Navigation Tools and Activities

Transcription

1 California Cadet Corps Curriculum on Map Reading Navigation Tools and Activities LEADERS KNOW THE WAY 5/22/2017

2 Navigation Tools and Activities Agenda B1. Using a Compass B2. Alternative Direction Finding Methods B3. Pace Count B4. Moving by Terrain Association B5. Global Positioning System GPS B6. Compass Course B7. Orienteering B6. How to Design an Orienteering Course for your Unit B8. Geocaching

3 USING A COMPASS B1. Use a lensatic compass to navigate a course.

4 Lensatic Compass The lensatic compass is the most common and simplest instrument for measuring direction

5 Lensatic Compass Parts of a compass Thumb Loop Cover Sighting Wire Eyepiece Sighting Slot Bezel Ring Index Line Compass Dial

6 Thumb Loop Thumb Loop Secures compass in closed position Serves as wire loop to assist in sighting objects

7 Cover Cover Protects face of glass crystal

8 Sighting Wire Sighting Wire Used to sight objects

9 Eyepiece Eyepiece Aids in sighting azimuths Locks compass dial in place

10 Sighting Slot Sighting Slot Used in sighting azimuths

11 Bezel Ring Bezel Ring Used in pre-setting a direction in night compass work. Each click represents three degrees

12 Index Line Index Line Stationary black line used as a reference line

13 Compass Dial Compass Dial Indicates direction in mils and degrees

14 Techniques of use Two techniques are employed when using the lensatic compass Center hold technique Compass to cheek technique

15 Center Hold Technique Preferred method Advantages It is faster and easier to use It can be used under all conditions of visibility It can be used over any type of terrain Accurate to within 11 degrees It can be used w/o removing eyeglasses

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17 Note: If you have a metal belt buckle, use of this technique may induce error in the magnetic needle.

18 Compass to Cheek Technique Advantages Works only with the Lensatic compass Accurate to within 3 degrees (much more accurate than Center Hold Technique!) Used for Intersection and Resection

19 Compass to Cheek Technique Fold the cover of the compass containing the sighting wire to a vertical position; then fold the rear sight slightly forward. Look through the rear-sight slot and align the frontsight hairline with the desired object in the distance. Then glance down at the dial through the eye lens to read the azimuth.

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21 3 4

22 Presetting a compass Hold the compass level in the palm of the hand Rotate it until the desired azimuth falls under the fixed black index line Turn the bezel ring until the luminous line is aligned with the north seeking arrow. The compass is now preset Assume the centerhold technique and turn until the north seeking arrow is aligned with the luminous line. Proceed in the direction of the sighting wire.

23 Presetting a Compass

24 Bypass an Obstacle (And Stay Oriented) Detour around the obstacle by moving at right angles for specified distances. Example: Moving on an azimuth of 90 change your azimuth to 180 and travel for 100 meters. Change your azimuth back to 90 and travel for 150 meters. Change your azimuth to 360 and travel for 100 meters. Then, change your azimuth to 90 and you are back on your original azimuth line.

25 Offset A planned magnetic deviation to the right or left of an azimuth to an objective. Use it when the objective is along a linear feature (road/stream) Compensates for precision errors and ensures that upon reaching the linear feature, the user knows whether to go right or left to reach the objective. Ten degrees is an adequate offset for most uses. Each degree offset moves the course about 18m to the right or left for each 1,000m traveled. Note the image should indicate 180m offset, not 100m.

26 ALTERNATIVE DIRECTION FINDING METHODS B2. Demonstrate how to find the four cardinal directions without a compass during cloudless daytime and nighttime hours.

