The potency of curing fish waste pellet for growth and protein level of African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

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1 The potency of curing fish waste pellet for growth and protein level of African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Awik Puji Dyah Nurhayati, and Asti R. Febiyani Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1854, (2017); View online: View Table of Contents: Published by the American Institute of Physics Articles you may be interested in Reducing the level of leaves damage of (Brassica rapa) caused by armyworm (Spodoptera litura F.) through liquid bioinsecticide formulation of bintaro (Cerbera odollam) leaves extract AIP Conference Proceedings 1854, (2017); / Analysis of lipid profile and atherogenic index in hyperlipidemic rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) that given the methanolic extract of Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) AIP Conference Proceedings 1854, (2017); / Biodegradation of naphthalene and phenanthren by Bacillus subtilis 3KP AIP Conference Proceedings 1854, (2017); / Spicule size variation in Xestospongia testudinaria Lamarck, 1815 at Probolinggo-Situbondo coastal AIP Conference Proceedings 1854, (2017); / Manganese (Mn) stress toward hyperaccumulators plants combination (HPC) using Jatropha curcas and lamtoro gung (L. leucocephala) in mychorrizal addition on soybean (Glycine max) seedling stage AIP Conference Proceedings 1854, (2017); / Lead (Pb) bioaccumulation; genera Bacillus isolate S1 and SS19 as a case study AIP Conference Proceedings 1854, (2017); /

2 The Potency Of Curing Fish Waste Pellet For Growth And Protein Level Of African Sharptooth Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Awik Puji Dyah Nurhayati a) and Asti R. Febiyani Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS) Jl. Arief Rahman Hakim, Surabaya Indonesia a) Corresponding author: Abstract. Fish curing in Kenjeran, Surabaya produces waste such as fish offal, tail and fins which still has some nutrients, especially protein content, so it can be used as fish feed. Fish feed is an important factor in fish growth. Farmers usually use commercial fish pellets, but the price is relatively more expensive. Curing fish waste which is less expensive can be used as materials for pellets. The purpose of this study is to utilize curing fish waste as a material fish pellets for growth African catfish. Experimental design of this research is Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 1 factorial. The pellets varieties were of K.0, K.1, K.2, K.3, and K.4. The pellets were given to the fish for 30 days. Data of growth rate, survival rate and FCR and protein level data of the pellet and the fish flesh were analyzed by one-way ANOVA statistical method. The analysis shows that the K.4 treatment has a best result of relatively growth of length (72.64%)and relatively growth of weight (488,97%). Protein level of fish flesh is 20.97%. The survival rate of 98%, FCR most efficient pellets exist is K.4. Keyword- Clarias gariepinus, Curing fish waste, Growth, Pellet, Protein. INTRODUCTION ISH curing in Kenjeran, Surabaya leaving waste such as fish offal, head, tail and fins. Curing fish waste should be utilized so as to reduce the environmental impact due to its decay. Curing fish waste still contains nutrients: protein 29.70%; fat 18.83%; carbohydrate 1.94%; water content 8.97%; and crude fiber 1.07%; so it can be used as feed for livestock such as fish [1]. If the amount of feed, feed quality and content of nutrients such as protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals are enough, growth can take place optimally. Fish feed consists of two kinds of natural feed and artificial feed. Pellet is a form of artificial feed made from some of the material is processed and molded into rods or round shape [2]. Pellet can be made from natural materials such as the spleen, liver, and heart of the fish. Pellet type based on its shape can be divided into: moist and dry The advantages of moist pellets is more fast digested by the fry and fingerlings, but the moist pellets can contaminate water and causing pollution [3]. Fish farmers typically use commercial pellets, but it is relatively expensive, reaching 60-70% of the cost component of aquaculture [4]. Efforts