APPENDIX III JOURNALS FROM LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

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1 APUSH Manifest Destiny Name: Objective: Students will read and evaluate two separate journals in order to look into the realities of Manifest Destiny Directions: Read and complete Inner Voice notes (left side) on the following journals of Americans who traveled west during the 1840s. After each journal write a summary of what you learned. Come prepared to discuss the following questions in class on Monday, November 18 th : 1. Were Native Americans the settlers biggest obstacles when reaching the West? Why or why not? 2. How large of role, if any, was trading when moving West? 3. What were three notable differences between the journal entries? 4. List three reasons that trade was positive for American settlers. 5. In your opinion, did the authors come from multiple classes in society? Does a person s class influence their occupation in the West? Inner Voice Notes Journal APPENDIX III JOURNALS FROM LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Churchill, Stillman Diary, 1849 (vol 1) March 27, 1849 Journal of Incidents and Travels to California Left Lowell at 8. A M. arrived at Lynn A M. The Sagamore Comp were invited to partake of a Collation at 1.P.M. a free gift by the Ladies. In the Evening we had a special gathering with the Ladies spiced with dancing {illegible} at Sagamore Hall ; lodged at Lynn Hotell, weather cold and rainy May 5, 1849 Rainy this morning, it also continued to rain without cessation through the day. owing to which the company to procede on their journey, and remained in Camp inactive May 9, 1849 Weather fine; we awoke at the dawn of day, eate our breakfast and again resumed our journey, we mooved on 21 2 miles when our Mules became unmanagible and so entangled that we were obliged to unharness them all and tie them to trees. after getting them all

2 harnesed again but one and while engaged trying to unhitch the last he pitched at us with such fury, that instead of ^{begin inserted text}striking us{end inserted text} he struck on his head and instantly broke his neeck; we were then compelled to harnes one of the spare mules when we again resumed our journey, traveled 41 2 miles further and camped near a small strean on the Prairie distance of travel this day 12 miles May 16, 1849 Fair to day; the road to day very rough, about 11. o clock we came to a large creek which took us several hours to cross. here the company were obliged to lower the waggons down the first bank, and on the oposite shore we had 45 men engaged in hawling each team and waggon up the bank, we mooved on 2 miles farther and camped May 23, 1849 Weather rany accompanied with the most terific lightning and heavyest thunder I ever witnessed clear again at 10, oclock left camp at 1 P M roads slippery June 3, 1849 Weather fair the company are engaged to day in repairing their wagons overhauling and equalizeing the loads acording to the strenght of the mules as some of them have nearly exhausted their s strength some of the Co b{begin inserted text}e{end inserted text}longing to the Wolvarine Rangers visited us to day were all well except a few cases of Cholera in its most soothing f forms no traveling to day 32 June current with some cat fish in it; two companies are camped here they intend uniting for the safety of each other as there is a report in circulation that the Indians are very troublesome in this vicinity; Dr. Page, and Mr Wilkins went a fishing and caught 3 beautiful cat fish, which made us all an exelant supper, traveled about 11en miles and camped on the blue ; roads good distance 20. miles to day 34 June that 300 pawnees had been hovering around or near the Fort and yesterday he passed them on the road and advised us to wear our side arms they were at war and waiting for a tribe of Chienns & were well armed but we did not see them his es escort consisted of 8 men bound

3 for Fort Leavenworth we traveled to day in company with some western men the Maj a{begin inserted text}d{end inserted text}vised us not to admit any indians near our camp nor allow any on e but the captain to cu communicate with them the pawnees had robed 2 emigrant wagons & to day several companies of dragoons are in pursuit of them the road to day has been very good we reached the Platte at 61 2 P M soon after we picketed out our mules there came up a terrible thunder storm which continued,til morning the bo bottom is very large and beautiful & covered with grass distance 27 miles to day June we thought best to camp for the night on the river ; grass good; the masquitoes were very thick and troublesom as they make considerable of an inscision with their proboscis causeing some itching and considerable pain distance 18 miles Summary:

4 Rufus Sage wandered in the Rocky Mountains from 1841 to He travelled extensively in the major fur trapping regions, and associated with trappers, traders, indians, hunters, and soldiers. He published his journal of his travels in Unlike many contemporary journalists, Sage provided detailed descriptions of the everyday activities of the "mountaineers". Inner Voice Rocky Mountain Life by Rufus B. Sage Chapter XXII IN preceding remarks relative to regions coming under present observation, I have confined myself to generalities, for the reason, that less interest is felt by the American public, in a minute description of the rivers, mountains, valleys, etc., so far within the limits of Mexico, than in one connected with U. S. Territories; consequently the reader must rest contented with greater conciseness in subsequent pages, until he is again introduced to the interesting localities of his own country. Roubideau's Fort is situated on the right bank of the Uintah, in lat ' 45" north, long " west. The trade of this post is conducted principally with the trapping parties frequenting the Big Bear, Green, Grand, and the Colorado rivers, with their numerous tributaries, in search of fur-bearing game. A small business is also carried on with the Snake and Utah Indians, living in the neighborhood of this establishment. The common articles of dealing are horses, with beaver, otter, deer, sheep, and elk skins, in barter for ammunition, fire-arms, knives, tobacco, beads, awls, &c. The Utahs and Snakes afford some of the largest and best finished sheep and deer skins I ever beheld a single skin sometimes being amply sufficient for common sized pantaloons. These skins are dressed so neatly as frequently to attain a snowy whiteness, and possess the softness of velvet. They may be purchased for the trifling consideration of eight or ten charges of ammunition each, or two or three awls, or any other thing of proportional value. Skins are very abundant in these parts, as the natives, owing to the scarcity of buffalo, subsist entirely upon small game, which is found in immense quantities. This trade is quite profitable. The articles procured so cheaply, when taken to Santa Fe and the neighboring towns, find a ready cash market at prices ranging from one to two dollars each. The Snakes, or Shoshones, live in the eastern part of Oregon and in Upper California, upon the waters of the Great Snake and Bear rivers, and the two streams which unite to form the Colorado. They are friendly to the whites, and less disposed to appropriate to

5 their own use everything they can lay hands on, than some other tribes. They seldom go to war, though by no means deficient in bravery, frequently resisting with signal success the hostile encroachments of the Sioux and Chyennes. Rich in horses and game, they likewise include within their territory many interesting and beautiful localities, as well as some extraordinary natural curiosities. One division of this tribe is identified with the Diggers in habits and mode of living, the same causes operating in each case to produce the same results. Another division is identified with the Crows, and yet a third one with the Utahs, numbering in all not far from twelve thousand. Being less migratory in their habits, and more tractable in their disposition than those of their eastern brethren demontés, they are far more susceptible of civilization and improvement; though, as yet, nothing has been done for their benefit. The missionary might here find an encouraging field for his philanthropic exertions. With the passage of the mountain chain, noticed in the preceding chapter, the reader is inducted to the northeastern extremity of California. My intention of visiting the interior of this interesting province of the Mexican Republic was frustrated through the lack of a convenient opportunity for its prosecution; but, as the public mind, during the past few years, has been so much occupied with subjects connected with this country, I am unwilling to pass on without presenting a brief description of it, obtained from sources upon which full reliance may be placed. Summary: