Report on the seafood consumption data found in the European countries of the OT-SAFE project WP3. Risk assessment of TBT in seafood in Europe

Transcription

1 Report on the seafood consumption data found in the European countries of the OT-SAFE project WP3. Risk assessment of TBT in seafood in Europe Frank Willemsen W-03/42 November 2003

2 Contract QLK1-CT OT-SAFE : Sources, consumer exposure and risks of organotin contamination in seafood. IVM Institute for Environmental Studies Vrije Universiteit De Boelelaan HV Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel Fax info@ivm.falw.vu.nl Copyright 2003, Institute for Environmental Studies All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copyright holder.

3 Seafood consumption data i Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Belgium Data sources Results Data from the SCOOP report 8 3. France 9 4. Germany Greece Italy Hungary The Netherlands Portugal Spain Introduction Consumption data in Spain Sites of study Sweden United Kingdom 41

4 2 Institute for Environmental Studies 1. Introduction The main objective of OT-SAFE is to assess TBT levels in seafood and the associated risks to European consumers. A database will be compiled on TBT levels in European seafood and the possible reduction of the TBT content of seafood during kitchen preparation will be studied. Risk assessment will be conducted taking consumption patterns into account. Food consumption patterns however, are extremely difficult to capture. The most common type of survey that comes anywhere near recording consumption patterns is the food consumption survey. For reasons of practicality these surveys are usually conducted over a limited amount of time per subject, which results in (usually a large number of) snapshots of people s actual consumption. In the early stages of the OT-SAFE project the choice was made to try and identify people s seafood consumption per species. Although this choice is justifiable, it is important to realise that food consumption surveys often do not focus on seafood at all, let alone individual species eaten as seafood. Aggregated categories with names such as white fish, fish, moderately fat, etcetera were the rule rather than the exception and were as such often of limited use for the OT-SAFE project. For a number of countries no food consumption surveys were recovered at all. For these countries more crude data, such as import and export data, market data and catches and landings data were used. In the European setting, where it is unlikely that individuals catch considerable amounts of fish for their own consumption, all of these figures must be considered to produce overestimations of the actual average consumption. Comparison of the findings of the OT-SAFE project with the SCOOP task was difficult because of the different approach that was taken. In the SCOOP task highly aggregated consumption data (e.i. not in species categories) were included, whereas in the OT-SAFE search these were often discarded. To enable some sort of comparison the results of the SCOOP tasks have been included for those countries where this applies.

5 Seafood consumption data 3 2. Belgium 2.1 Data sources The Table Summary on fish consumption in Belgium in 2000 is composed of data that were obtained from two Belgian federal governmental data sources. Import and export data were provided by the Centrale Raad voor het Bedrijfsleven - CRB or Central Economic Council CCE), depending on the Ministry of Economic Affairs. Data on landings in Belgian harbours were provided by the Dienst voor Zeevisserij of the Ministry of Small Enterprises, Traders and Agriculture. This Ministry has been regionalised since 1/1/2002 and is currently being replaced by new federal and regional structures. 2.2 Results The seafood supply in Belgium was calculated for the year 2000 and the data have been broken down to species level as much as possible. The Excel file Summary on fish consumption in Belgium in 2000 contains the following data: The column Imported from : ranking of the most important countries importing into Belgium in 2000; The column Exported to: ranking of the most important countries Belgium was exporting to in 2000; The column Imports : imported amounts per species, given in kg, in Where possible distinction was made between whole fish or filets, to make the data more accurate; The column Exports : exported amounts per species, given in kg in Where possible distinction was made between whole fish or filets, to make the data more accurate; The column Landings : amounts per species, given in kg, landed in Belgian fishery harbours in 2000; The column Total supply : amounts per species, given in kg, of the total supply on the Belgian market in 2000; The column Per capita supply : amounts per species, given in kg, consumed per caput per year in Mussel. Mytilus edulis. The data clearly show that Belgium is a mussel eating country and 99% was imported from The Netherlands. There is one remark on the total supply. The original data gave a total imported amount of kg. This figure, however, comprises the sum of mussels alive (with shell) and mussel meat (without shell). The ratio between both was not given, so the accurate consumed amount could not be determined. Therefore the total amount of kg is considered as being all mussels with shell. The reason is that most mussels are sold alive in Belgium and there were other original data on amounts of mussel without shell. After recalculation and with the assumption that 30% of the total weight is edible, the figure of kg was obtained and expressed in the table.

