Biomechanics. of Human Motion. Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York

Transcription

1 Biomechanics of Human Motion Applications in the Martial Arts Emericflrus,PhD. Lester Ingber. PhD.. ScienNfic CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an inform a business

2 Contents Foreword, xxiii Preface, xxv Acknowledgments, xxix Author, xxxi Symbols, xxxiii PART I The Anatomical Foundations of Biomechanics CHAPTER 1 Introduction WHAT IS BIOMECHANICS? IMPORTANCE OF BIOMECHANICS BIOMECHANICS AND ITS DIVISION Statics Dynamics 5 CHAPTER 2 The Anatomy of Human Motion BONES (OSTEOLOGY) Types of Bones Composition and Structure of Bones Growth of Bones Bone Characteristics JOINTS (ARTHROLOGY) Terminology of Joint Movements 11

3 x Contents 2.3 MUSCLES (MYOLOGY) Muscle Types Smooth Muscle Striated Muscle (Skeletal Muscle) 13 T i l i Cnrilinr Musrlp Composition and Shapes of Striated Muscle Muscle Attachments Muscle Insertions and Levers Basic Structure of Striated Muscle Muscle Fiber Function Other Roles Spurt and Shunt Muscles Movement Types 18 CHAPTER 3 Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics THE HEAD THE NECK Lateral Region of Neck Muscles Median Region of Neck Muscles THE SHOULDER COMPLEX THE MUSCLES OF THE ARM THE ELBOW AND THE RADIOULNAR COMPLEX THE WRIST AND THE HAND UNIT THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND ITS REGION Structure and Function Articulations of the Vertebrae Muscles Operating the Vertebral Column (Dorsal Part) Muscles of the Back THE THORACIC REGION Upper Thoracic Region The Axillary Region Fasciae of the Antero-Lateral Region of the Thorax 50

4 Contents xi Muscles of the Thorax Lower Thoracic Region (Muscles of the Abdomen) THE HIP GIRDLE Muscles of the Pelvis Anterior Muscles of the Pelvis Posterior Muscles of the Pelvis Muscles of the Pelvis and Their Role THE THIGH Ventral Muscles of the Thigh (Extensors) Observation about Quadriceps Femoris Muscles of the Medial Region of the Thigh (Adductors) Muscles of the Dorsal Region of the Thigh (Flexors) THE KNEE AND THE LEG Dor sal Ligaments Biomechanics of the Knee THE LEG Ventral Muscles (Extensors) Lateral Muscles Dorsal Muscles (Flexors) Superficial Layers Deep Layers TheNecessaryMusclesfor the Movement of the Leg THE ANKLE AND THE FOOT First Layer (Plantar) Second Layer (Plantar) Third Layer (Plantar) Fourth Layer (Plantar) Dorsal Region The Plantar and the Transverse Arch of the Foot The Movements of the Foot Summary 82

5 xii Contents PART II The Biomechanical and Physiological Foundations of Human Motion CHAPTER 4 The Concept of Muscular Mechanics LEVER SYSTEMS, CENTER OF GRAVITY (CoG), CENTER OF MASS (CoM), BASE OF SUPPORT (BoS) Lever Systems Center of Gravity and Center of Mass Base of Support KINEMATIC CHAIN STATIC ACTIVITY DYNAMIC ACTIVITY AND NEWTON'S LAW Important Governing Factors 95 CHAPTER 5 Movement Control (Muscular Physiology) MUSCULAR CONTROL Mechanics of Contraction (Sliding Filament Theory) Action Potential Excitation of Muscle Contraction Contributory Factors in Muscle Contraction NEUROLOGICAL CONTROL Neuron Classification of Neurons by Function Cell and Its Function Transmission of Nerve Impulses Generation of Action Potential Muscle Innervations SUMMARY 106 PART III The Fundamentals of Biomechanics CHAPTER 6 Kinematics in Linear Motion DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT SPEED AND VELOCITY ACCELERATION 113

6 Contents xiii 6.4 MOTION WITH CONSTANT ACCELERATION SCALARS AND VECTORS MEASUREMENT OF THE VECTORS METHODS OF SOLVING VECTOR COMPONENTS TRIGONOMETRY BASICS STUDY QUESTIONS 125 CHAPTER 7 Kinematics in Angular Motion DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT CIRCLES, QUADRANTS, AND THEIR ANGLES SPEED, VELOCITY, AND ACCELERATION STUDY QUESTIONS CHAPTER 8 Kinetics in Linear Motion 8.1 INERTIA, MASS, WEIGHT, AND FORCE 8.2 FORCES Force of Gravity Specification of Forces Calculation of Different Forces 8.3 FRICTION 8.4 MOMENTUM 8.5 IMPULSIVE FORCES, COLLISIONS (IMPACT) 8.6 ENERGY, WORK, AND POWER Energy Work Concept of Work Related to Force Power and Strength 8.7 MUSCLE POWER 8.8 STUDY QUESTIONS CHAPTER 9 Kinetics in Angular Motion FORCES Couple and Eccentric Force Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces 161

