Effects of Cycle Skills Training on Cycling-Related Confidence, Habits, Knowledge and Practical Skills in Adolescent Girls

Transcription

1 Effects of Cycle Skills Training on Cycling-Related Confidence, Habits, Knowledge and Practical Skills in Adolescent Girls Chiew Ching Kek BA 1, Tessa Pocock BPhEd(Hons) 1, Siobhan McArthur 1, Dana Lawrie BSc 1, Charlotte Flaherty BCom 2, Christina Ergler PhD 3, Sandra Mandic PhD August 2017

2 Background Cycling in Adolescents Cycling for Transportation Traffic Safety VS Tim is a good cyclist! Parents and Adolescents Perceptions Cycle to school? Hmm

3 Why Cycle Skills Training (CST) in Adolescents? CST in Children CST in Adolescents Existing CST programmes Effects of CST have not been examined Effectiveness of CST in children Positive attitudes towards CST Perceive CST to cycle safety in traffic

4 Purpose Effects of cycle skills training in New Zealand adolescent girls On cycling-related Practical skills Confidence Knowledge Traffic-free (Grade 1) Habits Lightly trafficked (Grade 2)

5 Signed consents Study Design Cycle Skills Training in Adolescent Girls (1 to 6 weeks) Cycling-related knowledge Cycling confidence and behaviours Pretraining survey 8-10 min Posttraining survey Practical skills assessment (during training) Grade 1 Fundamental Grade 2 Advanced

6 Surveys: Standard NZTA Questions Pre-training survey Posttraining survey Demographics Travel to school Cycling confidence level Cycle road safety Satisfaction with cycle skills training

7 Surveys: Research-Specific Questions Family resources (vehicle/bike ownership; bike equipment) Estimated time to cycle to school Habits of cycling for recreation, transportation and sport Confidence, ability, intention, support & safety of cycling to school Effects of cycle skills training on improving road safety skills Effects of cycle skills training on improving practical cycling skills Pretraining survey Posttraining survey

8 Grade 1 and 2 Practical Assessment Grade 1 Practical Skills (Fundamental) Carry out a bike and helmet check Legal requirements for bicycles and safety equipment Get on and off, start off the bike without help Stop quickly with control Steer the bike and manoeuvre safely to avoid objects Look behind, signal - stop, right, and left Use their gears Grade 2 Practical Skills (Advanced) Start and stop from side of road in correct position Ride in a safe position from kerb Pass a parked vehicle At an uncontrolled and controlled intersection: Turn left, right and travel straight

9 Adolescents Participating in CST Adolescents n=126 n % Age (years) 13.8 ± 0.7 Gender Boys 0 0.0% Girls % Secondary Schools Queens High School % Bayfield High School % School year [n(%)] Year % Year % Year %

10 Adolescents in CST: Cycling Behaviours Pre-training Post-training p-value n=126 n=126 How often do you ride your bike? n % n % At least once a week % 7 5.6% Every day 3 2.4% 4 3.2% <0.001 Have you ever ridden a bike on the road Yes % % <0.001 Minimal effects on cycling behaviour

11 Adolescents in CST: Cycling Habits Minimal effect on cycling to school habits

12 Post-Training Pre-Training Effects of CST Results in Adolescents: Cycling Confidence Not 7.1% In a park or reserve Ok 33.3% Very 59.5% Not 23.0% On the road Ok 43.7% Very 33.3% Not 39.3% To school Ok 40.2% Very 20.5% Improved confidence to cycle in different environments Ok 20.6% Very 73.0% Not 6.3% P<0.001 Ok 43.7% Not 13.5% Very 42.9% P<0.001 Not 32.8% Ok 38.4% Very 28.8% P<0.001

13 Effects of CST in Adolescents: Results Knowledge of Cycling-related Laws and Road Rules 100% 80% Average knowledge score 84.6% 91.7% P< % Pre-training Post-training Improved knowledge of cycling-related laws and road rules

