Impacts of Halibut IFQs and Changing Kodiak Communities. Courtney Carothers University of Washington

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1 Impacts of Halibut IFQs and Changing Kodiak Communities Courtney Carothers University of Washington Alaska Fishing Communities Conference Anchorage, AK September 2006

2 Dissertation Research 12 months of field research - Just Completed! I. Mail Survey - Halibut IFQ Holder - Why is Quota Share Leaving Small Communities? II. Ethnographic Research 3 Kodiak Villages - Detailed Place-Based Research -- Context - How Impacts Have Affected Livelihoods and Lifestyles

3 I. IFQ Holder Survey Community Effects Quota is Leaving Small Communities Why?? Small Remote Fishing Communities (SRFC) SMALL: Less than 1,500 people REMOTE: Rural by Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission FISHING: Historic halibut landings; < 10 miles from coast Net Result of Halibut and Sablefish Quota Share Transfers: Quota Share (1000 metric tons) <1, , , ,000 Size of Community 6-9,000 >30,000

4 IFQ Holder Survey 52 SRFCs: Akhiok, Akutan, Angoon, Atka, Chenega Bay, Chignik, Chignik Lagoon, Clam Gulch, Coffman Cove, Craig, Edna Bay, Elfin Cove, False Pass, Gustavus, Halibut Cove, Hoonah, Hydaburg, Hyder, Kake, Kasilof, King Cove, Klawock, Larsen Bay, Mekoryuk, Metlakatla, Meyers Chuck, Naknek, Naukati Bay, Nikolaevsk, Ninilchik, Old Harbor, Ouzinkie, Pelican, Perryville, Point Baker, Port Alexander, Port Graham, Port Lions, Saint George Island, Saint Paul Island, Sand Point, Seldovia, Skagway, South Naknek, Tatitlek, Tenakee Springs, Thorne Bay, Toksook Bay, Tununak, Whale Pass, Whittier, Yakutat

5 IFQ Holder Survey Sample Total N Sampled N % Returned Buyers: Non-SRFC 2, % SRFC % Sellers: Non-SRFC 3, % SRFC % Neither: Non-SRFC % SRFC % 7,710 1,100 46%

6 IFQ Holder Survey - Demographics Mean Age Male Own Boat Crew Average Income Alaska Native SRFC 42 years 88% 73% 19% $45,000 38% Non-SRFC 41 years 91% 72% 21% $70,000 8%

7 IFQ Holder Survey -- Community SRFC Non- SRFC > 20 years in Community Residence in Home Community Grandparent Ties to Community IFQs Pos Effect on Community IFQs Neg Effect on Community 72% 39% 72% 50% 75% 66% 34% 31% 55% 42%

8 IFQ Holder Survey -- Opinions IFQs are changing fishing lifestyle IFQs are private property I prefer IFQs to derbies Manage more fisheries w/ IFQs SRFC 78% 70% 54% 28% Non- SRFC 81% 71% 73% 47% Buying and Selling Patterns by Community Type - Website

9 II. Ethnographic Research Larsen Bay Old Harbor Ouzinkie

10 Kodiak Village Fishing Trends I. Community depopulation Lost access to fishing Little economic diversification no work Education no place for the young people year old gap II. Significant decrease in fishing involvement Salmon price decrease High entry costs permits, IFQs, safety measures Exxon Valdez oil spill Crewmen s wages have decreased/few good crew jobs available III. Younger generation the lost generation Loss of fishing identity, lifestyle, knowledge transfer

11 I. Community Depopulation Village Populations Population Larsen Bay Old Harbor Year Did any of your brothers or sisters move out of the village bec Larsen Bay Old Harbor Ouzinkie Decreased Fishing 8% 44% 21% Education 50% 33% 46%

12 II. Decreased Fishing Involvement Currently Fish Previously Fished Fishing is My Vocation Larsen Bay 27% 70% 37% Old Harbor 15% 82% 40% Ouzinkie 29% 82% 56%

13 II. Decreased Fishing Involvement What does fishing mean to your community? (Fishing) used to mean everything now really there are only 3 active boats. Not really a fishing village since IFQs and all that. It still is in its own mind a fishing village. They consider themselves fisherpeople even though they don't really fish Ouzinkie Resident Well right now fishing is an essential, not necessarily for income, but for sustenance of life. It's a way of life. Hopefully we'll be able to bring the commercial fishing back to what it was. The young people have been aced out of the fishing you know, permits which we are going to try to change. Ouzinkie Resident

14 III. Younger Generation Would you recommend that young people get involved in commercial fishing? Yes No Not Sure Larsen Bay 26% 61% 13% Old Harbor 60% 25% 15% Ouzinkie 46% 46% 8.3%

15 Would you recommend that young people get involved in commercial fishing? Fishing is a part of the identity - it's part of who we are. It's our life here. It is what we are proud of doing and of knowing how to do. It's what people tell stories about. Fishing Family, Old Harbor When I was young, I grew up knowing that I d be a erman and I knew one day I d be a boat owner... Guys wing up today don t know that; there s no reason to think y can be boat owners most of them can t be. Elder fisherman in Ouzinkie

16 IFQs and All That It all started with the permit Continuum of Access Limitation Policies Limited Entry IFQs Rationalization

17 Quyanaasinaq to: The People of Kodiak, Larsen Bay, Old Harbor, & Ouzinkie especially, Mary Haakanson, Phyllis Clough, Mary Barb Christiansen, the Fields, Herman Squartsoff, Angeline Campfield, Jack Wick, Al Cratty, Daniel Ellanak, Robert Katelnikoff, Gwen Christiansen, RJ Zeedar, Robbie Townsend-Vennel, Woody Koning, Larsen Bay, Old Harbor and Ouzinkie Tribal Councils, KIHA, GOAC3 Funding Agencies -- National Science Foundation Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Washington Sea Grant Program Dissertation Committee & Advisors Eric Smith, Jennifer Sepez, Ben Fitzhugh, David Fluharty, Sven Haakanson Jr.

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