Attitudes to Gaelic Broadcasting a briefing for MG ALBA June 2013 Lindsay Paterson & Fiona O Hanlon 1

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1 Attitudes to Gaelic Broadcasting a briefing for MG ALBA June 2013 Lindsay Paterson & Fiona O Hanlon 1 Introduction The Scottish Social Attitudes Survey (SSA) is run annually by ScotCen Social Research, with the aim of collecting objective data about public attitudes on issues relevant to Scotland. In 2012, the Economic and Social Research Council, Bòrd na Gàidhlig, the Scottish Government and Soillse funded a module of questions on attitudes to Gaelic in the Survey. These questions covered Gaelic in education, Gaelic in public life, and Gaelic and cultural identity. 2 Three survey questions related to broadcasting. The wording of the questions and their response categories were: [1] During the last 12 months, how often have you heard Gaelic on television or radio? More than once a week About once a week Less than once a week but at least once a month Less often than once a month Never [2] (Asked only of those who did not reply Never to [1]) During the last 12 months, what types of TV programmes in Gaelic, if any, have you watched? Don't watch any TV programmes in Gaelic Football Culture, music and heritage Children's programmes News and Current Affairs Other 1 Lindsay Paterson, School of Social and Political Science, Edinburgh University. Fiona O Hanlon, Soillse, Celtic and Scottish Studies, Edinburgh University. 2 Summary results from the full range of questions relating to Gaelic in the survey are reported by: O Hanlon, F., Paterson, L., Ormston, R., and Reid, S. (2013), Public Attitudes to Gaelic in Scotland / Beachdan a Phobaill air a Ghàidhlig ann an Alba, Soillse Research Digest 3 / Geàrr-iris Rannsachaidh Shoillse 3, Inverness: Soillse, available at: 1

2 [3] How much do you agree or disagree that having Gaelic programmes on TV is essential to ensuring that some people use the Gaelic language in the future? Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree The sample In the 2012 Scottish Attitudes Survey, 1,229 randomly selected people aged 18+ were interviewed. The sample was representative of Scotland in terms of region and socioeconomic characteristics of the neighbourhood. The data were also weighted to make results match the population by sex and age. Linguistic characteristics of the sample Sample size: 1,229 This graph shows the sample s reported competencies in speaking and understanding Gaelic. 15% of the sample could speak at least the odd word of Gaelic, and 25% could understand at least the odd word, with 1.2% of the sample able to understand conversations in Gaelic, and 0.8% of the sample able to partipate in conversations in Gaelic. Demographic characteristics In the graphs provided below, the respondents responses to the three questions about Gaelic broadcasting are classified by five demographic characteristics: (i) age, (ii) sex, (iii) highest educational attainment (iv) occupational class and (v) region. These variables are in more detail: 2

3 [1] Age group The categories are: 18-24; 25-44; 45-64; 65 and older. [2] Sex The categories are: Male; Female. [3] Highest educational attainment The categories are: Higher education qualification (for example, degree, HND); Upper secondary-school qualification (for example, Higher Grade); Lower secondaryschool qualification (for example, Standard Grade); No formal qualification. [4] Occupational class The categories are derived from the National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification, and are: Professional & managerial; Intermediate; Self-employed; Supervisory & technical; Routine. [5] Region The categories are defined in terms of Local Authority areas as: Gaelic areas: CNES, Highland, Argyll & Bute; North East and Northern Isles: Shetland, Orkney, Moray, Aberdeenshire, Aberdeen; East: Angus, Dundee, Perth & Kinross, Fife, Stirling, Clackmannanshire, Falkirk, West Lothian, Edinburgh, Midlothian, East Lothian; West: East Ayrshire, East Dunbartonshire, East Renfrewshire, Glasgow, Inverclyde, North Ayrshire, North Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, South Ayrshire, South Lanarkshire, West Dunbartonshire; South: Dumfries & Galloway, Borders. 1. Question 1: Exposure to Gaelic on television or radio In this section, for each demographic characteristic, we first present a graph showing the percentage of people who report having heard any Gaelic on television or radio, and then present a separate graph giving details of the frequency of that exposure to Gaelic. 3

4 1.1 Age Sample sizes: = 82; = 376; = 465; 65+ = 303. Margins of error: 18-24: ±11%; 25-44: ±5%; 45-64: ±5%; 65+: ±6%. 3 There is little reliable evidence of differences in exposure to Gaelic TV or radio according to age, although there is some evidence that older people (aged 65+) are less likely ever to have heard Gaelic on television or radio than the groups aged Because the percentages shown in the graphs are based on a random sample, they are subject to random error. Under each graph, we indicate the approximate range within which the true value probably lies. 4