should be made to overcome this is to create a homemade feed using relatively inexpensive materials[1] - [2]. Curing fish waste is the cheap raw materials that can be utilized and processed into pellets. Curing fish waste is processed into pellets so that the pathogen is not toxic to fish [5]-[6]. Fish farming (aquaculture) is an attempt to overcome the decline in fish catches from the wild for the next few years. In 2030, the region needs to increase to 60% the result of aquaculture to meet world consumption [7]. One popular type of fish farming in Indonesia is African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Fish have been selected for their Proceeding of International Biology Conference 2016 AIP Conf. Proc. 1854, ; doi: / Published by AIP Publishing /$

3 maintenance period is short and rapid growth [8]. Pellets are made from waste fish curing can be a good feed for fish farming African Catfish. Pellet quality fish were able to accelerate growth, has a lower FCR value, and improve the survival rate (survival rate) of fish [9]. The content of nutrients contained in the pellets mainly protein that is 25-28% must be met in order for optimal fish growth takes place [10]. Waste curing fish contains protein 29.7%, the need for additional resources to meet the nutritional protein. Other meat protein source snails (protein: 12.2%) and eggs (protein: 35.5%) was added in the manufacture of pellets from waste material curing fish to enrich the protein content of the pellets [11]. The purpose of this study, among others, is to know the effect of curing fish waste pellets to growth, as well as the protein content of African catfish (C. gariepinus). METHODS Curing Fish Waste Pellets Produce Curing fish waste were washed and cut, then the clean curing fish waste was boiled. After curing fish waste has been boiled, curing fish wasted were washed and roasted until dry, then mashed up into flour [1]. Golden apple snails were boiled in salt water, to remove mucus. Meat of the apple snails were taken out from the shells, washed and drained, then roasted in C and mashed up into flour. Golden snail s eggs were washed, then dried and mashed into flour [12]. Ingredients such as flour curing fish waste, flour golden apple snail, golden apple snail s eggs, bran, starch, vitamin and mineral premix were mixed until blended with the composition (Table 1). Combination Curing Fish Waste Fish Tail and Fins Fish Offal TABLE 1. Composition of Material Pellets Materials Compositions (%) Commercial Pellet Golden Apple Snail s Meat and Eggs The dough was added by 1.25 grams of yeast tempe, then the dough was incubated for ± 12 hours. After fermentation, the dough be formed by a meat grinder, and dried / roasted until crispy. Finally, the pellets were stored in a clean and dry storage [1]. Starch Vitamin and Mineral Premix Tapioca Flour K K K K K K.0= Control (Comersial Pellet), K.1= 1 st Combination (Pellet of Golden Snail), K.2= 2 nd Combination (Pellet of Mix Curing Fish Waste), K.3= 3 rd Combination (Pellet of Fish Offal), K.4= 4 th Combination (Pellet of Fish Tail and Fins)

4 Tank Preparation FIGURE 1. Tank Dividing a. Side View, b. Top View K.0= Control (Comersial Pellet), K.1= 1 st Combinaton (Pellet of Golden Snail), K.2= 2 nd Combination (Pellet of Mix Curing Fish Waste), K.3= 3 rd Combination (Pellet of Fish Offal), K.4= 4 th Combination (Pellet of Fish Tail and Fins) Maintenance tanks used is a fish pond which is in the Department of Biology ITS which has a volume of 17.5 m3 were divided into 5 partitions with each partition volume of 1 m 3 (p l t = 2.5 m 1 m 0, 4 m), as shown in Figure 1. African Sharptooth Catfish Treatment African catfish fish used to have their initial weight 9.11 ± 0.89 g with a total body length of 12 ± 0.5 cm. African catfish fed in the form of pellets from waste fish curing (K.0, K.1, K, 2, K.3 and K.4) as treatment and repeated 10 times. Pellets are given three times daily at 05:00, 14:00, and 21:00, the timing adjusted to the water temperature is not too high. The pellets were giving with ad libitum procedure or restricted till the fish full. African catfish fish maintenance period is for 30 days. Measurement Growth African Catfish The quality of the pellets can be determined by observing the growth of the fish. Growth can be formulated as increase of the length or weight for a time period [13]. To find out the growth that occurs in C. gariepinus by pellets from curing fish waste done by counting the length and weight, and also the relatively length and weight growth of the fish, which is measured by the following formula: The formula of length increase: P = L t - L o H P = Fish Length increase (cm). L t = Final fish length (cm). L o = Initial fish length (cm) [13]. The formula of relatively length growth: H p = Relatively fish length growth (cm)

