Tropical Wave Studies with COSMIC Temperature Profiles. FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Data Users Workshop Joan Alexander NorthWest Research Associates
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1 Tropical Wave Studies with COSMIC Temperature Profiles FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Data Users Workshop Joan Alexander NorthWest Research Associates
2 Outline Tropical Waves, Weather, and Climate For three example issues, will present Mo4va4on: Role of tropical waves Challenges for global models Contribu4ons of COSMIC measurements Three issues: 1. Tropical wind variability 2. Tropical circula4on & extratropical teleconnec4ons 3. Tropical tropopause temperature variability & cirrus Summary and COSMIC-2A Outlook
3 Ex #1: Tropical wind variability MoDvaDon Convec4vely-coupled tropical waves in cloud/rain observa4ons Symmetric AnD-Symmetric Color = Ra4o Spectrum/Background Kiladis et al. [2009]
4 Ex #1: Tropical wind variability MoDvaDon Unbalanced wave mo4ons are a fundamental component of tropical wind variability No geostrophic balance near the equator: Gradients in f à E-W-propaga4ng, equatoriallytrapped waves.
5 Ex #1: Tropical wind variability Challenges in Global Models Reanalyzed Wind Uncertain4es Baker et al 2014
6 Ex #1: Tropical wind variability RO AssimilaDon and Tropical Waves ECMWF Analysis Increments 5oS 5oN RO assimila4on improves temperature, but unbalanced tropical waves dominate wind errors Podglajen et al. [2014]
7 Ex #1: Tropical wind variability Global Kelvin waves and Gravity Waves are unbalanced Dry Linear Wave Theory: Kiladis et al. [2009] Kelvin Wave T, (u,w ) ConvecDve Coupling: [Straub & Kiladis, 2003] Mid-tropospheric latent hea4ng shids warm T to the west Slows eastward propaga4on Changes phase rela4onship between T and (u, w )
8 Ex #2: QBO MoDvaDon: Long-Range Weather to Near-Term Climate Quasibiennial Oscilla4on (QBO) 10 m/s zonal wind contours Driven by mul4-scale wave dynamics. Forcing primarily from Kelvin waves and gravity waves. Influences tropical-extratropical teleconnec4ons, e.g. seasonal forecasts of the North Atlan4c Oscilla4on [Scaife et al. 2014]. [Thompson et al. 2002] Surface Temp. Anom. (K)
9 Ex #2: QBO Challenges in represendng QBO TeleconnecDon in Models Winter Easterly Westerly Sea-Level Pressure differences Scaife et al [2014]
10 Ex #2: QBO COSMIC ContribuDons: The Tropical Wave Spectrum Derived solely from COSMIC-1 temperature profiles Periods > 2d, wn < 9 S.Alexander et al. [2008]
11 Ex #2: QBO COSMIC ContribuDons: The Tropical Wave Spectrum Derived solely from COSMIC-1 temperature profiles Periods > 2d, wn < 9 COSMIC-2 à 4X more profiles Resolve more of the gravity wave spectrum S.Alexander et al. [2008]
12 Ex #2: QBO RO ContribuDons: Profile Triads for Gravity Wave Fluxes HIRDLS 1 COSMIC-1 plus HIRDLS gave 15 triads/day for tropical gravity waves [Alexander, 2015] RO 2 HIRDLS 0 COSMIC-1 plus CHAMP gave 7-8 triads/day for tropical gravity waves [Schmidt et al 2016]
13 Ex #3: Tropopause Waves & Cirrus MoDvaDon: Tropical Waves and Climate Tropical Tropopause Layer and Stratospheric Water Vapor Stratosphere Troposphere La4tude TTL is a cold trap: ice crystals form and fall, limi4ng humidity of air entering the stratosphere. Waves modulate temperatures and cirrus in the TTL. Global Brewer-Dobson circula4on carries TTL water vapor signal globally Radia4ve effects on surface temperature Chemical effects on ozone
14 Ex #3: Tropopause Waves & Cirrus MoDvaDon: Tropical Waves and Climate What kind of waves lower the Cold Point Temperature? Equatorial Rossby waves Kelvin waves Mixed Rossbygravity waves Gravity waves Kim & Alexander [2015]
15 Ex #3: Tropopause Waves & Cirrus Challenge is represendng TTL Cold Point Temperature variability Western Pacific Radiosondes -1.6K 1.6 o colder cold point ó 1 ppmv lower stratospheric H 2 O ( 25% of the mean 4ppmv H 2 O entry value) MERRA ERA-Interim -0.5K -0.6K Kim & Alexander [2015]
16 Ex #3: Tropopause Waves & Cirrus COSMIC profiles for reference temperature ATTREX Jensen et al. [2016] Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment Global Hawk ATTREX Measurements Flights T (MMS), ice #density (FCDP), cirrus backsca\er (CPL)
17 Ex #3: Tropopause Waves & Cirrus COSMIC profiles for reference temperature Kim et al [2016] Mean COSMIC 30d, 10 o x5 o <30d Wave Temperature Anomalies
18 Ex #3: Tropopause Waves & Cirrus COSMIC profiles for reference temperature Kim et al [2016] Tropical Wave T and Cirrus Occurrence, z=14-18km
19 Ex #3: Tropopause Waves & Cirrus COSMIC profiles for reference temperature Kim et al [2016] Wave T (z) Ice occurrence (N>30/L) x AlDtude of cold point Ice layers oden capped by cold point Ice most oden detected where dt /dz < 0
20 Ex #3: Tropopause Waves & Cirrus dt /dz<0 ó dt /dt<0 Kim et al [2016] > Time ^ Al4tude Profile Wave theory: upward propaga4ng waves from sources below show phase descent with 4me. Nega4ve ver4cal slope coincides with periods of cooling.