5 or % of the sample in the 65+ age bracket had heard Gaelic on TV or radio in the past 12 months, compared with 72-73% for the and age groups. 1.2 Sex Sample sizes: Male 561; Female 668. Margins of error: ±4%. Men are much more likely than women to have heard Gaelic on television or radio, with 77% of men reporting that they have heard Gaelic on the television or on the radio in the last 12 months, compared with 63% of women. 5

6 1.3 Highest educational attainment Sample sizes: Higher education, 449; Upper secondary, 246; Lower secondary, 264; None, 242. Margins of error: ±6%. People with no formal educational qualifications are much less likely to have ever heard Gaelic on television or radio than the other groups (56% compared to around 72-73%). 6

7 1.4 Occupational class Sample sizes: Professional & managerial = 421; Intermediate =158; Self-employed = 95; Supervisory & technical = 99; Routine =365. Margins of error: Professional & managerial: ±5%; Intermediate: ±8%; Selfemployed: ±10%; Supervisory & technical: ±10%; Routine: ±5%. There is no reliable evidence of systematic differences among the occupational groups in exposure to Gaelic television or radio. 7

8 1.5 Region Sample sizes: CNES, Highland, Argyll & Bute = 153; North East = 155; East = 422; West = 441; South = 58. Margins of error: CNES, Highland, Argyll & Bute: ±8%; North East: ±8%; East: ±5%; West: ±5%; South: ±13%. There is evidence that people in CNES, Highland and Argyll & Bute (grouped here as one region ) are more likely to have heard Gaelic on television or radio at least once per week (a total of 37%) than people in any other area (around 19-22%). 8

9 1.6 Summary of conclusions for which there is firm evidence in relation to exposure to Gaelic on television or radio Men are much more likely than women to have heard Gaelic on television or radio. People with no formal educational qualifications are much less likely to have heard Gaelic on television or radio than the other groups. People in the Gaelic council areas (CNES, Highland, and Argyll & Bute) are more likely to have heard Gaelic on television or radio at least once per week than people in other areas. 2. Question 2: Types of Gaelic programme watched on television (amongst those who heard any broadcast in Gaelic) 2.1 Age Graph is restricted to those who had heard any Gaelic on television or radio in the past 12 months. Sample sizes: = 55; = 269; = 339; 65+: 184 Margins of error: 18-24: ±13%; 25-44: ±6%; 45-64: ±5%,; 65+: ±7%. The oldest age group is less likely to have watched football in Gaelic than the other age groups (28% in the 65+ age group compared to, for example, 42% in the group aged 18-24). There is a gradient across the age groups for watching cultural programmes in Gaelic (15% in the youngest group, 25% in the group, 35% in the group, and 46% in the 65+ group), and for watching children s programmes (21% in the youngest age group and 5% in the oldest). 9

10 2.2 Sex Graph is restricted to those who had heard any Gaelic on television or radio in the past 12 months. Sample sizes: Male, 432; Female, 417. Margins of error: ±5%. Men are much more likely than women to have watched football in Gaelic (51% compared to 20%), and women are more likely than men to have watched children s programmes in Gaelic (18% compared to 6%). 2.3 Highest educational attainment Graph is restricted to those who had heard any Gaelic on television or radio in the past 12 months. Sample sizes: Higher education, 324; Upper secondary, 179; Lower secondary, 193; No formal qualification, 136. Margins of error: ±8%. 10

11 People with a higher education qualification are: less likely to have watched football in Gaelic than the other attainment groups; less likely to have watched cultural programmes than the upper-secondary and no-formal-qualification groups; and more likely to have watched news in Gaelic (12% compared to about 7-8%). 2.4 Occupational class Graph is restricted to those who had heard any Gaelic on television or radio in the past 12 months. Sample sizes: Professional & managerial = 307; Intermediate = 101; Self-employed = 64; Supervisory & technical = 75; Routine = 248. Margins of error: Professional & managerial: ±6%; Intermediate: ±10%; Selfemployed: ±12%; Supervisory & technical: ±12%; Routine: ±6%. The two highest occupational groups are less likely to have watched football in Gaelic than the other groups (26-33% amongst professional & managerial and intermediate compared to 42-57% amongst self-employed, supervisory & technical and routine ), but there is no reliable evidence of other differences. 11

