. The level of milk production depends on energy and protein intake. 5. Working horses require more energy and protein than required for maintenance. a. The amount of increased energy and protein intake varies with work conditions. b. Increasing the maintenance requirement for energy by 10 percent for each hour of fieldwork is a reasonable guide. B. Other factors affecting nutrient requirements Instructional Materials Service, Module 8895-C, Individuality of the horse (Body composition, metabolism, temperament, etc. 2. Environmental factors (temperature, humidity, parasite control, etc.) 3. Weight and ability of the rider. Winter Equine Science II

38 COURSE: UNIT E: EQUINE SCIENCE II NUTRITION AND FEEDING MANAGEMENT COMPETENCY: EQ11.00 Characterize the classes of feeds for equine. OBJECTIVE: EQ11.01 Describe the use of forages in the equine diet. A. Major parts Instructional Materials Service, Module 8895-B, Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp Interview: Dr. Robert A. Mowrey, Coordinator Extension Horse Husbandry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Forage (roughage), concentrates and supplements are the three major feed categories fed to equine. 2. Most equine receive their daily ration as forage and concentrates. B. Forage (Roughage) Instructional Materials Service, Module 8895-B, Equine Science, 2 nd Edition, pp Interview: Dr. Robert A. Mowrey, Coordinator Extension Horse Husbandry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Forage is high in fiber, but relatively low in energy. 2. Adequate forage in the ration may be helpful for several reasons. Forage may: a. Decrease the risk of colic and laminitis, b. Help keep calcium levels higher than phosphorus, c. Discourage vices such as wood chewing because forage occupies the equine for longer periods of time than grain. 3. The most common forages used for equine include hay and pasture. Winter Equine Science II