6 4 Institute for Environmental Studies Salmon. Oncorhynchus spp. mostly. Salmon seems to be the most consumed fish in Belgium. All salmon are cultured and imported and the most important importing countries in Belgium in 2000 were: For filets: Denmark (1,815,395kg or 25.8% of the total), UK (1,383,301kg or 19.6%), France (1,140,397kg or 16.2%) and Germany (955,486kg or 13.6%). 75.2% of the total salmon filets was imported from these four countries. Which imports that were exported again could not be concluded from the original figures; Whole salmon (except guts): Denmark (3, kg or 33.6% of the total), Sweden (2,060,721kg or 21.0%), United States of America (1,645,650kg or 16.8%), UK (856,061kg or 8.7%), France (814,838kg or 8.3%). 88.4% of the total salmon filets was imported from these four countries. Which part of imports was exported again could not be concluded from the original figures.

7 Seafood consumption data 5 Table 2.1 Species. Species Imported from**: Exported to: Imports in kg Exports in kg Landings in kg Total supply in kg Mussel 'Mytilus spp.', see remark in text 3 (99%) 3>>>3> Pacific Salmon "Oncorhynchus nerka, 8>30>400>>6>1>4>3>>512 1>>>3>11>6> Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Oncorhynchus kisuth and Oncorhynchus keta Cod filets 'Gadus morhua, Gadus ogac, 8>24>8>4>60>1>>3=6 3>>1>4>8> Gadus macrocephalus Pacific Salmon filets "Oncorhynchus 8>6>1>4 3>>1>>16= nerka, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Oncorhynchus, Oncorhynchus kisuth and Oncorhynchus keta Plaice 'Pleuronectes platessa' 3=6>1>>8 3>>>>1>8> Allaska pollack filets 'Theragra chalcogramma' 4>>>720>8>75>>1>3>>6 1>3>4>>38> Cod 'Gadus morhua' 8>>>24>3>30>6>4 1>3>>>8> Herring 'Clupea harengus and Clupea 3>>8>28>4 16>> pallasii' Sole 'Solea spp.' 3>>>1>6>4>5 3>>>1>>5>6> Lobster 'Homarus spp.' 404>3>400 3>>>>16> Trout 'Salmo trutta, Oncorhynchus 1>>8>52>5>3>11 3>38> mykiss, Oncorhynchus clarki' Oyster 'Ostrea spp.', with shell, alive 3>1>6 3>16> Redfish 'Sebastes spp.' 24>>>4>>8>1 4>1> Per capita* supply in kg per year

8 6 Institute for Environmental Studies Common shrimp 'Crangon spp.' 3>>>204>>6>4 204>>>>3>1> Great scallop 'Pecten maximus' mostly 1>6>8=3>504 1>5=4>3> Pollack (=saithe) filets 'Pollachius virens' 8>1>3>46=24 1>4>>3> Trout 'Oncorhynchus apache et Oncorhynchus 1>>>8>5>4 4>>>>1>38> chrysogaster' Redfish 'Sebastes spp'. 8>30>>4>3>24 3>>> Mackerel 'Scomber scombrus, Scomber 7>>3>1>6 3>>>1> australasicus, Scomber japonicus' Greenland halibut 'Reinhardtius hippoglossoides' 8>>4>3>1 3>1>8> Sprat 'Sprattus sprattus' 7>>6>> Anglerfish 'Lophius spp.' 720>6>8>3=24>1 1>>5>3>4> Eel 'Anguilla spp.', vivantes 3>400>404>1>8>5 3>>1> Sardine 'Sardina pilchardus' 1>>>5>10 4>16> Spiny dogfish 'Squalus acanthias' 400>>>404>1>3 1>>>> Brill 'Scophthalmus rhombus' Norway lobster 'Nephrops norvegicus' 6>8>1>7 1>> Turbot 'Psetta maximus' Eel 'Anguilla spp.', fresh or frozen 3>>804=690=624 1> Hoki "Macruronus novaezealandiae" filets 804>>>1>3>8>814 1>>>>>4> Common squid 'Loligo vulgaris' 664>>>680>>11>662>720 1>>>4>>11>3> Plaice filets 'Pleuronectes platessa' 3>>>5>8>1 5>>>>>1> Anchovy 'Engraulis spp.' 1>5>52 11=1>5> Octopus spp. 248>1>708>204>680>11>1 1>>>4>3>10> Bars "Dicentrarchus labrax" 1>>3 1>3> Flounder 'Platichthys flesus' 3>5>8 5>>> Eel 'Anguilla spp.', smoked 3 3>