21 Ex #3: Tropopause Waves & Cirrus dt /dz<0 ó dt /dt<0 Kim et al [2016] > Time ^ Al4tude Profile Cirrus Occurrence
22 Ex #3: Tropopause Waves & Cirrus Profiles of Wave T and Cirrus Lidar backscaver 400km long flight segment with con4nuous opera4on of the CPL Dive profiles before/ader show cloud layers and gap where dt /dz>0 400 km Kim et al [2016]
23 Summary & Outlook COSMIC Temperature profiles for Tropical Wave Studies COSMIC-1 Measurement density suitable for global-scale wave studies, wavenumbers wn < 9 Useful as reference temperature and/or in combina4on with other data for gravity wave studies COSMIC-2A? Tropical gravity wave modes, 1-3 d, wn < 18 (λ h > 2000km) Diurnal waves and variability Combined w/other data for higher frequency/smaller scale gravity waves
24 Summary & Outlook COSMIC Temperature profiles for Tropical Wave Studies COSMIC-1 Measurement density suitable for global-scale wave studies, wavenumbers wn < 9 Useful as reference temperature and/or in combina4on with other data for gravity wave studies COSMIC-2A? Tropical gravity wave modes, 1-3 d, wn < 18 (λ h > 2000km) Diurnal waves and variability Combined w/other data for higher frequency/smaller scale gravity waves à Strateole-2 Radio-OcculaDon from long-duradon balloons Cao et al. POSTER this meedng!!!
25 Summary & Outlook Bing Cao et al. POSTER this meedng!!! Spherical Super Pressure Balloon, Helium, 11 or 13 -m diameter. Strateole-2 Radio Occulta4on from Tropical Long-Dura4on Super-pressure Balloons Gondola: EUROS, ~13 kg Flight Monitoring/Control Scien4fic Instrument: TSEN Control/Opera4on Center : CNES Geometry of Balloon-borne Radio OccultaDon Gondola: ZEPHYR, ~22kg Various combina4ons of 3 scien4fic instruments including Radio-Occula4on (ROC). Science Mission Control Center : CNRS-LMD
26 References 1 Alexander, M. J., 2015: Global and seasonal varia4ons in three-dimensional gravity wave momentum flux from satellite limb sounding temperatures. Geophys. Res. Lev., 42, doi: /2015gl Alexander, S. P., T. Tsuda, Y. Kawatani, and M. Takahashi (2008), Global distribu4on of atmospheric waves in the equatorial upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: COSMIC observa4ons of wave mean flow interac4ons, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D24115, doi: /2008jd Baker, W.E., R. Atlas, C. Cardinali, A. Clement, G.D. Emmiv, B.M. Gentry, R.M. Hardesty, E. Källén, M.J. Kavaya, R. Langland, Z. Ma, M. Masutani, W. McCarty, R.B. Pierce, Z. Pu, L.P. Riishojgaard, J. Ryan, S. Tucker, M. Weissmann, and J.G. Yoe, 2011: Lidar-measured wind profiles: The missing link in the global observing system, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95, Camargo, S. J. and A. H. Sobel, 2010: Revisi4ng the Influence of the Quasi-Biennial Oscilla4on on Tropical Cyclone Ac4vity. J. Climate, 23, Cao, B., J. S. Haase, and W. Zhang, 2017: Deployment of GPS radio occulta4on instruments in the upcoming Strateole-2 equatorial superpressure balloon campaign to inves4gate tropical waves and their effects on circula4on, Poster # (XX?), COSMIC-IROWG 2017 Workshop, Estes Park, September Holt, L., M. J. Alexander, L. Coy, A. Molod, W. P. Putman, and S. Pawson, 2016: Tropical Waves and the Quasi- Biennial Oscilla4on in a 7-km Global Climate Simula4on. J. Atmos. Sci., 73, , doi: /JAS- D Jensen, E.J., R. Ueyama, L. Pfister, T.P. Bui, M.J. Alexander, A. Podglajen, A. Hertzog, S. Woods, R.P. Lawson, J.-E. Kim, M.R. Schoeberl, 2016: High-frequency gravity waves and homogeneous freezing ice nuclea4on in cold cirrus clouds, Geophys. Res. Lev., 43, , DOI: /2016GL Kiladis, G. N., M. C. Wheeler, P. T. Haertel, K. H. Straub, and P. E. Roundy (2009), Convec4vely coupled equatorial waves, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG2003, doi: /2008rg Kim, J.-E. and M. J. Alexander, 2013: Tropical precipita4on variability and convec4vely coupled equatorial waves on submonthly 4me-scales in reanalyses and TRMM, J. Climate, 26 (no. 10), Kim, J.-E. and M. J. Alexander, 2015: Direct impacts of waves on tropical cold point tropopause temperature. Geophys. Res. Lev., 42, , doi: /2014GL
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