27 Sunrise and Sunset It depends on latitude, and time of the year In general: Face sunrise=east Face sunset=west Q: It s July and you re walking into the setting sun. What s your course? A: 300

28 Shadow-Tip Method Step 1: Place stick in ground and mark tip of shadow with stone. Step 2: Wait minutes and mark new position of shadow tip. Step 3: Draw a straight line between the 2 marks. Step 4: Stand with the first mark to your left, you are now facing north

29 Watch Method Step 1: Point the hour hand toward the sun Step 2: The south line is mid-way between the hour hand and 1200 (1300 during Daylight Saving Time)

30 North Star It is not the brightest star Less than 1 degree off of true north Use the pointers of the Big Dipper, 5 times the distance North star is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper

31 PACE COUNT B3. Determine your 100m pace count for flat ground, uphill, and downhill terrain.

32 Pace Count Intro It s used to get a rough measurement of how far you re walking. A pace count is the number of paces it takes you to walk a certain distance usually 100 meters. Everyone s pace count is unique you have to measure your own. Your pace count will change with conditions

33 Pace Count Course To set up a course, use a measuring tool to measure 100 meters (not yards). Put a Start Line and a Stop Line that won t get erased by stepping on it. The individual walks from the Start to Stop Line, counting every step or every other step Tip: Count only when your left (or right) foot hits the ground. You wont have to count as high! -100 meters-

34 Pace Count Calculation Don t talk while you re pacing, just count! Don t take big or little steps. Just take steps that are normal to YOUR pace. When you reach the Stop point, note the number of paces it took you. Walk back to the Start Point, counting your paces again. Average your two counts.

35 Slope Pace Count Variations Pace changes on different slopes: Uphill = shorter steps = Higher pace count Downhill = longer steps = Lower pace count Pace changes in different conditions: Vegetation/Rock/Snow/Wet = shorter steps = Higher pace Dark / Low visibility = shorter steps = Higher pace Double Paces per 100m Conditions GOOD MODERATE BAD FLAT UPHILL DOWNHILL What are your Pace counts?

36 Using Pace Count To measure distance while walking, start walking on your course and count your paces Every time you reach your pace count you ve gone 100 meters. Make a note, tie a knot in a cord, put a pebble in your pocket, or move the 100m Ranger Bead. Start your count over and keep repeating until at your destination or at your total pace count

37 Pace Count Example 1 Task: You have to walk 1.2 km west on a flat road Background: Your flat pace count on easy terrain is 60 paces (every other foot) and you re using pebbles to keep track. Action Place 12 pebbles in your right pocket, and start walking west. Count every right foot strike. When you get to 60, move a pebble to your left pocket and start your count over at 1 and keep moving pebbles every time you count to 60. When you move all 12 pebbles to your left pocket you ve arrived at your destination

38 Pace Count Example 2 Task: Your squad leader tells you to go recon the path you re on 800 meters ahead and wait there for the squad to catch up. It s a fairly steep uphill hike and it s foggy. Background: Your uphill pace count in moderate conditions is 85 paces (every other foot) and you have a string in your pocket to tie knots in to keep track. Action Start walking on the path Count every right foot strike. When you get to 85, tie a knot in the string and start your count over at 1 and keep tying knots every time you count to 60. When you have 8 knots in your string you ve arrived at your destination.

39 Pace Count Example 3 Task: You are the Navigator for your adventure race team and you have to go 7.5km on a course of 172 over easy terrain. There are a series of uphills and downhills to traverse. Background: Your easy pace counts are uphill:70, downhill: 55, flat:60. You re using ranger beads to keep track. Action Start walking 172 and count every right foot strike. If the next 100m is mostly Flat: Then use a pace count of 60 to move a 100-m bead Uphill: Then use a pace count of 70 to move a 100-m bead Downhill: Then use a pace count of 55 to move a 100-m bead After every m beads, move a 1-km bead When you ve moved 7 1-km beads and m beads you ve arrived

40 Check on Learning Calculate your Pace Count for as many of the conditions in this table as possible. Estimate the rest. Double Paces per 100m GOOD MODERATE BAD FLAT UPHILL DOWNHILL What are your Pace counts?

41 MOVING BY TERRAIN ASSOCIATION B4. Given a map only, describe or demonstrate, how you would move from one point to another using terrain association.

42 Why Move by Terrain Association More forgiving of mistakes Far less time-consuming than dead reckoning It may be the only option if you do not have a compass Or if you are off track (lost pace count or off course) Errors made using terrain association are easily corrected You can easily make adjustments based upon what you encounter. This is how you navigate to the neighborhood grocery store

43 How to Move by Terrain 1. Determine your Starting Position Estimate your location on the map (If possible) Identify key features on the map you should be able to see Terrain (hilltop, valley, ridge, depression, and saddle) Water (Lakes, rivers, streams, ponds) Man-Made (buildings, roads, bridges, high-tension lines, towers, and fences) Look up to find feature matches (the more the better) Orient your map the same direction you re facing Confirm your location on the map Association (1/3)

44 How to Move by Terrain Association (2/3) 2. Determine your Destination (on the map) 3. Create Checkpoints on your planned route that take you to your destination. Each chekpoint should have a prominent feature for you to confirm your arrival such as crossing a river, passing abeam a tower, etc.

