Higher than a Sea-Bird's Eye View: Coral Reef Remote Sensing Using Satellites
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1 LIVE INTERACTIVE YOUR DESKTOP Higher than a Sea-Bird's Eye View: Coral Reef Remote Sensing Using Satellites Presented by Mark Eakin Coordinator, NOAA Coral Reef Watch Tuesday, December 15, 2009
2 Higher than a Sea-Bird's Eye View: Coral Reef Remote Sensing Using Satellites Presented by Mark Eakin Coordinator, NOAA Coral Reef Watch
3 Outline 1. Climate change and coral reefs 2. Introduction to coral bleaching 3. Remote sensing basics 4. NOAA satellites pinpoint bleaching risk 5. After corals bleach 6. What does the future hold? 7. Classroom resources
4 Outline 1. Climate change and coral reefs 2. Introduction to coral bleaching 3. Remote sensing basics 4. NOAA satellites pinpoint bleaching risk 5. After corals bleach 6. What does the future hold? 7. Classroom resources
5 Climate Change 2009 report from the US Global Change Research Program Climate Change impacts, focused on the United States
6 Climate Change
7 Climate Change and Coral Reefs Higher water temperatures and ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide will present major additional stresses to coral reefs, resulting in significant dieoffs and limited recovery.
8 Outline 1. Climate change and coral reefs 2. Introduction to coral bleaching 3. Remote sensing basics 4. NOAA satellites pinpoint bleaching risk 5. After corals bleach 6. What does the future hold? 7. Classroom resources
9 What is a coral reef? Animal Vegetable Mineral
10 What is a coral reef? All of the above!
11 Animal / Vegetable/ Mineral Slide after of Joan Kleypas, NCAR
12 What is coral bleaching? Healthy coral Bleached coral Coral bleaching is caused by stress
13 What is coral bleaching? Healthy coral with algae Bleached coral without algae - Corals expel their zooxanthellae - The coral tissue is clear, so you see the white limestone skeleton underneath
14 What will stress a coral and cause bleaching? A. Nutrient enrichment (eutrophication). B. Fish bites. C. Lack of vitamin D. D. High water temperature. E. Too much homework.
15 What will stress a coral and cause bleaching? -High light or UV levels -Cold temperatures -Low salinity from coastal runoff or heavy rain -Exposure to air during very low tides Most important: high water temperature Photos: AIMS and GBRMPA
16 Coming up next - If water gets 1 or 2 C higher than the summer average, corals get stressed and bleach - NOAA satellites measure global ocean temperature and thermal stress
17 Questions?
18 Outline 1. Climate change and coral reefs 2. Introduction to coral bleaching 3. Remote sensing basics 4. NOAA satellites pinpoint bleaching risk 5. After corals bleach 6. What does the future hold? 7. Classroom resources
19 What is remote sensing? Measuring some property of an object without touching it.
20 Which of these trees is healthy?
21 Why do we think this tree Our eyes sense the green color in the photo is healthy? We interpret green as healthy
22 NOAA Satellites Polar-orbiting satellites have a constant orbit while the earth rotates under them. NOAA s POES satellites sense the Earth s whole surface every day. Ocean temperature is one thing they measure.
23 How do we measure the temperature of the ocean from 850km above the surface? If you stand next to a fire, you can feel the heat on your skin. This is infrared radiation. Satellites carry a sensor to detect this radiation.
24 Questions?
25 Outline 1. Climate change and coral reefs 2. Introduction to coral bleaching 3. Remote sensing basics 4. NOAA satellites pinpoint bleaching risk 5. After corals bleach 6. What does the future hold? 7. Classroom resources
26 Remember - If water gets 1 or 2 C higher than the summer average, corals get stressed and bleach
27 How warm is too warm? How hot do you think the ocean has to get before corals start to bleach?
28 How warm is too warm? Bleaching threshold temperatures vary from ~27 33 C (81 91 F). Corals from naturally warmer areas are adapted to high temperatures, and have a higher bleaching threshold.
29 Coral Bleaching HotSpots Satellite data show where temperature is above the bleaching threshold right now. Yellow/orange shows stressfully hot areas.
