Timely Information Agriculture & Natural Resources
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1 PLANT PATHOLOGY SERIES Timely Information Agriculture & Natural Resources December 5, 2006 PP-617 Resistance of Field (Dent) s to the Southern (Cotton) Root Knot and Reniform Nematode Kathy S. Lawrence, Austin Hagan, and William S. Gazaway Prior to 1970, corn was considered a non-host of the southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Even today, reference to corn as an effective rotation alternative for southern (cotton) root-knot nematode (RKN) can be found in extension literature nationwide. Unfortunately, all corn hybrids on the market today apparently are good hosts for southern RKN and will maintain if not increase their populations rather than suppress them. It is believed that resistance to the southern RKN was lost over the years because plant breeders failed to screen corn breeding lines against southern RKN. A southern RKN resistant corn hybrid is badly needed to help avoid aggravating already serious nematode problems in cotton, soybean, and many vegetable crops. For example, cotton production throughout the South is threatened by both the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) and the southern (cotton) RKN. While corn is a non-host for the reniform nematode and can be used successfully as a rotation partner to effectively manage this nematode in a cotton production system. However, cropping corn before cotton can greatly increase the risk of sizable yield losses in cotton due to southern RKN, particularly in fields with lighter soils. The only alternative rotation partner for cotton growers with southern RKN problems is peanut, which is a non-host to both the reniform and southern RKN. However, peanut production is not only limited to certain soils but the availability of costly harvesting equipment, and marketing options. Therefore, peanut is not a viable option for many Alabama cotton producers. This study focused on identifying corn hybrids that are resistant to the reniform () and southern root knot nematode (). Corn hybrids selected were based on availability of those hybrids suitable for cultivation in the south. Materials and Methods Greenhouse evaluation of corn hybrids for resistance to the southern root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita race 3) and reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) were conducted at the Plant Science Research Center of Auburn University. Ninety-two transgenic and non-transgenic corn hybrids were evaluated for host suitability to both nematodes species and compared to a nematode susceptible cotton standard DPL 555 BG/RR. ALABAMA A&M AND AUBURN UNIVERSITIES, AND TUSKEGEE UNIVERSITY, COUNTY GOVERNING BODIES AND USDA COOPERATING The Alabama Cooperative Extension System offers educational programs, materials, and equal opportunity employment to all people without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, veteran status, or disability.
2 Inoculum preparation: Reniform nematodes were collected from various cotton field locations across Alabama and the southern root knot nematode originated from the Auburn University, E. V. Smith Research Center. Reniform and southern root knot nematodes were propagated and increased on cotton (ST 5599BG/RR and DPL 555BG/RR, respectively) in the greenhouse. After sixty days, cotton plants were removed and the each nematode species was extracted separately from the soil by combined gravity screening and sucrose centrifugal floatation. Nematode eggs were collected from the root systems by shaking the excised root systems for 4 minutes in 0.6% NaOCl and sieving. Both nematode species were standardized to 1000 juveniles or vermiform life stage and eggs per 2 ml of water for inoculation. Host suitability: Separate evaluations were conducted for each nematode species. Corn hybrids were grown in 150cm 3 Conetainer filled with a loamy sand soil (72.5% sad, 25% silt, 2.5% clay, ph 6.4). The soil was autoclaved twice at 121 C and kpa for two hours on two consecutive days. Seeds were planted and allowed to germinate and grow for five to seven days after which the hybrids were inoculated with the standardized solutions of each nematode species. Greenhouse experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with five replications and each test was conducted twice. Sixty days after inoculation, nematodes were extracted from the soil, and eggs were removed from the roots as previously described. After enumeration of reniform vermiform and egg populations, reproductive factor values (Rf = final population / initial population) were determined. Any values over 1 would indicate the nematode species is increasing in population numbers. Nematodes are not reproducing when the values are less than 1. All data was analyzed using general linear model procedures (GLM) of SAS. Means were separated with Fisher s protected least significant difference test (P < 0.05). Results and Discussion We are in the process of screening current and discontinued corn hybrids for signs of RKN resistance in the greenhouse (Table 1). So far, none of the corn hybrids screened exhibit any resistance to southern RKN. Increases in southern RKN populations as well as considerable root galling were noted for all corn hybrids tested. All the corn hybrids screened for resistance to the reniform nematode are resistant to the nematode and do not allow for reproduction of this nematode species. More hybrids are being screened. Until a corn hybrid with good resistance to RKN is identified, corn SHOULD NOT BE grown in fields with established populations of the southern RKN.