45 How to Move by Terrain Association (3/3) 4. Start walking a. Keep your map oriented in the direction of travel b. Walk to your first checkpoint, and then keep repeating c. Confirm your position often, but always at checkpoints Moving by terrain association must be practiced at every opportunity. There is no other way to learn or retain this skill.

46 Check on Learning You want to travel from your position on Cerro Romualdo to Whisky Spring but you have no compass or GPS. How would you do it?

47 One Possible Solution 6 1. Follow draw down hill (North) for 500 meters o Checkpoint: Rd Intx 2. Make 90 right and follow Road (East) for 1km o Checkpoint: 1 st Rd T past Highway 3. Make 90 left and follow path up Guard Hill (north) for 1.2km o Checkpoint: Peak w/ Tower 4. Parallel Fence line (north) 1km until paved road, turn right (east) 200m o Checkpoint: Dirt road T intersection 5. Follow dirt road 800m (north) until 90 bend, continue north to creek and follow upstream 1km o Checkpoint: Abeam 429 hill with tower on right side 6. Continue upstream 900m until spring reached o Checkpoint: Spring

48 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) B5. Identify the situations that are best suited for handheld GPS or cellphone GPS.

49 Global Positioning System Constellation of 24 orbiting satellites that provides navigation data to military and civilian users all over the world. The system is operated and controlled by the 50th Space Wing, located at Schriever Air Force Base, Colo. GPS satellites orbit the earth every 12 hours, emitting continuous navigation signals. The signals are so accurate, time can be figured to within a millionth of a second, velocity within a fraction of a mile per hour and location to within 100 feet (or less). Receivers have been developed for use in aircraft, ships and land vehicles, as well as for hand carrying. How Does GPS Work? (4m 50s scibright video on Youtube) The Truth About GPS: How it works (3m 11s US Air Force Space Command Video on YouTube)

50 On your phone: Install a navigational app (there are hundreds) and turn on location services. Most cell phones augment positions with Wi-Fi signals and internal gyroscopes. Use of your cellphone navigation system will likely require a cell phone signal and may not work in the field. How to use a GPS

51 On a handheld GPS: Turn on the GPS and wait for the system to acquire at least 4 satellites. You may need to step outside or out from under heavy tree canopy as these will block the satellite signal. Once your GPS receiver is locked on it will tell you your position usually in a latitude / longitude / elevation format along with a very accurate time. Most GPSs today display your position on loaded maps or even satellite imagery of the area. Handheld GPSs only require satellite signals to function and therefore work anywhere in the world. How to use a GPS

52 Check on Learning Will your cell phone GPS work 5 miles out to sea? Will your cell phone GPS work inside Starbucks? Will a handheld GPS work indoors? How many satellites must a GPS receiver see to determine your location?

53 COMPASS COURSE B6. Design or conduct a compass course at your school.

54 Compass Course Now that you ve learned how to use a compass in the classroom, it s time to go outside and spread out! This presentation will show you how to set up a simple compass course so you can practice your skills.

55 Compass Course You can easily set up a compass course for your Cadet Corps unit. This is a good project for senior cadets! You can either use a big open area like a football field or park, or an area with some buildings, like your school campus.

56 Sample Course PE Snack Sales Building 5 Bleachers Bleachers Bleachers Football Field Bleachers Bleachers Bleachers Basketball Courts 11 Baseball Field 12

57 Plan Your Course Determine your Start Point. It should be a point from which participants can move out in different directions. Look around and pick some points that are stationary objects, like the corner of a building or fence, the middle of bleachers on a football field, basketball courts, etc. Try not to make them right next to metal objects you don t want the point to mess with your compasses!

