CONVENTIONAL ROCKET PROPULSION NON-CONVENTIONAL PROPULSION SOLAR SAILS TETHERS ELECTRIC SAILS

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2 CONVENTIONAL ROCKET PROPULSION NON-CONVENTIONAL PROPULSION SOLAR SAILS TETHERS ELECTRIC SAILS

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5 THE REASON? DISTANCE!!!

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7 CONVENTIONAL ROCKET PROPULSION NON-CONVENTIONAL PROPULSION SOLAR SAILS TETHERS ELECTRIC SAILS

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10 A motional electromotive force is generated across a tether as it moves relative to the Earth s magnetic field given by Faraday s Law of Induction

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12 A motional electromotive force is generated across a tether as it moves relative to the Earth s magnetic field given by Faraday s Law of Induction The tether moves relative to the Earth s magnetic field. The positive end of the tether collects ionospheric electrons forming an electrical current; a force on the wire will be generated via the Lorentz Force

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14 14 Magnetic field strength and direction varies over each orbit Forces have components both: In-plane (orbit raising/lowering) Out-of-plane (inclination change) Tether current can be modulated over one or more orbits to change all six orbital elements

15 spacecraft launch date launch vehicle SEDS 1 + deployer SEDS 2 + deployer Mar. 30, 1993 Delta 7925 Mar. 10, 1994 Delta 7925 orbit km (circular) mass 25 kg 25 kg

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18 (0.5 km/sec V required for capture) Jovian Electrodynamic Capture V = 5 km/sec Electrodynamic Decay Region ( V in km/sec) Hyperbolic Intercept Parabolic 100 Day Capture Orbit Perijove = 1.2 R J

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20 Tethered Satellite System before it broke Tethered Satellite System after it separated from the Space Shuttle

21 CONVENTIONAL ROCKET PROPULSION NON-CONVENTIONAL PROPULSION SOLAR SAILS TETHERS ELECTRIC SAILS

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23 Real Solar Sails Are Not Ideal Ideal Case Sail Incident Photons Thrust Vector Sun Angle Billowed Quadrant Sail normal vector Reflected Photons Diffuse Reflection Sail Sail Incident Photons Thrust Vector Incident Photons Thrust Vector Sun Angle Sun Angle Sail normal vector Sail normal vector Reflected Photons Reflected Photons 23

24 Thrust Vector Components Sail F(normal) CP F(total) Sun Angle F(tangential) CM Sail normal vector M(total) Reflected Photons 24

25 Image courtesy of Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research 25

26 135-foot rigidized inflatable balloon satellite laminated Mylar plastic and aluminum placed in near-polar Orbit passive communications experiment by NASA on January 25, 1964 When folded, satellite was packed into the 41- inch diameter canister shown in the foreground. 26

27 Znamya (Space Mirror) Russian experiment that flew on Progress after undocking from Mir Space Station in Purpose was to reflect sunlight onto the ground from space. 20-m diameter sail successfully deployed 5-km spot illuminated Europe from France to Russia moving at 8 km/sec. Follow-on mission flew, but was damaged during deployment. 27

28 NASA GROUND TESTED SOLAR SAILS IN THE MID-2000 S Two solar sail technologies were designed, fabricated, and tested under thermal vacuum conditions in 2005: Developed and tested high-fidelity computational models, tools, and diagnostics Multiple efforts completed: materials evaluation, optical properties, long-term environmental effects, charging issues, and assessment of smart adaptive structures 28

29 400 m2

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31 NANOSAIL-D DEMONSTRATION SOLAR SAIL 10 M 2 SAIL MADE FROM TESTED GROUND DEMONSTRATOR HARDWARE 31

32 NanoSail-D in Flight 32

33 Interplanetary Kite-craft Accelerated by Radiation of the Sun (IKAROS) 33

34 Interplanetary Kite-craft Accelerated by Radiation of the Sun (IKAROS) Jacob Peter Gowy's The Flight of Icarus 34

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38 4.5 LY INTERSTELLAR PROBE FLYBY 40 LY INTERSTELLAR PROBE RENDEZVOUS Solar Powered Laser Powered = Areal Density (Sail Mass/Sail Area) INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM EXPLORATION 4000-m DIA 0.1 g/m 2 TECH DEV INTERSTELLAR PROBE TECH DEV NEAR-TERM SAILS m DIA TECH DEV NanoSail-D LightSail InflateSail/CubeSail MID-TERM SAILS to 100 m DIA = 10 g/m 2 TECH DEV m DIA = g/m 2 TECH DEV NEA Scout / Lunar Flashlight Solar Polar Imager NON-KEPLERIAN EARTH ORBITS 1-km DIA = 0.1 g/m 2 INTERSTELLAR PROBE EUROPA LANDERS COMET SAMPLE RETURN OORT CLOUD 4-km DIA = 0.1 g/m km DIA = 0.1 g/m 2

39 CONVENTIONAL ROCKET PROPULSION NON-CONVENTIONAL PROPULSION SOLAR SAILS TETHERS ELECTRIC SAILS

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41 Electric Sail Concept

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