5 L t = Final fish length (cm). L o = Initial fish length (cm) [13]. The formula of weight increase: B = W t W o B = Fish weight increase(gr). W t = Final fish weight (gr). W o = Initial fish weight (gr) [13]. The formula of relatively weight growth: H B = Fish relatively weight growth (gr). W t = Final fish weight (gr). W o = Initial fish weight (gr) [13]. Survival rate Terms pellet quality is able to maintain the survival rate of fish in order to keep the high [9]. The survival rate of C. gariepinus by pellets of curing fish waste is measured by the formula: SR = Survival Rate (%). N o = The number of fish in the beginning of the study N t = The number of fish in the end of the study[13]. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) FCR differences of each treatment showed differences in quality of feed used. Feed that contains protein would be one fish growth driver. The lower the value of feed conversion, the less is needed to produce 1 kg of fish meat. That is, the more efficiently the feed is converted into meat, [14]. To determine the quality and effectiveness of fumigation pellets of fish waste, feed conversion measurement performed by the following formula: F = Weight of feed given during the study Wo = The total weight of the fish at start of the study Wt = The total weight of the fish at final of the study D = The total weight of the death fish at the end of the study [13]. Measurement of protein content in the pellets of waste Curing fish and meat Catfish Dumbo African catfish feed for fish must contain 30% protein for larvae stage, 25-28% for stage of enlargement, and 30% for the brood stock [10]. The protein content of the waste fumigation pellets of fish need to be measured to

6 determine it meets national standards or not. Measurements of protein pellets from waste fish fumigation carried out by Biuret method [15]. Measurement of protein content in meat C. gariepinus conducted to determine the effect of fish waste pellets from the protein content of C. gariepinus. Measurements of protein do with Biuret method [15]. Data Analysis The observed data growth that is relatively lenght growth and weight growth relative to the whole fish African Catfish analyzed using one-way ANOVA using the program MINITAB 16 to know the effect of the material pellets against the growth of C. gariepinus. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS African Catfish Growth Growth is the ability of living organisms to improve his time by taking energy from the environment point of his life in the form of nutrients [16]. Fish growth will take place optimally if the nutrients in the feed given in accordance with the needs and easily digested by fish [17]. African Catfish fish growth by pellets of curing fish waste was observed by measuring the length and weight growth. Treatment TABLE 2. African catfish length growth for 30 day maintenance Length (cm) Fish Length Increase (cm) Relatively length growh (%) Day 0 Day 30 K K ,89 7,89 65,75 K.2 11,97 19,9 7,93 66,24 K.3 11,97 18,3 6,33 52,88 K.4 11,99 20,7 8,71 72,64 K.0= Control (Comersial Pellet), K.1= 1 st Combination (Pellet of Golden Snail), K.2= 2 nd Combination (Pellet of Mix Curing Fish Waste), K.3= 3 rd Combination (Pellet of Fish Offal), K.4= 4 th Combination (Pellet of Fish Tail and Fins). On the measurement of the relative length growth, the highest result there are fish in African Catfish with K.4 treatment which amounted to 72.64%, and then the treatment K.2, K.1, K.3 and K.0, which is equal to 66, 25%; 65.75%; 52.88%; and 50% (Table 2). The growth of the relatively length of the fish in the treatment of African Catfish K.4, K.2, K1, and K.3, higher than K.0 as a control. The test results of one way ANOVA growth relatively lengths of African Catfish fish showed the P value = 0.014; or smaller than α = 0.05; thus no difference in relatively length growth of K.0, K.1, K.2, K.3 