58 SAMPLE Organize Your Points Point Description 1 10 in front of north center bleacher 2 10 in front of north east bleacher 3 10 in front of north west bleacher 4 10 north of center south bleacher 5 SE corner of PE Snack building 6 Top of key on NW basket in basketball court 7 Top of key on NE basket in basketball court 8 Top of key on 3 rd basket from NW in basketball court 9 Top of key on SE basket in basketball court 10 3 rd base on baseball field 11 1 st base on baseball field west of fencepost in centerfield, baseball field

59 Plan Your Course Once you have points planned, develop routes between them one for each participant or team i.e. Route Yellow goes from the Start Point to Point 2, then to 7, 6, and 11. The team going on Route Yellow (we ll call them Team 1) gets the following directions: Directions for Route Yellow: Azimuth of 5 for 40m Azimuth of 230 for 100m Azimuth of 270 for 50m Azimuth of 115 for 70m Return to Start Point

60 SAMPLE Organize Your Routes Route 1 st Point 2 nd Point 3 rd Point 4 th Point Yellow Orange Blue Green Black Brown Note: When plotting the routes, be mindful of obstacles especially solid objects cadets can t see through. You could theoretically put an obstacle like a chain link fence in the middle of a route to give a team a challenge to overcome, but make sure each route is equally challenged.

61 Plan Your Course Put a marker that has the Point Number on it at each point Measure the azimuth between each point pair that s in a route. This is a good time to make sure the points work (i.e. view to next point isn t blocked by a building, unless it s an advanced course for cadets with experience). You have to be very accurate when you plot the azimuths and get the distance between points and so do the teams! It s a good practice to have 2 or 3 planners separately check the azimuth and distance. If you can use a measuring tool to get the distance, it will be more accurate than determining it by pace count.

62 Plan Your Course Azimuths between points: FROM TO AZIMUTH DISTANCE SP M SP M SP M SP M SP M SP M SP M M M M etc. etc. etc. etc. Continue in this way until you have all possible routes plotted and double checked. If you re not going between one point and another (i.e. not going from Point 4 to Points 6-12 because the bleachers are in the way), you don t have to plot those.

63 Plan Your Course Your course doesn t have to be spread out over a super large area The points need to be far enough apart that they shouldn t be confused with each other The closer the points are to each other, the more challenging the course

64 Plan Your Course Do you write OPLANs at your unit? This might be a good one to write. Just don t share the answers to the course with cadets who will be running it! Make sure you announce the Who, What, When, Where and Why to all participating cadets, including what they need to bring (pencil, water, etc.) Ensure you have the materials you need to operate the course: compasses, route cards, pencils, water, clipboard, etc.

65 Plan Your Course Sample Training Schedule TIME WHO WHAT WHERE NOTES STAFF SET UP COURSE FOOTBALL FIELD UNIFORM: CLASS C C/1LT JONES BRIEF CADETS CLASSROOM ISSUE COMPASSES 1515 TMS 1-6 START COURSE FOOTBALL FIELD 1530 TMS 7-12 START COURSE FOOTBALL FIELD ALL DEBRIEF CLASSROOM COLLECT COMPASSES

66 Plan Your Course SAMPLE COMPASS COURSE SCORESHEET Sample Scoresheet TEAM # ROUTE: START TIME: FINISH TIME: AZIMUTH DISTANCE POINT # SCORE SP to 1st Point 1st Point to 2nd Point 2nd Poitn to 3rd Point 3rd Point to 4th Point Return to Start Point! TOTAL SCORE

67 Get Ready to Execute Before you start the course, ensure each cadet knows their pace count You can have cadets do the course by themselves if they re ready for it, or pair them together. Don t let one cadet in a team do all the work! You may have to stagger your start times, depending on how many cadets/teams and how many routes you have

68 Running the Course When a team arrives at a point, they note the number on their instruction sheet If they miscalculated and went to the wrong point, they ll put the wrong number down. This will continue to throw them off for the rest of the course. To score the team, verify the numbers in their route match your answer key (for Team 1, it would be )

69 Check on Learning AAR your Compass Course activity.

70 ORIENTEERING B7. Explain the sport of Orienteering and how it works.

71 Agenda Introduction to Orienteering An Orienteering Course Orienteering Maps Basic Techniques How to get started Questions