30 Degree Heating Weeks (DHW) Corals bleach when conditions get hot and stay hot DHW are accumulated HotSpots 1 for the preceding 12 weeks
31 Degree Heating Weeks DHW = 0 DHW 4 DHW 8 No Thermal Stress Thermal Stress leading to significant bleaching Thermal Stress leading to wide spread bleaching and significant mortality
32 Bottom Line for Managers Is my reef currently at risk for bleaching? - Satellite data warn managers of bleaching - Plan research, response, and monitoring
33 Questions?
34 Outline 1. Climate change and coral reefs 2. Introduction to coral bleaching 3. Remote sensing basics 4. NOAA satellites pinpoint bleaching risk 5. After corals bleach 6. What does the future hold? 7. Classroom resources
35 Can corals recover? -Yes, if the stress doesn t last too long -Some corals can eat more zooplankton to help survive the lack of zooxanthellae -Some species are more resistant to bleaching, and more able to recover Photos: AIMS and GBRMPA
36 Can corals recover? -Corals may eventually regain color by repopulating their zooxanthellae -Algae may come from the water column -Or they may come from reproduction of the few cells that remain in the coral Jeff Miller, National Park Service
37 Can corals recover? -Corals can begin to recover after a few weeks Jeff Miller, National Park Service
38 Does bleaching kill corals? -Yes, if the stress is severe -Some of the polyps in a colony might die -If the bleaching is really severe, whole colonies might die -Bleaching in Puerto Rico killed an 800-year-old star coral colony in 2005
39 2005 Bleaching in the Virgin Islands National Park Mennebeck Bay Yawzi Point Over 90% bleached Over 60% died Newfound Reef J. Miller et al Coral disease following massive bleaching in 2005 causes 60% decline in coral cover on reefs in the US Virgin Islands Coral Reefs, DOI /s ) South Florida/Caribbean Network I&M Program
40 What else can thermal stress do to corals? Photo: Caroline Rogers, USGS Question: what is something that happens to people when they are highly stressed? Gain weight Get sick Turn orange
41 What else can thermal stress do to corals? Photo: Caroline Rogers, USGS Question: what is something that happens to people when they are highly stressed? Get sick
42 Bleaching and coral disease - Bleaching leaves corals more vulnerable to disease -Can quickly kill part or all of the coral colony Marilyn E. Brandt, University of Miami
43 Questions?
44 Outline 1. Climate change and coral reefs 2. Introduction to coral bleaching 3. Remote sensing basics 4. NOAA satellites pinpoint bleaching risk 5. After corals bleach 6. What does the future hold? 7. Classroom resources
45 A Worldwide Crisis Bleaching has already happened around the world. (map shows all bleaching reports since 1963) Adds to other stress (fishing, pollution, etc.) 19% of reefs have been lost 15% more are under imminent threat
46 Future Warming Coral bleaching threshold Hoegh-Guldberg, Climate change, coral bleaching, and the future of the world s reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research 50(8),
47 Two-part Solution: 1: lower global CO 2 emissions
48 Two-part Solution: 1: lower global CO 2 emissions For coral bleaching stress, there is a huge difference between 1.5 C and 2 C increase.
49 Two-part Solution: 1: lower global CO 2 emissions Above even the highest future scenario
50 Two-part Solution: 2: increase reef resilience Shade reefs Cool reefs Improve water quality Reduce other stress (pollution, disease) Reduce overfishing
51 Coral Reefs Are Too Valuable to Lose -Not just a nice place to visit on vacation! -Over $375 billion in fish, seafood, tourism, and coastal protection worldwide -0.5 to 1 Billion people directly depend on healthy reefs for their food and livelihood -Highest marine biodiversity in the world
52 The Future of Reefs Is Up To Us A B C Hoegh-Guldberg et al., Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318,
53 What Can YOU Do? 1. Don t buy jewelry/souvenirs made from coral or other reef animals. 2. Reduce fertilizer use. 3. Be a responsible tourist. 4. Learn more about coral reefs. 5. Spread the word.
54 Questions?
55 Outline 1. Climate change and coral reefs 2. Introduction to coral bleaching 3. Remote sensing basics 4. NOAA satellites pinpoint bleaching risk 5. After corals bleach 6. What does the future hold? 7. Classroom resources
56 Satellite Data and Animations (website demonstration) NOAA Coral Reef Watch website provides current conditions, data, Google Earth, etc. Anomaly animation shows ENSO status, etc.
57 Google Earth Fun, interactive tool Also teaches geography! See where conditions are right for coral bleaching right now. Live links to data on the web.
58 Google Earth Fun, interactive tool Also teaches tropical geography! See where conditions are right for coral bleaching right now. Live links to data on the web.
59 Classroom Resources Satellite data/coral bleaching Lesson plans, data activity, tutorial Ocean education Tutorial and online resources for corals Coral Reef Conservation Program Central listing for coral education resources
60 Summary - Corals are animal, vegetable, AND mineral - Climate change is warming coastal waters - Hot water bleaches corals - NOAA satellites pinpoint bleaching risk - Corals may die after bleaching - We need to act now to save coral reefs
61 Thank you to the sponsor of tonight's Web Seminar:
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64 National Science Teachers Association Dr. Francis Q. Eberle, Executive Director Zipporah Miller, Associate Executive Director Conferences and Programs Al Byers, Assistant Executive Director e-learning NSTA Web Seminars Paul Tingler, Director Jeff Layman, Technical Coordinator LIVE INTERACTIVE YOUR DESKTOP
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