7 xiv Contents 9.2 CENTER OF MASS EQUILIBRIUM TORQUE AND LEVER MOMENT OF INERTIA PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM ANGULAR MOMENTUM ANGULAR MOMENTUM, MOMENT OF INERTIA, IMPULSE, ENERGY, AND POWER RELATIONSHIP STUDY QUESTIONS SUMMARY 177 PART IV Martial Arts Biomechanics CHAPTER 10 The Biomechanics of Throwing Arts JUDO: THROWING TECHNIQUES (NACE-WAZA) Anatomophysiological Considerations Objectives Classification of Throwing Techniques Biomechanical Principles in Judo Judo Throwing Techniques Executions Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques Break-Fall (Ukemi) Observation of Physical Properties of the Break-Fall Off-Balancing (Kuzushi) Positioning (Tsukuri) Arm Wheel (Te-guruma) Execution of the Throw (Kake) Observation of Physical Properties of the Te-guruma Technique Springing Hip (Hane-goshi) Off-Balancing (Kuzushi) Positioning (Tsukuri) 198

8 Contents xv Execution of the Throw (Kake) Observation of Physical Properties of the Hane-Goshi Technique Lift-Pull Foot Sweep (Harai-tsuri-komi-ashi) Off-Balancing (Kuzushi) Execution of the Throw (Kake) Observation of Physical Properties of the Harai-tsuri-komi-ashi Technique Conclusion about the Judo Throwing Techniques (Nage-waza) JUJUTSU AND SAMBO: THROWING (NAGE) AND TAKE-DOWN TECHNIQUES (HIKI-OTOSHI-WAZA) Similarities and Differences between Judo, Jujutsu, and Sambo Objectives Biomechanical Principles in Jujutsu and Sambo Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques Take-Down Arm Bar (Ude-gatame) as Arrest Technique Observation of Physical Properties of the Arm Bar Technique Leg Locks (Ashi-garami) as Arrest Technique Observation of Physical Properties of the Leg Locks Technique Defense against Grabbing Observation of Physical Properties of the Defense against Grabbing AMATEUR WRESTLING: TAKE-DOWN AND THROWING TECHNIQUES Historical Background Similarities and Differences between Judo, Jujutsu, Sambo, and Amateur Wrestling Objectives Biomechanical Principles in Amateur Wrestling 226

9 Contents Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques Take-Down Techniques and Equilibrium First Take-Down Technique (Arm Pull, Head Wrap with Knee Drop) Second Take-Down Technique, Grabbing (Body Scoop and Drop) Third Take-Down Technique (Fireman's Carry) Fourth Take-Down Technique (Variation of the Fireman's Carry) Fifth Take-Down Technique (Outside Leg Hook with Bear Hug) Conclusion about Wrestling Take-Down Techniques GROUND TECHNIQUES (NE-WAZA): JUDO Anatomophysiological Considerations Objectives Biomechanical Principles in Judo Ground Fighting Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques Scarf Hold (Kesa-gatame) Half-Cross Strangle (Kata-juji-jime) Entangled Arm-Lock (Ude-garami) Arm Bar (Ude-gatame) GROUND TECHNIQUES (NE-WAZA): JUJUTSU AND SAMBO Anatomophysiological Considerations Objectives Biomechanical Principles in Ground Fighting of Jujutsu and Sambo Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques Leg-Entanglement (Ashi-garami) Nr.l Leg-Entanglement (Ashi-garami) Nr Rolling Strangulation (Kaiten-jime) 263

10 Contents xvii Attack with "Arm Wheel" (Te-guruma) and Immobilization with "Ankle Key" (Ashi-kubi-garami) GROUND TECHNIQUES: WRESTLING Anatomophysiological Considerations Objectives Biomechanical Principles in Ground Fighting of Wrestling Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques Greco-Roman Nr.l Technique (Half Nelson with Body Rolling) Free Style Nr.2 Technique (Half Nelson with Leg Grabbing) Free Style Nr.3 Technique (Half Nelson with Arm Pulling) AIKIDO AND AIKIJUJUTSU: THROWING AND IMMOBILIZATION TECHNIQUES Classification of the Aikido Techniques Anatomophysiological Considerations Objectives Biomechanical Principles in Aikido and Aikijujutsu Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques Throwing Techniques (Nage-waza) Entering Throw (Irimi-nage: Tenkan) or Negative Motion Wrist Out-Turn Throw (Kote-gaeshi) Rotary Throw (Kaiten-nage) Four-Side Throw (Shiho-nage) AIKIDO IMMOBILIZATION TECHNIQUES (KATAME WAZA) Arm Grabbing Liberation (Kokyu-ryoku) Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques Arm Pin (Ude-osae) or Ikkyo 298

