Care of game species. Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.

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1 Care of game species Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a Státním rozpočtem ČR InoBio CZ.1.07/2.2.00/

2 Care: -Regulation of the game stock and structure of their population -Care of environment -Additional feeding -Protection of game

3 Numbers of large game species have been increasing in the last 40 years. Numbers of small game species have been decreasing in the last 30 years. Two main problems of game management are damages caused by large game and low desity of small game. Protection against game damages is limited and does not solve protection of natural forest regeneration which is important for ecosystems.

4 Comprehensive care of game is foccused on: Winter food supply Protection against stress Food supply in autumn - Potrava na podzim kondice do zimy Food conditions of game are improved by care of natural food sources, by additional feeding and also by reduction of game numbers.

5 Density of game must respect the carrying capacity of environment. This the most important part of game management and low the intraspecific competition against food. Quality of game management is not determined by high density of animals but by their conditions. In the Central Europe is hunting the only one important methods for game control. Planning of hunting bag is in the Czech republic based on estimation game numbers, but should respect also damages on vegetation.

6 Ungulates = ruminants= importance of rumen microecosystem -There are differences in: - species - seasons

7

8 Ciliates and bacteria in rumen -Stable temperature and moisture -Stable diet composition and stable feeding behaviour Every change in the diet cause deffect in digestion.

9

10 Browsers: -preference of quality of diet -consume smaller spectrum of plants -do not consume grasses Other types: -important is quantity -can change diet

11 Forest on border Natural pastures Forest in stones Forest connected to pasture Pasture on the slopes Main pasture

12

13 kamzík 2 kamzík 1 jelen 2 jelen 1 srnec koza ovce osel skot Diet composition objem hlavních složek (%) okus ostatní obilky kaprad. dvouděl. traviny domestic wild

14 Diet composition in the vegetation period 100 % objemu ostatní kapradiny byliny jehličí borůvka list. dřeviny maliník traviny 0 CE Praděd CE Besk CC Besk CC Drah OM Drah OM Palava Some species eat grasess = save trees and shrubs

15 Winter diet important for dameges on forests Diet of roe and red deer in Brdy hills semena 60 jiné byliny 40 jehličí okus 20 0 CC pros CC leden CC březen Ce pros CE leden CE březen tráva In winter are smaller differences between specialists. traviny letorosty jehličnany byliny semena jiné traviny letorosty jehličnany byliny semena jiné daněk jelenec jelen srnec zajíc 0 daněk jelenec jelen srnec zajíc summer winter

16 Trees and shrubs in the herbivore diet in Drahanská vrchovina highlands portion of woody plants in diet (%) Apr.- May cc ce om June- July Aug.- Sep. Oct.- Nov. Dec.- Jan. Feb.- Mar.

17 Average volume of browse in herbivore diet muflon kamzík srnec sika daněk jelenec jelen los Species which eat grasses are able to save browse, but there should be enough possibilities to graze (pastures and protection agains stres.

18 Differences between summer and winter ruminants change their feeding ecology.

19 Changes in winter help saving energy and are caused by: -Changes in food supply (quality of consumed diet) -Climate -Adaptations

20 Changes in winter: -reduction of the volume of digestive tract by 20-35% -Reduction of rume papilae -Changes in rumen microorganism -Reduction of intensity of metabolism -Reduction of moving

21 Rumen papilae of red deer in differen seasons

22 Additional feeding should respect: 1. natural changes of ruminants 2. Specific requirements of ruminants -Autumn period intensive feeding -Changing period -Winter period from january

23

24 population Feeding cause increase of deer numbers Natural population Feed population XI XII I II

25 There are differences in feeding roe deer and other ruminant species

26 Problém hromad

27 Feeding of wild boar - Non ruminants - Problem with high numbers - Food supply is greatly changing between years and seasons - Food can help hunters shoot

28 Care of natural food in game environment

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