12 2.5. Region Graph is restricted to those who had heard any Gaelic on television or radio in the past 12 months. Sample sizes: CNES, Highland, Argyll & Bute= 107; North East = 99; East = 310; West = 294; South = 39. Margins of error: CNES, Highland, Argyll & Bute: ±10%; North East: ±10%; East: ±6%; West: ±6%; South: ±16%. There is evidence that the Gaelic council areas are more likely to have watched cultural programmes in Gaelic than the North East, the East or the West. There is evidence that the Gaelic council areas, the East, and the West are more likely to have watched football in Gaelic than the North East and South. 2.6 Summary of conclusions for which there is firm evidence in relation to types of programme watched on television in Gaelic The oldest age group (aged 65+) is less likely to have watched football in Gaelic than the other age groups. There is a gradient across the age groups for the proportion who have watched cultural programmes in Gaelic, rising from youngest to oldest. The youngest age group (aged 18-24) is more likely to have watched children s programmes in Gaelic than the oldest age group (aged 65+). Men are much more likely than women to have watched football in Gaelic. Women are more likely than men to have watched children s programmes in Gaelic. People with a higher education qualification are less likely to have watched football in Gaelic than the other attainment groups, and less likely to have watched cultural programmes than the upper-secondary and no-formalqualification groups. The two highest occupational groups (professional & managerial, and intermediate) are less likely to have watched football in Gaelic than the other groups. People in the Gaelic council areas are more likely to have watched cultural programmes in Gaelic than thenorth East, the East or the West. People in the Gaelic council areas, the East, and the West are more likely to have watched football in Gaelic than the North East and the South. 12

13 3. Question 3: Views on importance of Gaelic television to the future of Gaelic In response to question [3] noted above, 68% of people agreed that having Gaelic programmes on TV is essential to ensuring that some people use the Gaelic language in the future, with 15% strongly agreeing, and 53% agreeing. 3.1 Age Sample sizes: = 81; = 366; = 458; 65+ = 300. Margins of error: 18-24: ±11%; 25-44: ±5%; 45-64: ±5%; 65+: ±6%. Young people are more likely than other age groups to strongly agree that Gaelic television is essential to the future of the language. However, combining the two categories of agreement (strongly agree and agree) gives much weaker differences among the age groups. Using the combined agreement categories, the proportion of each age category agreeing with the statement that TV is essential to the future use of Gaelic in Scotland ranges from 61% (amongst year-olds) to 75% (amongst year-olds). 13

14 3.2 Sex Sample sizes: Male = 550; Female =658. Margin of error: ±4%. There is no evidence of any sex difference in views about the importance of Gaelic television for the future of the language. 3.3 Highest educational attainment Sample sizes: Higher education = 446; Upper secondary = 242; Lower secondary = 260; None = 232. Margins of error: ±6%. There is little evidence of any differences among educational groups in views about the importance of Gaelic television for the future of the language, although people with higher education are more likely to agree strongly strongly that TV is essential to the future use of Gaelic in Scotland. 14

15 3.4 Occupational class Sample sizes: Professional & managerial = 416; Intermediate =158; Self-employed = 93; Supervisory & technical = 99; Routine = 354. Margins of error: Professional & managerial: ±5%; Intermediate: ±8%; Selfemployed: ±10%; Supervisory & technical: ±10%; Routine: ±5%. There is no reliable evidence of difference among occupational groups in views about the importance of Gaelic television for the future of the language. 3.5 Region Sample sizes: CNES, Highland, Argyll & Bute = 150; North East = 152; East = 416; West = 437; South = 53. Margins of error: CNES, Highland, Argyll & Bute: ±8%; North East: ±8%; East: ±5%; West: ±5%; South: ±14%. 15

16 There is little evidence of any differences among the regions in views about the importance of Gaelic television for the future of the language, although people in the Gaelic council areas are more likely to agree strongly that TV is essential to the future use of Gaelic in Scotland. 3.6 Summary of conclusions for which there is firm evidence in relation to views on the proposition that Gaelic television is essential to the future use of Gaelic Young people (aged 18-24) are more likely to agree strongly that Gaelic television is essential to the future of the language. People with higher education are more likely to agree strongly that Gaelic television is essential to the future of the language. People in the Gaelic council areas are more likely to agree strongly that Gaelic television is essential to the future of the language. 16

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