9 Seafood consumption data 7 Table 2.2 Countries and their number. Country Number France 1 The Netherlands 3 Germany 4 Italy 5 UK 6 Ireland 7 Denmark 8 Greece 9 Portugal 10 Spain 11 Luxemburg 16 Iceland 24 Norway 28 Sweden 30 Austria 38 Switzerland 39 Turkey 52 Poland 60 Russia (Republic of) 75 Morocco 204 Senegal 248 United States of America 400 Canada 404 Peru 504 Israel 624 India 664 Thailand 680 Vietnam 690 Indonesia 700 China 720 The Philippines 708 New Zealand 804

10 8 Institute for Environmental Studies 2.3 Data from the SCOOP report Belgium submitted data about consumption of fish (9.1.1) and bivalves (9.1.2) expressed by consumer and high consumers, reported in Table BE Food Consumption. The sources of consumption data were not specified. No other information has been made available. Table 2.3 Group code BE Food consumption. Food name Year Data by Consumer (g/day) Data by Population (g/day) Year Data by Consumer (g/day) Mean High consumers Mean 9,1,1 Fish No data No data ,1,2, Bivalves No data 0.66 No data No data 0.66

11 Seafood consumption data 9 3. France The results presented here are extracted from the OFIMER report " Family consumption of aquatic products" for 2000 (SECODIP Taylor Nelson inquiry) Table 3.1 Fresh aquatic products consumption for year 2000 in France. Species Tons Fish Shellfish Crustaceans Cephalopods 4118 Total Table 3.2 Fresh Fish consumption: repartition among species. Specie % Cod 9,4 Trout 8,2 Coalfish 9,7 Mackerel 4,2 Whiting 7,7 Sardine 4,9 Salmon 16,2 Sole 4,8 Other (indiv<4%) 34,9 It appears that the salmon is the main specie consumed in France. A recent note from the Ofimer indicates that this fish is mainly imported (45% of imported fresh fishes) and mainly from Norway. It also clearly mentioned that Salmon is essentially sold in supermarket (81% of the sales). Table 3.3 Shellfish consumption: repartition among major species. Specie Tons Oysters Mussels Scallops 5375 Whelk 4526 Chlamys (scallops) 418 Total Mussels and oysters are the two major consumed species.

12 10 Institute for Environmental Studies Data from the SCOOP report France presented food consumption data on 13 food groups. Data expressed by consumers (mean and high consumers - 95 th percentile) and by population (mean and high consumers - 95 th percentile were presented for both adults and children The food consumption data are based on the INCA survey (Individual and national French food intake survey). This national survey was conducted all over the country from August 1998 to June 1999, so it integrates the seasonal effects. The total sample (3003 persons) is composed of 1985 adults 15 years and over and 1018 children and young teenagers (3-14 years). The food consumption reading was done with a diary record on 7 consecutive days. The identification of the type of food and the portion size consumed were estimated with a validated photographic book. The food nomenclature was based on the nomenclature used in the food composition tables and contains about 1000 codes and 44 food groups. Table 3.4 French Adult seafood consumption. ADULTS (>15 Years) average body weight: 66.4 Food group code Food name Year Data by Population (g/day) Mean High consumers (95 perc) Data by Consumers (g/day) Mean High consumers (95 perc) 9 Fish and fish products 1998/ ( (a)) Fish and fish products 1998/ Fish and fish products 1998/ (a) of regulation 1998/ / ( ) only molluscs Molluscs 1998/ ( ) only Cephalopodes 1998/ cephalopodes 9 ( ) only Crustaceans and echinoderms 1998/ crustaceans