3 Table 1. Corn hybrids evaluated for the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) and southern root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita race 3) susceptibility in the greenhouse. Company AgraTech AT 695 RRCRW nt z nt S AgraTech AT 719 RR CRN 0 y R x nt nt nt AgraTech AT 755 RR 0 R nt nt nt AgraTech AT 755 RRBT CRN 0 R S AgraTech AT X R nt nt nt AgraTech AT X41751 CRN 0 R nt nt nt CG 721 /BT 0 R nt nt nt CG 731 HX/LL 0 R S CG 751 /BT nt nt S CG 780 /BT nt nt S CG 799 nt nt S CG 823 HX/LL 0.09 R nt nt nt CG 851 /BT 0 R S CG DS 822 /BT 0.05 R nt nt nt CG DS R nt nt nt CG 799 BT 0 R nt nt nt CG 895 BT 0 R S DKC R nt nt nt DKC / 0.03 R nt nt nt DKC nt nt S DKC / 0 R S DKC R S DKC nt nt S DKC / 0 R S DKC nt nt S DKC nt nt S DKC R nt nt nt DKC DKC nt nt S nt nt S
4 Company DKC R S DKC YGRW DKC / nt nt S 0 R S DKC R S Dyna Gro DG 57P12 nt nt 9 5 S Dyna Gro DG 58P R nt nt nt Dyno Gro DG 58K02 nt nt S Dyna Gro DG 58K R nt nt nt Dyna Gro DG 58K40 0 R S Dyna Gro DG 58P45 nt nt S Dyna Gro DG 58P59 nt nt S Dyna Gro DG CX R nt nt nt Dyna Gro DG CX R nt nt nt Dyna Gro DG CX nt nt S Dyna Gro DG CX R nt nt nt Dyna Gro DG CX nt nt S Garst GARST R nt nt nt Garst GARST 8225 RR 0 R nt nt nt Garst GARST 8246 nt nt S Garst GARST 8247 YGI nt nt S Garst GARST 8248 RR nt nt S Garst GARST R nt nt nt Garst GARST 8292 YGI 0 R nt nt nt Garst GARST 8295 YGI/RR nt nt S Garst GARST 8350 YGI 0 R nt nt nt Garst GARST 8353 CB/LL nt nt S Garst GARST 8380 IT nt nt S Garst GARST 8450 IT 0 R S PION 31D58 nt nt S PIONEER 31G66 0 R nt nt nt PIONEER 31G68 PIONEER 31G97 PIONEER 31N26 0 R S 0 R nt nt nt 0 R S
5 Company PIONEER 31N28 nt nt S PION 31P41 nt nt S PIONEER 31R87 0 R S PIONEER 33H R nt nt nt PIONEER 33M R S PIONEER 33V15 0 R S PION 33Y45 nt nt S Southern States SS R S Southern States SS746 / 0 R nt nt nt Southern States SS842 / 0 R S Southern States SS nt nt S Southern States SS nt nt S Terral TV 2160 BT () 0.01 R nt nt nt Terral TV 23R31 (RR) 0 R nt nt nt Terral TV 25BR23 (RR/ ) 0 R S Terral TV 25R31 (RR) 0 R S Terral TV 26B82 () 0 R nt nt nt Terral TV 26BR41 (RR/ ) 0 R S Terral TV 26BR61 nt nt S Terral TV 27C48 0 R nt nt nt Terral TVX 25BR601 nt nt S Terral TVX 25 BR602 nt nt S Vigoro VIGORO V 58YR2 0 R S Vigoro VIGORO V 59YR R nt nt nt Vigoro VIGORO V56Y51 0 R nt nt nt Vigoro VIGORO V62R66 0 R S Cotton DPL 555 BGRR 6.6 S S z nt = not tested. y = numbers over 1 indicate the nematode population is increasing. x S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MR = moderately resistant, and R = resistant.
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