11 xviii Contents Wrist In-Turn (Kote-mawashi) or Nikyo Wrist Twist (Kote-hineri) or Sankyo Wrist Pin (Tekubi-osae) or Yonkyo 305 CHAPTER 11 The Biomechanics of Striking, Kicking Arts KARATE General Description Anatomophysiological Considerations Objectives Biomechanical and Technicotactical Principles in Karate General Principles Hand-Arm Techniques (Те- Ude-waza) Punching Techniques (Tsuki-waza) Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques Reverse Punch (Gyaku-zuki) Lunge Pushing Punch (Jun-zuki No Tsukkomi) Reverse Pushing Punch (Gyaku-zuki No Tsukkomi) Lunge or Stepping Punch (Jun-zuki or Oi-zuki) Striking Techniques (Uchi-waza) Ridge Hand Strike (Haito-uchi) Hand and Arm Blocking Techniques (Te-Ude-Uke-waza) Technical and General Characteristics Biomechanical Characteristics Rising Block (Jodan-age-uke) Downward Block (Gedan-uke) Downward Sweeping Block (Gedan-barai) Leg Techniques (Ashi-waza), Kicking Techniques (Keri-waza) 328

12 Contents xix General and Technical Characteristics Front Thrust Kick (Mae-geri-kekomi) Back Roundhouse Kick (Ushiromawashi-geri) Leg Sweeping Techniques (Ashi-harai-waza) Attacking the Front Leg (from Inside) (Ko-uchi-harai) Using the Front or Rear Leg for Sweeping Attacking the Front Leg from Outside (De-ashi-harai) Examples of Different Leverage for Attacking the Front Leg (from Outside) (De-ashi-harai) Using the Attacker's (Tori) Front Leg Sweeping in Defense (Tempo Sweeping) Conclusion about Karate Techniques BOXING Anatomophysiological Considerations Objectives Biomechanical and Technicotactical Principles in Boxing Styles and Techniques of Boxing Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques Jab Observation of Physical Properties Cross (Reverse Punch) Observation of Physical Properties Hook Observation of Physical Properties Uppercut Observation of Physical Properties Biomechanical and Physiological Analysis of the Punching Technique Executed with the Boxing Glove and Bare Fist 360

13 xx Contents CHAPTER 12 The Defense and Attack on Vital Points (Kyusho): Finger(s) Manipulation BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNIQUES Defense against Two Hands Grabbing Observation of Physical Properties Defense against One Arm, Front Collar Grabbing Observation of Physical Properties Defense against Double Collar Grabbing Observation of Physical Properties Defense against Rear Choking Observation of Physical Properties 376 CHAPTER 13 The Biomechanics of the Sword Art MODERN (OLYMPIC) FENCING Anatomophysiological Considerations Objectives Biomechanical and Technicotactical Principles in Fencing Biomechanical Analysis of Techniques Weapons, Target of the Body, Weapon Positions, and Foot Movements (Distancing) Biomechanical Analysis of the Attack and Defensive Techniques Attack and Defensive Techniques in Foil and Epee: Biomechanical Characteristics Particularities of Foil Fencing Nr.l. Engagement, Attack, Parry, and Riposte Nr.2. Engagement, Parry, and Coupe Riposte with Lunge Nr.3. Engagement, Parry, and Riposte with Disengagement and Sliding Nr.4. Engagement, Quarte Beat Attack, Prime Parry, and Riposte 401

14 Contents xxi Particularities ofepee Fencing Nr.l. Attack Direct on the Arm Nr.2. Attack Direct on the Knee Attack and Defensive Techniques in Saber: Biomechanical Characteristics Particularities of Saber Fencing Nr.l. Quarte Beat and Head Cut Nr.2. Back Edge Beat and Inside Cheek (Face) Cut Nr.3. Attack Direct Head Cut, Flying Parry, and Riposte Nr.4. Quarte Beat-Arm Cut Nr.5. Head Feint-Flank Cut Nr.6. Direct Attack with Coupe Cut (Touch) BIOMECHANICS OF THE KNIFE (TANTO) DEFENSE Nr.l. Attack Direct into the Defender's Abdomen and Its Defense Observation of Physical Properties Nr.2. Attack the Abdomen, Then the Neck or Face and Its Defense Observation of Physical Properties Nr.3. Arrest Technique with Stabbing and Its Defense Observation of Physical Properties Nr.4. Slashing and Stabbing Attack, Defense with Side Kick Observation of Physical Properties Summary 431 APPENDIX A, 433 A.1 MUSCULO-SKELETAL FIGURE REPRESENTING THE MOST IMPORTANT VITAL POINTS: FRONT PART OF THE BODY 433 A.2 BACK PART OF THE BODY 437

15 xxii Contents APPENDIX B, 441 B.1 KINEMATIC (MUSCULAR) CHAINS OF DIFFERENT TECHNICAL EXECUTIONS 441 APPENDIX C, 445 C.1 ESTABLISHING THE CENTER OF MASSES (CoM) OF TWO KARATEKA BEING IN THE POSITION OF SEMI-PERMANENT OR PERMANENT/CONTACT LINK, DESCRIBED IN THE SUMMARY OF PART IV 445 C C APPENDIX D, 451 D.1 STANDARD INTERNATIONAL (SI) UNITS, SYMBOLS, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND QUANTITIES 451 ANSWERS TO STUDY QUESTIONS, 453 CHAPTER CHAPTER GLOSSARY, 457 BIBLIOGRAPHY, 485 CONCLUSION, 489 ADDENDUM, 491 INDEX, 501