13 Seafood consumption data 11 Table 3.5 French children s seafood consumption. CHILDREN (3-14 Years) average body weight: 31.6 Food group Food name Year code Data by Population Data by Consumers (g/day) (g/day) Mean High Mean High consumers consumers (95 perc) (95 perc) 9 Fish and fish products 1998/ ( (a)) Fish and fish products 1998/ Fish and fish products 1998/ (a) of regulation 466/ / ( ) only Molluscs 1998/ molluscs 9 ( ) only Cephalopodes 1998/ cephalopodes 9 ( ) only Crustaceans and echinoderms 1998/ crustaceans References OFIMER, Bilan trimestriel (Dec 2000). Consommation des Ménages en Produits Aquatiques, Consoscan from society Secodip (group Taylor-Nelson-Sofres.) OFIMER, Division Observatoire Economique Entreprise : Bilan annuel 2000, Données de commercialisation sous criée, (2000) OFIMER, Note le marché du Saumon,(March 2001). Comité National de la Conchyliculture, 55 rue des Petits-Champs, Paris OFIMER: Office National Interprofessionnel des Produits de la Mer et de l'aquaculture, 11 boulevard de Sébastopol, Paris

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15 Seafood consumption data Germany Table 4.1 Market share of fish and seafood in Germany. Market share 2000 Fishery goods altogether of it: 100 % A Sea fish 75.30% B Sweetwater fish 13.70% C Crawfish 11.00% Table 4.2 Market share of fish per species. Fish altogether of it: 100% 1 Alaska-Pollock,(Theragra chalcogramma) 28.50% 2 Herring, (Clupea harengus) 18.50% 3 Tuna, (Thunnus albacares) 13.20% 4 Salmon, (Salmo Salar) 6.00% 5 Redfish, (Sebastes marinus) 5.40% 6 Saithe, (Pollachius virens) 4.50% 7 Hake, (Merluccius spp.) 4.40% 8 Cod Fish, (Gadus spp.) 3.70% 9 Mackerel, (Scomber scombrus) 2.40% 10 Trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 2.20% 11 Plaice, (Pleuronectes platessa) 1.40% 12 Halibut, (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) 0.50% Table 4.3 Distribution per-capita-consumption to product category. Distribution per-capita-consumption to product category Product category: A Preserved-food and marinades 30% of it: 1. Tinned Herring 16% 2. Tinned Tuna 11% 3. Tinned sardine 2% 4. Tinned mackerel 1% B Cold treatment/deep frozen-fish 25% C Fresh fish 14% D Crawfish 13% E Other fish (for example Salt herring or young herring) 7% F Smoked fish 7% G Fish salad 4% Table 4.4 German seafood turnover. ( x 1000 t nominal catch ) Production (German fisher) 259 Import 1,542 Export 711 Other utilization (feedstuff) 2 Nourishment consumption (Germany) 1,088 Per-capita-consumption 13,3 kg