and K.4. Tukey test showed that the treatment of the most influential K.4 pellets compared to other pellets. TABLE 3. African Catfish weight growth increase for 30 days maintenance Treatment Weight (gr) Day 0 Day 30 Fish weight increase (gr) Relatively weight growth (%) K.0 9,107 41,27 32,16 353,17% K.1 9,102 56,10 47,00 516,35% K.2 9,065 49,74 40,68 448,70% K.3 9,103 37,58 28,48 312,83% K.4 9,07 53,42 44,35 488,97% K.0= Control (Comersial Pellet), K.1= 1 st Combination (Pellet of Golden Snail), K.2= 2 nd Combination (Pellet of Mix Curing Fish Waste), K.3= 3 rd Combination (Pellet of Fish Offal), K.4= 4 th Combination (Pellet of Fish Tail and Fins). The growth parameters measured not only the length of the fish, but also the weight of the fish. Measurement of relatively weight growth at treatment K.1 fish have the highest results, that is %, then the treatment K.4, K.2, K.0 and K.3, respectively amounted to %; %; %; and % (Table 3.). The weight growth of African Catfish at treatment K.1, K.4, K2, higher than K.0 as controls. The one way ANOVA test results of relatively weight growth of African Catfish showed the P value = higher than α = 0.05; thus no significant effect between treatments. K.1 fish growth on treatment with the growth of the relative weight of most, but not in accordance with the results of the relative length growth of 65.75%, which when compared to other treatments,

7 smaller than the results of the treatment and the K.4 K.2. This is likely due to the treatment K.1 fish disease that is characterized by morphological features bulging belly (Figure 2). Catfish disease, bulging stomach and filled with fluid, so the weight gets heavier [18]. a FIGURE 2. Morphological African catish in treatment K.1 suspected of contracting the disease. a. Bulging fish belly Measurement of fish growth at treatment K.4 shows good balance between length and weight, which is equal to 72.64% and %. This indicates K.4 pellets can be digested well by the fish, thus increasing the growth in fish. Survival Rate of African Catfish Pellet quality fish were able to accelerate the growth, besides the pellets are good also to maintain and improve the survival rate of fish. The survival rate of African Catfish fish in juvenile stage was 75% [9]. The results showed that the survival rate of fish in treatment provision K.0 pellets, K.2, K.3 and K.4 of 100%, while in treatment provision K.1 pellets by 90%. Based on the results obtained, the survival rate for all treatments giving fish pellets included in either category, so the pellet K.0, K.2, K.3 and K.4 safe as feed for African Catfish, but the treatment K. 1, there is an indication of the pellets used is poorly. The fish in K.1 treatment allegedly have disease which characterized by a bulging stomach, and one of them is dead. The main ingredient of K.1 pellet that is golden snail maybe contains toxins. Application the golden snail as feed should be processed properly, because the golden snail s slime contains toxins [19]. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of African Catfish The quality of the feed can be determined based on the value of feed conversion ratio (FCR). Quality fish pellet has a lower FCR value [9]. If the FCR value getting low, the less energy is required to produce 1 kg of fish flesh. That is, the more efficiently the feed is converted into flesht [14]. Based on the calculation obtained, the value of the most efficient feed conversion is K.4 pellets, while the less efficient is the K.3 pellet. These results are compared with the results of the growth and survival, it can be said K.4 pellet a good feed for African Catfish, because of the growth occurring in relatively good indicated by survival rate: 100%, and FCR value: 0,68. FCR value showed its efficiency in shaping the flesh that produce fish growth. Protein Level of Curing Fish Waste Pellet and African Catfish Flesh Based on the results obtained, the pellet with the highest protein content is K.4 pellets which amounted to 32.74%, next followed by the protein content of the pellets K.2, K.0, K.3 and K.1 which is equal to %; 31%; 28.47% and 25,27% (Table 4)