72 What is Orienteering all about? Navigate to a series of points (controls) shown on a specialized topo map, choosing routes - on or off trail - that will help you find all the controls and get to the finish. Orienteering uses mostly terrain association to navigate from point to point. Running Wild: Orienteering The New York Times (3 min 21 sec YouTube Video) How to Orienteer by Howcast (1 Min 43 sec YouTube Video)

73 How did Orienteering develop? Began in Scandinavia around 1900 Exercises in land navigation for the military Gradually spread throughout the world Kjellstrom brothers (founders of Silva) exported Orienteering to UK and USA Silva Holds the Trademark for Orienteering Now practiced on six continents World championships held every year Millions of competitors each year

74 Who Goes Orienteering? Kids Learning to read maps Through Scouts, building team work and earning merit badge Through School and through the Cadet Corps Families exploring a new (or familiar) park Outdoors lovers looking for a change Hikers looking to improve their navigational skills Adventure Racers wanting to get a leg up on the competition Seniors looking to stay healthy Businesses looking for team building activities Competitive Orienteers addicted to the challenge

75 The Course The orienteering course consists of a start, a series of control markers, and a finish. A participant is given a map, a control card, and a clue sheet. The control card is used to note the start and finish time, and to verify that the orienteer has visited each of the control markers on the course. The map is used to mark the start and finish locations, as well as the locations of each of the control markers.

76 Where are Orienteering Events Held? Forests State and Regional Parks City Parks Suburban neighborhoods School / University campuses

77 What am I looking for? Orange and white Control Clue-sheet (words or symbols) tells you exactly where the control is and the control number Number on the control confirms you are at the right one Use the punch on the punch card to prove you visited the site

78 Successful Orienteering Success in orienteering requires a number of different skills. The winner of the competition is the participant who completes the course in the shortest time, so running ability is beneficial. The orienteer must be able to read the map, select an appropriate route from one control point to the next and successfully follow that route.

79 Successful Orienteering Map reading and analysis skills are by far the most crucial. A successful orienteer will develop the ability to observe the terrain around them, look at the map and identify where they are. They will develop the ability to determine the quickest route between points, as well as the navigational skills to traverse that route.

80 The Course The clue sheet has clues describing the placement of each of the control markers - the type of geographical features at which the marker has been placed - and a control code which identifies the marker.

81 Sample Clue Sheet

82 What is a clue-sheet for? Tells you exactly where inside the circle the control is Two versions with the same information: Words (beginners and intermediate) Distance and climb Symbols (advanced) Order of control Distance and climb Control location inside the Circle on the map

83 What does the punch card look like? Name: Course: Class: License: Finish: : Start: : Time : Name: Course: Class: License: Finish: : Start: : Time : Note: Some courses now use electronic methods for verifying controls, time, etc.

84 Example Course The Start is at the center of the triangle. Controls are located at the center of each circle. You complete controls in order. The Finish is at the center of the double circle.

85 How do Orienteering Maps Differ From USGS Maps? Purpose Scale Contour interval Orientation Grid/references Survey method Update period Accuracy USGS 3D representation of terrain for general purposes 1:24,000+ Depends on terrain True or Grid North Coordinates, altitude shown Primarily aerial photography years Often very inaccurate Orienteering 3D representation of terrain for fine land navigation 1:5,000-1:15,000 Typically 5m Magnetic North (no declination required!) None Aerial base map, extensive land survey 1-5 years Highly accurate

86 Orienteering Map Legend Man-made features primarily black Rock features black Contour features brown Open areas yellow Forest white, thicker vegetation green Water blue Courses and restricted areas purple

87 Orienteering Skills / Strategies Orient the map using a compass Visualize the terrain from the map Recognize where you are on the map from the terrain Plan your route and check off features Taking a bearing (more advanced) Aiming off (more advanced) Attack point (more advanced) Traffic lights (more advanced) Pace counting (more advanced)

88 Orienteering Skills / Strategies Orient your Map An important strategy for successful orienteering is to orient your map. This means that north on the map is kept physically turned towards north in the real world. Using your compass, rotate the map so north on the map is turned to north on your compass. By keeping your map oriented, you will reduce the tendency to become disoriented yourself. Tip: Try to keep the map oriented all the time (need to turn the map as you change direction) Tip: Fold the map over so only the portion of the map you are interested in is visible

89 Skill: Visualize Terrain From the Map

90 Skill: Visualize Terrain From the Map

91 Skill: Recognize where you are on the map from the terrain

92 Orienteering Skills / Strategies Handrails Use linear features as handrails. A handrail is any linear feature - like a trail, power line, stream, fence, or vegetation boundary - that you can hang onto or follow. As you plan your route, look for things you can follow.