16 14 Institute for Environmental Studies Data from the SCOOP report According to the consumption data in Germany six food groups were established for calculating the dietary intake: DE/1 Fresh fish from lakes and farms; DE/2 Fresh fish from inland waterways and harbours. These fish may be caught by anglers and are used mainly for private consumption; DE/3 Fresh fish from open sea, ocean etc. (marine water); DE/4 Bivalve molluscs; DE/5 Crustaceans ; DE/6 Fish products. No data on consumption of specific foods were presented Frozen fish, fish fillets from marine water (open sea, ocean), which was originally, categorized was not listed in group DE/6 but was inserted in group DE/3. This is in accordance to the German food consumption data obtained from the German National Food Consumption Survey (DE 001). Mollusc products were combined with DE/4 fresh bivalve molluscs according to the German food consumption data. Data on food consumption were obtained from the German National Food Consumption Survey (DE 001). This study was conducted in in which adults > 18 years and 889 children (4-6 years) were interviewed. The average body weight was 70.5 kg for adults and that for children was 20.9 kg. Food consumption data for each food group DE/1 - DE/6 with regard to mean and high consumers (97.5 percentile), for adults and children and are reported in Table 4.5.

17 Seafood consumption data 15 Table 4.5 Seafood consumption in Germany. (Adults >= 18 years) Bodyweight: mean=70.5 kg, median=70 kg Food group code Food Identification (country) Food name Year Data by Consumer (g/day) Mean High consumers (97.5 Perc) Data by Population (g/day) Mean High consumers (97.5 perc) DE/1 Fresh Fish farm / Lake DE/3 Fresh Fish marine DE/4 Bivalve molluscs DE/5 Fresh crustaceans / 9.3 / 9.4 DE/6 Processed fish and fish products (Children 4-6 years) Bodyweight: mean=20.9 kg, median=20 kg DE/1 Fresh Fish farm / Lake DE/3 Fresh Fish marine DE/4 Bivalve molluscs (0.01) DE/5 Fresh crustaceans (0.10) / 9.3 / 9.4 DE/6 Processed fish and fish products

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19 Seafood consumption data Greece Fish production in the year 1999 More than 80 different species are landed in Greek fishing grounds. The following table describes the quantity of fish caught in Only species with a production higher than 1,5% are shown (exception: common prawn with a production of 0,96% and squid with a production of 0,94%). Imports Total fish imports for Greece in 1999 were ,7 metric tons. Table 5.2 shows the distribution of these imports among principal countries. Only origin countries that represent more than 3% of the Greek fish imports are included. Table 5.3 shows the imports by principal species and the principal countries of origin. Under the category Breams the following species are included: Red Bream, Black Bream, White Bream, Black Sea Bream, Couch s Sea Bream, Pargo Bream, Common Dentex, Largeeye Dentex, Red Pandora and Common Pandora. Exports:1999 1,2,3,5 Total fish exports for Greece in 1999 were ,8 metric tons. Table 5.4 shows the distribution of these exports among principal countries. Italy comprises the main importing country and, in general, EU countries receive more than the 92,7% of the fish exports.

20 18 Institute for Environmental Studies Table 5.1 Total fish production of Greece: 1999 figures. A. Fish landed with fishing tools 1 Metric tons A1. Total ,9 By principal species: Fish A2. Anchovy ,6 A3. European Pilchard (Sardine) ,6 A4. Gilt Sardine 1.891,9 A5. Hake 3.128,1 A6. Bogue 4.666,4 A7. Common Grey Mullet 1.964,9 A8. Chub Mackerel 1.850,5 A9. Goatfish 1.734,6 A10. Pickerel 3.680,6 A11. Horse Mackerel 3.534,1 A12. Red mullet 2.111,7 Cephalopoda A13. Cuttle Fish 3.122,7 A14. Octapus + Poulp 3.690,0 A15. Common Squid + Flying Squid 1.083,0 Crustaceans A16. Common prawn 1.116,1 A17. Common shrimp 1.811,6 Pelecipoda A18. Mussel ,9 B. Aquaculture B1. Total fishes 2, ,0 B2. Total pelecipoda 4, ,0 By principal species: B3. Sea Bass ,0 B4. Sea Bream ,0 B5. Mussel ,0 C. Total production (A1+B1+B2) ,9 Table 5.5 shows the exports by principal species and the receiving countries. Four species comprises more than 75% of the total exports.

