Dust radiative forcing and Heat Low dynamics over West Africa
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1 Dust radiative forcing and Heat Low dynamics over West Africa Cyrille Flamant 1, Juan Cuesta 2, Christophe Lavaysse 3, Ridha Guebsi 1, Marco Gaetani 1, Wenje Wang 4 & Amato Evan 4 1 LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France 2 Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris Est Créteil, Université Paris Diderot, Créteil, France 3 Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy 4 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
2 Rationale Africa North of the Equator is by far the greatest aerosol source in the world (almost exclusively mineral dust). African dust is known to influence processes such as: Amazon productivity and Ocean fertility, Cyclonic activity of the Atlantic Atlantic climate modes (through changes in SST) Regional scale o atmospheric composition o radiative balance o atmospheric dynamics Precipitation in the Sahel Projections concerning African dust loading are quite uncertain to a lack of understanding of processes related to interactions between dust & atmospheric dynamics and their representation in climate models
3 African dust optical depth over the Atlantic ( ) Dry Sahel NAO Wet Sahel A variety of processes (NAO, ENSO, ITCZ, ) have been found to influence dust emissions over the Sahara at different time scale. Evan et al., 2016 Nature
4 10-m winds (ERA-I ECMWF) Surface wind is the main driver for dust emissions over the Sahara! 85% of dust emissions over NW Africa is from source regions downstream of main orographic features of the Sahara (strong winds and source regions are co-located) Orography & dust sources Evan et al., 2016 Nature
5 Atmospheric Dynamics in Summer ( ) Saharan Heat Low (June-September) Atlas Hoggar Harmattan Monsoon Monsoon Lavaysse et al., 2009 Clim. Dyn. 925 hpa winds (ERA-I ECMWF)
6 The Saharan Heat Low (SHL) Region of extreme climate especially in summertime High temperature (> 45 C), Deepest Planetary Boundary layer on Earth (5-7 km), The region of highest Aerosol Optical Depth (as derived from space-borne observations) is colocated with the SHL The SHL plays a pivotal role in the West African Monsoon system Understanding is poor because observations are scarce MISR ( ) AOD Contours: 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 Red: SHL (ECMWF) Arrows: 925 hpa wind Todd et al., 2013 JGR
7 Dust emission processes in the SHL region 3 mesoscale models (ALADIN, Meso-NH): 24, 20 and 5 km grid first level: m FENNEC 2011 Chaboureau et al., 2016 ACP 4 processes: Early morning: harmattan! 80% Night: Atlantic inflow & monsoon! 15-20% (depending on model res) Evening: Cold pools related to deep convection! 5% (for high res model)
8 SHL variability at interannual scales and impacts 925 hpa winds and SHL Intensity (ERA-I ECMWF) Cool Warm SHL intensity/depth (geopot. difference hpa) Temp over the Sahara Convection: Outgoing Longwave Radiation (CLAUS database) SHL phases ( ) Cool : 10% coldest yrs Warm: 10% warmest yrs! SHL phase affects rainrall across Sahel (east-west gradient) Lavaysse et al. 2010, ASL
9 What happened in the last 30+ years The SHL has intensified (transition from a cooler phase to a warmer phase): the Sahara has warmed up faster that any other region of the world. Saharan Heat Low intensity Lavaysse et al. 2015, Clim. Dyn. Evan et al. 2015, J. Clim. The SHL has intensified due to enhanced advection of moisture over the Sahara (enhanced greenhouse effect)
10 What happened in the last 30+ years The SHL intensification has accelerated the monsoon flow and slowed down the harmattan flow over dust sources W Sahara 2000s 1980s Bodélé Adrar Wang et al. 2015, Science Advances
11 What happened in the last 30+ years The slow-down of harmattan led to a reduction of dust emissions over land and transport over the Atlantic AOD in the SHL region is linked to near-surface winds over source regions and hence to SHL intensity (i.e. SHL depth) and possibly to SABL depth in the SHL region
12 Where do we stand with CALIOP/CALIPSO? CALIOP ( ) Can we identify the signature of SHL-related metrics in the CALIOP observations? How does SHL dynamics drive dust emissions and impacts the direct aerosol radiative forcing (DARF)? We want to take advantage of the vertical resolution provided by CALIOP: o Understanding dust-atmospheric dynamics interactions (emissions in SHL region Vs Long-range transport from the remote eastern sources) o Assessing DARF
13 CALIOP observations in the SHL region Cloud screened L2 CALIOP extinction coefficient
14 SABL depth & SHL intensity SHL intensity ERA-I ECMWF Fair correlation between Saharan PBL and SHL intensity in JJAS ~ 0.6
15 Dust AOD & extinction coeffient CALIOP Extinction km -1
16 Where do we stand with CALIOP/CALIPSO? Atlantic inflow Harmattan Harmattan Harmattan Monsoon Harmattan Monsoon
17 The SABL depth, AOD and extinction coefficients are greater in the SE corner! low-level convergence between monsoon and harmattan The SABL depth, AOD and extinction coefficient are greater in the SE corner! Ventilation from the Atlantic
18 Dust DARF STREAMER radia,ve transfert model CALIOP Look up Tables AOD AOD IWV IWV Dust DARF
19 Net SW & LW flux anomaly at the surface in the presence of dust SE SE NW LW warming due to dust: between 10 and 15 W m -2 more pronounced in the SE corner SW+LW! cooling due to dust SW cooling due to dust: between 100 and 150 W m -2 more pronounced in the SE corner Net cooling is more pronounced in the SE Yet, the SABL depth is greater in SE! Dynamics only?! Elevated heating source (dust)?
20 Summary & Conclusion AOD in the SHL region is linked to near-surface winds over source regions and in turn to SHL intensity (i.e. SHL depth) at decadal scales There is a need to monitor SHL intensity/depth to track the inter-annual variability of the West African Monsoon system AOD is not a proxy for monitoring the SHL, unlike the SABL depth We have identify the signature of SHL-related metrics in the CALIOP observations CALIOP observations (extinction, SABL depth, DARF) in the SHL region will likely enhance knowledge of dust-dynamics interactions There is a need for long time series of vertically resolved aerosol observations (lidar) > 10 yrs to extract trends in emissions (link near-surface extinction with SABL depth)
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