8 TABLE 4. Protein Level of Curing Fish Waste Pellet and African Catfish Flesh Treatment Protein Level (%) Pellet African Catfish Flesh K ,05 K.1 25,27 8,76 K.2 31,98 14,15 K.3 28,47 13,83 K.4 32,74 20,79 K.0= Control (Comersial Pellet), K.1= 1 st Combination (Pellet of Golden Snail), K.2= 2 nd Combination (Pellet of Mix Curing Fish Waste), K.3= 3 rd Combination (Pellet of Fish Offal), K.4= 4 th Combination (Pellet of Fish Tail and Fins). Protein levels on all pellet that match to Indonesian National Standard (SNI), the protein content of the pellets to the stage of enlargement is 25-28% [10]. The test results of African Catfish fish meat protein as measured by Biuret method, the highest levels of the protein are fish fed pellets K.4 which amounted to 20.79%, followed by fish fed pellets K.0, K.2, K.3 and K.1, that is 19.05%; 14.15%; 13.83%; and 8.76% (Table 4). According to [20], the protein content of meat C. gariepinus is about %. The results of measurements of protein levels in this study were approaching the statement was in fish fed pellets K.4 and K.0 that is 19.05% and 20.79%. High and low levels of protein in the fish flesh resulting from food sources are given for each different treatment [21]. In the treatment K.4 and K.0, high levels of protein in the pellet, and the protein content in flesh is also high, while the pellet K.1, low protein content, and the results of the analysis of protein content in fish flesh is also low. But at K.2 pellet, the protein content is considerably higher than the pellets K.0 and K.1, which amounted to 31.98% protein content in fish flesh is low, that is 14.15%, approaching the levels of fish meat protein in treatment K.3 pellets, amounting to 13.83%. Effect of pellets on the growth and quality of African Catfish flesh is relatively best at group K.4 fish fed pellets that have a protein content is 32.74%, that is with relatively length growth is 72.64%; relatively weight growth is %; the survival rate is 100%; and the most efficient feed conversion ratio is 0.68; and the protein content in fish flesh is 20.79%. This indicates that the K.4 pellets protein level id optimal in order to accelerate growth and improve the quality of the fish flesh. High levels of the protein does not always improve the growth and quality of the fish meat. According to [22], the protein content in the diet can improve the quality of the fish flesh consumption but not entirely, because it is used for growth. This can be seen in the group of fish which is feeding by K.2 pellets with a protein content is 31.98%; relatively length and weight growth to the group of fish is quite good, which amounted to 66.24% and %; but the meat quality is not good, is shown with only meat protein content was 14.15%, while according to [22], the protein content of meat C. gariepinus should be around 17,6-18.3%. Treatment with pellets K.2 showed the protein content of the pellets allegedly more absorbed for growth. The different results shown on treatment with K.0 pellets. The protein level of K.0 Pellets is 31%;its produce good quality fish flesh with a protein content is 19.05%. But the growth of the fish groups K.0 less well, with a relatively long growth only amounted to 50% growth and the relative weight of only amounted to %. Based on these results, the pellets K.0 allegedly more suitable to be used to improve the quality of the meat and not promote growth. Inversely with K.4, K.2, and K.0 pellets; K.1 and K.3 pellets unfavorable for the growth and quality of fish flesh on African Catfish. K.1 pellet protein level: 25.76%, shows the results of treatment relatively length growth lower than treatment with K.4 pellets that is 65.75%; whereas the fish flesh protein level is low, which amounted to 8.76%. K.3 Pellet with a protein content is 28.47%, indicating a relatively length growth treatment results were poor, which amounted to 52.88% and the relatively weight growth of the most low at %; whereas the low fish flesh protein content, which is equal to 13.83%. Results of one-way ANOVA between the growth in the relative lengths of treatment K.1 and K.3, shows the P> 0.05, or there is no difference, as well as the results of one way ANOVA of relatively weight growth, showed P> 0.05; or there is no difference between K.1 and K.3. Therefore, its can be said K.1 pellet with ingredients golden snails and K.3 pellets with ingredients fish offal, resulting in growing fish are almost same. Based on research, the results of growth and protein level of the curing fish waste pellets, namely K.2, K.3 and K.4 pellet; poorly is the treatment K.3 pellets. This is because the pellet ingredients in the form of waste curing fish offal. Fish offal accumulate harmful chemicals such as heavy metals, which can block and hinder the work groups of biomolecules essential for metabolic processes, such as proteins and enzymes [23]. Therefore, fish offal from curing