21 Seafood consumption data 19 Table 5.2 Fish imports for Greece in 1999 distributed by principal country. Country Metric tons (%) ,7 100,0 EU countries: Italy 8.549,1 11,9 Spain 7.036,2 9,82 Germany 3.557,1 4,96 The Netherlands 2.808,6 3,92 Denmark 2.769,6 3,86 Non-EU countries: India 6.686,1 9,33 New-Zealand 5.713,5 7,97 Senegal 5.129,2 7,16 Argentina 4.748,0 6,62 Morocco 3.980,9 5,55 Turkey 2.416,9 3,37 Table 5.3 Species Common squid and flying squid Fish imports for Greece in 1999 distributed by principal species and their origin country. Total metric tons (%) Origin country Metric tons ,1 25,7 India 5792,5 N. zealand 5498,0 USA 1837,6 Spain 1495,0 The Netherlands 1097,0 2427,3 1765,8 925,1 Octapus 7.511,4 10,5 Morocco Senegal Spain Hake ,8 17,0 The Netherlands Denmark Sweden Argentina 2152,3 1856,0 1555,6 3575,8 Shrimps and Prawns 5.147,4 7,18 Germany 3075,9 Breams 4.022,1 5,61 Italy Spain 1390,0 953,1

22 20 Institute for Environmental Studies Table 5.4 Fish exports for Greece in 1999 distributed by principal importing country. Country Metric tons (%) Total exports ,8 100,0 EU countries: Italy ,5 72,8 Spain 7.162,2 11,1 France 2.324,6 3,59 Germany 1.484,8 2,29 Table 5.5 Fish exports for Greece in 1999 distributed by principal species and the receiving countries. Species Total (%) Target countries Metric tons metric tons Mussel ,4 27,4 Italy 16377,9 Sea Bream ,7 17,0 Italy Spain France 8997,7 1179,8 433,7 Sea Bass 7.755,3 12,0 Italy Spain France Breams (other species except sea bream) European Pilchard (Sardine) and Gilt Sardine Balance sheet ,1 15,7 Italy Spain France 1.901,0 2,94 Italy Yugoslavia Albania 5845,2 983,1 507,9 6371,3 1873,3 652,5 691,1 643,8 333,5 From the above data, the fish balance sheet 6 shown in Table 5.6 could be derived. The balance sheet was calculated only for principal species that are also traded in the EU. Therefore, the species of interest for Greece, with the highest apparent consumption, are, sardines, anchovy mussels, hake, octopus, squid, sea bream and sea bass. Anchovy and sardines are landed in domestic fishing grounds and consumed mainly in domestic markets. Mussels, sea bream and sea bass are produced mainly in maricultures. A large amount of this production is exported mainly in Italy, but the domestic consumption is also large. Hake is imported in large quantities, mainly from EU countries (total hake imports from EU: 8.242,9 metric tons), but these imports are distributed more or less evenly in four countries: the Netherlands (2.152,3 m. tons), Denmark (1.856,0 m. tons), Sweden (1.555,6 m. tons) and Spain (1.199,0 m. tons). Octopus and squid are mostly imported frozen from non-eu countries. Octopus is mainly imported from Morocco, whereas squid is imported from India and New Zealand in large quantities.

23 Seafood consumption data 21 Table 5.6 Fish Balance Sheet of Greece (1999) for principal species. Product Production Import Export Total supply on the market (Metric tons) Anchovy 16455,6 492,1 1039, ,8 Pilchard and Gilt Sardines 17105,5 93,0 1091, ,5 Mussels 48359,9 549, , ,7 Sea Bream 22332,1 442, , ,4 Sea Bass 19363,6 1113,8 7755, ,1 Hake 3128, ,8 249, ,6 Octapus 3690,0 7511, ,1 Squid 1083, , ,4 Seafood consumption in Greece The apparent seafood supply shown in Table 5.6 gives only approximately the seafood consumption in Greece, since there are a lot of amateur and professional fishermen with small boats in Greece that they don t trade their products in official and recorded markets. However it can be used to give a good approach of the seafood consumption in Greece. Table 5.7 Greek seafood consumption data (kg/cap/y). Species Per capita supply(kg/cap/y) Anchovy 1,55 Pilchard and Gilt Sardines 1,57 Mussels 3,04 Sea Bream 1,1 Sea Bass 1,24 Hake 1,47 Octopus 1,06 Squid 1,81 Greek Seafood Consumption Squid Octapus Hake Sea Bass Sea Mussels Sardines Anchovy kg/cap/y Source: National Statistical Services of Greece (based on total population consumption) Figure 5.1 Greek seafood consumption data (kg/cap/y).