14 Effects of CST in Adolescents: Knowledge of Cycling-related Laws and Road Rules Pre-Training Post-Training Very Good (80-89%) 50.8% Very Good (80-89%) 28.6% Excellent ( 90%) 60.3% Good (65-79%) 19.8% Excellent ( 90%) 27.0% Good (65-79%) 10.3% Fair (50-64%) 1.6% Poor (<50%) 0.8% Fair (50-64%) 0.8% Poor (<50%) 0.0% P<0.001

15 Effects of CST in Adolescents: Practical Results Cycling Skills Grade 1 Assessment (n=120) Grade 2 Assessment (n=74) Not competent - incomplete assessment 1.7% Not competent - beginners 3.3% Competent 80.8% Competent 98.6% Not competent 14.2% Average Score: 91.1% Not competent 1.4% Average Score: 97.6% Most adolescents were competent at most of the assessed skills

16 Limitations Lack of control group No data on adolescent boys No pre-training assessment of practical skills

17 Conclusion Improved cycling confidence Improved cyclingrelated knowledge No change in cycling behaviours & preferences CST in Adolescents

18 School Recommendations Future CST Programmes Different environments Social support Part of comprehensive effort On Road Family Peers Personal Social Parks Environment

19 Thank you

20 Acknowledgments Rose Dovey (SCDP Project Manager) Scarlett Hagen Charlotte Flaherty Dr Sandra Mandic Summer 2015/2016 Summer 2016/2017 Tessa Pocock Siobhan McArthur Dana Lawrie Kek Chiew Ching Alex Mintoft-Jones Tessa Pocock

21 References Existing CST Programmes for Children: 1. Ellis J. Bicycle safety education for children from a developmental and learning perspective. 2014: Richmond SA, Zhang YJ, Stover A, et al. Prevention of bicycle-related injuries in children and youth: a systematic review of bicycle skills training interventions. Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention. 2014;20: CST in Children increased knowledge: 3. McLaughlin KA, Glang A. The effectiveness of a bicycle safety program for improving safety-related knowledge and behavior in young elementary students. Journal of pediatric psychology. 2010;35: van Schagen IN, Brookhuis KA. Training young cyclists to cope with dynamic traffic situations. Accident; analysis and prevention. 1994;26: CST in Children improved cycle skills 5. Ducheyne F, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Lenoir M, et al. Does a cycle training course improve cycling skills in children? Accident; analysis and prevention. 2013;59: Ducheyne F, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Lenoir M, et al. Effects of a cycle training course on children's cycling skills and levels of cycling to school. Accident; analysis and prevention. 2014;67:49-60 Positive Attitudes in Parents and Adolescents towards CST and perception that CST would make adolescents safer in traffic: 7. Mandic S, Flaherty C, Pocock T, et al. Parental perceptions of cycle skills training for adolescents. Journal of Transport & Health. [in press] 8. Colwell J, Culverwell A. An examination of the relationship between cycle training, cycle accidents, attitudes and cycling behaviour among children. Ergonomics. 2002;45: Mandic S, Flaherty C, Pocock T, et al. Attitudes towards cycle skills training in New Zealand adolescents. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior. 2016;42:

22 References Adolescents and Parent s Perception of Cycling as a less safe way to school compared to walking 10. Mandic S, Hopkins D, García Bengoechea E, et al. Adolescents' perceptions of cycling versus walking to school: Understanding the New Zealand context. Journal of Transport & Health. 2017;4: Hopkins D, Mandic S. Perceptions of cycling amongst high school students and their parents. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation. 2017;11: Higher Rates of Bicycle-Related Injuries reported in adolescents 12. Candappa N, Chirtop M, van Duijvenvoorde K, et al. Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2012: Cyclists National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts: 2013 Data. Bicyclists and Other Cyclists Boufous S, Rome LD, Senserrick T, et al. Cycling crashes in children, adolescents, and adults--a comparative analysis. Traffic injury prevention. 2011;12: Ministry of Transport. Cyclists