93 Orienteering Skills / Strategies Handrails At the beginning these handrails will probably be trails or roads that are very easy to follow. As you begin doing intermediate level courses, start looking for streams, ridges or vegetation boundaries.

94 Orienteering Skills / Strategies Handrails Following a handrail may make your route slightly longer, but the advantage is that you are much less likely to become disoriented or lost.

95 Some Advanced Techniques Aiming Off if taking a bearing to a line feature, aim off to one side or the other so once you hit the line feature you know whether to turn left or right to find the point feature Plan your route in reverse identify an easily recognizable attack point to hit that you can use to attack the harder to find control feature Traffic-light approach Go fast (green) when looking for large, easy to identify features (a major trail junction Go steady (yellow) when looking for smaller, harder to identify features Go slow (red) when looking for small, easily missed features Pace counting when the terrain is vague and you want to ensure you don t go too far/stop too early

96 Advanced Techniques: Taking a Bearing 1. Lay compass on the map 2. Line up the base-plate with direction you want to go in 3. Turn the dial so the North marking on the dial is aligned with the North markings on the map 4. Turn the compass so that the North needle is pointing in the same direction as the North marking on the dial. The direction on the base-plate is the direction of travel Tip: You only need to take bearings when there are no reliable mapped features to navigate by. Don t overuse!

97 Orienteering Skills / Strategies Break it Up Often, on advanced courses, there are no true linear features to follow. In these instance, look for a series of features that more or less make a like in the direction you wish to travel. Break the route into several smaller ones.

98 Orienteering Skills / Strategies Break it Up Start at a dry stream

99 Orienteering Skills / Strategies Break it Up Pass a clearing

100 Orienteering Skills / Strategies Break it Up Follow the trail until it bends left

101 Orienteering Skills / Strategies Break it Up Pass a clearing

102 Orienteering Skills / Strategies Break it Up Pass a cluster of boulders

103 Orienteering Skills / Strategies Break it Up Pass another clearing

104 Orienteering Skills / Strategies Break it Up Follow the ridge past another boulder

105 Orienteering Skills / Strategies Break it Up Follow it until you find the control marker

106 What are the Different Colors of Courses? White beginners courses, follow trails and other linear features. Good for first timers and kids age ~ km Yellow controls in less obvious locations, more off-trail. A great next step after successfully trying white course. 2-4km Orange Intermediate controls that require cross-country travel. Can be quite challenging, physically and mentally. Brown, Green, Red, Blue Advanced courses with the most demanding navigational requirements. NOT RECOMMENDED until some success with orange. Different lengths from Brown up to Blue (longest)

107 What should I wear? Beginner (white/yellow) Sun hat Layered top Compass Long or short pants Sturdy shoes

108 What should I wear? Intermediate/Advanced Lightweight nylon top Lightweight nylon pants Compass Gaitors Shoes with cleats or short spikes

109 Does Orienteering Damage the Land? Orienteers go off trail, raising environmental concerns We care deeply about the parks we use Actual environmental impact is very low and short-lived Not using pristine wilderness areas Work with park rangers to avoid sensitive areas Courses visit different controls dispersed impact Affected areas recover within weeks at worst Low impact confirmed by scientific studies Orienteering builds a tremendous love and respect for our environment

110 What About Safety? ALWAYS REPORT TO THE FINISH whether you complete your course or not ALWAYS RETURN TO THE FINISH BEFORE THE COURSE CLOSING TIME whether you complete your course or not Carry a whistle Know your limits (physical and navigational) and stay within them Take precautions if allergic to poison oak, bee stings, etc.