9 fish waste should not be processed into fish feed, but it should be treated in other ways, such as fertilizer, silage, the production of enzymes protease and others, especially waste from the fish curing of Kenjeran, Surabaya. CONCLUSION The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is the pellet K.4 shows the results of a long growth and the relative weight of the nicest are 72.64% and %. The protein content in fish flesh is best to treatment with the K.4 pellet which is equal to 20.97%. REFERENCES 1. A. Rimalia Pengaruh Limbah Ikan Terhadap Pertumbuhan, Kualitas Darah dan Kandungan Protein Ikan Patin (Pangasius hypothalamus HB). Tesis. Yogyakarta: Program Studi S2 Biologi,Universitas Gadjah Mada. 2. R. Zaenuri, B. Suharto, dan H. A. T. Sutan Kualitas Pakan Ikan Berbentuk Pelet Dari Limbah Pertanian. Jurnal Sumberdaya Alam & Lingkungan. P G. Pandey Feed Formulation and Feeding technology for Fishes. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 4(3): Nasution, E. Z Studi Pembuatan Pakan Ikan dari Campuran Ampas Tahu, Ampas Ikan, Darah Sapi Potong, dan Daun Keladi yang Disesuaikan dengan Standar Mutu Pakan Ikan. Jurnal Sains Kimia 10: A.O. Sotolu Comparative Utilizations of Fish Waste Meal with Imported Fishmeal by African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research 4 (4): L. Nuraeni, E. Suhardi, dan R.T. Rostikawati Pengaruh Pemberian Pakan Tambahan Limbah Ikan Tongkol terhadap Pertumbuhan Ikan African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822). E-Journal Universitas Pakuan Bogor. Bogor: Universitas Pakuan. 7. World Bank Fish to 2030 : Prospects for Fisheries and Aquaculture. Agriculture and environmental services discussion paper. no. 3. Washington, DC: World Bank. 8. S. R. Suyanto, Budidaya Ikan Lele. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta. 9. R.W. Ponzoni,. and N.H. Nguyen (eds) Proceedings of a Workshop on the Development of a Genetic Improvement Program for African catfish Clarias gariepinus. WorldFish Center Conference Proceedings Number The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia BSN Pakan buatan untuk ikan African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) pada budidaya intensif (SNI ). Jakarta: BSN. 11. Dreon, M.S., Heras, H., and Pollero, R.J Biochemical composition, tissue origin and functional properties of egg perivitellins from Pomacea canaliculata. Biocell Vol 30(2). 12. S.J.B. Tarigan Pemanfaatan Tepung Keong Mas Sebagai Subtitusi Tepung Ikan Dalam Ransum Terhadap Performans Kelinci Jantan Lepas Sapih. Skripsi. Medan: Departemen Peternakan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera Utara. 13. A.T. Susanto, dan T. Widyaningrum, Pengaruh Komposisi Campuran Tepung Tulang Ikan Patin (Pangasius pangasius) Dan Pelet Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Kadar Protein Ikan Lele (Clarias sp.). Jurnal Bioedukatika Vol. 1 no. 1 Hal S. Madinawati, dan Yoel Pemberian Pakan yang Berbeda Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Kelangsungan Hidup Benih Ikan African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Media Litbang Sulteng IV (2) : Fatchiyah, E.L Arumningtyas, S. Widyarti, dan S. Rahayu,2011. Biologi Molekular-Prinsip Dasar Analisis. Jakarta: Erlangga. 16. G. H. Fried, dan G. J. Hademenos Biologi Edisi Kedua. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. 17. R. Amalia, Subandiyono, dan E. Arini Pengaruh Penggunaan Papain Terhadap Tingkat Pemanfaatan Protein Pakan Dan Pertumbuhan African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Journal of Aquaculture Management and Technology. Vol. 2(1): David Sistem Pakar Diagnosa Penyakit Ikan African Catfish. Konferensi Nasional Sistem dan Informatika. 19. M.Ridla Pengenalan Bahan Makanan Ternak.Bogor: IPB 20. A. Marcu, I. Nichita, A. Marcu, C. Vintila, M. Nicula, D. Dronca, C. Roman, and K. Bartolomeu Studies Regarding the Meat Quality of the Species Clarias gariepinus. Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies. Vol 43 (2)

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