111 Orienteering vs Land Nav What s the difference between a Compass Course, Orienteering, and Land Nav? COMPASS Simplest Compass is Key Pace Count is Key Can be Small Area Urban Area not Ideal ORIENTEERING Medium Skill Terrain Association is Key Speed Also Key Medium to Large Area Usually in Parks or Wilderness, but can be in Urban Terrain Sport / Competition LAND NAV Medium/Advanced Skills Map Reading Skills are Key Compass, Pace Count, and Terrain Assn also Important Medium to Large Area Focused on Wilderness/Parks Focus of Military Training

112 Check on Learning 1. While running an Orienteering course how is the map oriented? 2. What technique is used when you follow a fenceline, river, or other linear feature? 3. Who can participate in orienteering? 4. What is the orange/white target that you are navigating to called?

113 DESIGNING AN ORIENTEERING COURSE FOR YOUR CACC UNIT B8. Find or design an orienteering course for your battalion.

114 Orienteering Clubs You may not need to design your own course Check in your area to see if there s an Orienteering Club or established courses you could use If not, don t despair design your own! Bay Area Orienteering Club (BAOC) Menlo Park, California Los Angeles Orienteering Club (LAOC) /drupal/ Manhattan Beach, California San Diego Orienteering (SDO) g.org San Diego, California Truckee Orienteering Club (Truckee) org Truckee, California Gold Country Orienteers (GCO) rs.org/ Lincoln, California Nav-X Map Adventures (NAVX) Folsom, California TerraLoco (Supporting Member) (LOCO) Oakland, California 94612

115 Orienteering Course Take a look at the slides in the Orienteering presentation Determine a location. Local/County or State Park nearby? Bivouac site? Get a map. Go on line! Plot key terrain features as your points Get the free program to develop Clue Sheets on line Build your Control markers Design a scorecard that works for your course

116 Orienteering Write a simple OPLAN using CR 3-13 Who What When Where Why Our Bn is running an Orienteering Course at X Park on (date) to practice map skills and have fun. Get school authorization Invite other students and teachers! Come up with rewards for winners (maybe a local veterans organization could sponsor this)

117 GEOCAHING B9. Find the nearest geo-cashes to your school or bivouac.

118 What is Geocaching Geocaching Overview: ching.com/play Geocaching in California: ching.com/local/de fault.aspx?state_id =5 Geocaching International Geocaching Logo Nicknames Caching, Treasure Hunting First played May 3, 2000 Clubs Yes Characteristics Team members Optional Type Outdoor Recreation Activity Equipment GPS receiver or GPS-enabled mobile device, writing implement

119 Overview Geocaching is an outdoor recreational activity, in which participants use a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver or mobile device and other navigational techniques to hide and seek containers, called "geocaches" or "caches", at specific locations marked by coordinates all over the world.

120 The Cache Small waterproof container containing a logbook. The geocacher enters the date they found it and signs it. The cache must be placed back exactly where the person found it. Larger containers can also contain items for trading, such as toys or trinkets, usually of more sentimental worth than financial.

121 Geocaching History It began shortly after the removal of Selective Availability from the Global Positioning System on May 2, Improved accuracy of the system allowed for a small container to be located. The first documented placement of a cache took place on May 3, 2000, by Dave Ulmer of Beavercreek, Oregon. Location: N W. According to Dave Ulmer's message, this cache was a bucket that was partially buried and contained software, videos, books, food, money, and a slingshot. A geocache and plaque called the Original Stash Tribute Plaque now sit at that site.

122 Swag Cashes hold "treasures", or swag are Not high in monetary value Unusual coins or currency, small toys, ornamental buttons, CDs, or books. Geocachers may leave signature items, such as personal Geocoins, pins, or craft items, to mark their presence at the cache location. Disposable cameras Some of the items are travelers and move from cache to cache. Higher-value items are occasionally included in geocaches as a reward for the First to Find or in locations which are harder to reach. If a geocache has been vandalized or stolen, it is said to have been "muggled", a term borrowed from the Harry Potter series of books which was rising in popularity at the same time geocaching got its start.

123 Navigation Tools and Activities Summary B1. Using a Compass B2. Alternative Direction Finding Methods B3. Pace Count B4. Moving by Terrain Association B5. Global Positioning System GPS B6. Compass Course B7. Orienteering B6. How to Design an Orienteering Course for your Unit B8. Geocaching