24 22 Institute for Environmental Studies Data from the SCOOP report Table 5.8 presents the average availability (g/person/day) of selected food items among the Greek population. Estimates are based on data collected in the context of the Greek national household budget survey, conducted in Household budget surveys are periodically undertaken, using nationally representative samples of households (based on total population). The number of participants were 6258 households, singles included. The surveys aim at collecting, among other, data on food availability taking into consideration the households purchases, together with contributions from own production and food items offered to members as gifts. The data on food quantities refer to foods available at household level, since no information is recorded on the quantity of foods purchased to be consumed outside the household. Data are collected all-year round to allow for seasonal variability in food consumption. Individual availability was estimated without making allowances for edible proportion and under the assumption of equal distribution of food within the household and during the survey period. Sociodemographic parmeters, such as education and profession of household head and synthesis of the household (members, sex and age) were recorded. No records for body weight and geographical level exist. Food consumption data presented in ( Table 5.8) report food groups established for calculating the dietary intake. Data expressed by consumer and by population are shown. Both mean and high consumers (95 percentile) are considered. No data on specific food consumption were presented. Table 5.8 Greek seafood consumption. Food group code Food name Year Data by Consumer (g/day) Mean High consumers 9.1.2, Fresh Bivalve molluscs, 9.1.3, Cephalopodes, Crustaceans and and Echinoderm 9.4 Canned fish, fish roe, caviar, fish pies (95th perc) (95th perc) Data by Population (g/person/day) Mean High consumers (95th perc) (95th perc) References -sources 1. National Statistical Services of Greece 2. Federation of European Aquaculture Producers ( 3. Federation of Greek Maricultures ( 4. Hellenic Ministry of Agriculture 5. Agricultural Bank of Greece 6. Food and Agriculture Organization of UN 7. Corporation for the Development of Fishery (

25 Seafood consumption data Italy Table 6.1 Italy seafood consumption (g/cap/y) consumers only. Consumer only Fresh Fish Frozen Fish Fresh Blue fish Frozen Blue fish 8390 Fresh freshwater fish Frozen freshwater fish 9101 Fresh mollusc Frozen mollusc 9507 Fresh crustaceans 7370 Frozen crustaceans 7326 Preserved Tuna 5243 Preserved Mackerel 4698 Preserved salmon 4645 Preserved anchovy 1311 Preserved sardine 2868 Cod Preserved clam 3724 Others preserved fish and seafood 5548 Table 6.2 Italy seafood consumption (g/cap/y) total population. Total population Fresh Fish 5533 Frozen Fish 1406 Fresh Blue fish 830 Frozen Blue fish 42 Fresh freshwater fish 879 Frozen freshwater fish 166 Fresh mollusc 1521 Frozen mollusc 716 Fresh crustaceans 361 Frozen crustaceans 152 Preserved Tuna 2033 Preserved Mackerel 41 Preserved salmon 174 Preserved anchovy 85 Preserved sardine 10 Cod 255 Preserved clam 8 Others preserved fish and seafood 62

26 24 Institute for Environmental Studies Data from the SCOOP report The average availability (g/person/day) of selected food items among the Italian population has been reported. Estimates are based on data collected by the Italian Institute for Food and Nutrition, conducted in to establish the Italian food consumption patterns in the 90 s. The sample size was of 1200 households, corresponding to 2734 individuals. Qualitative aspects of food intake profiles were surveyed by a questionnaire. a mixed 7-days based survey technique was applied in order to survey both individuals and household consumptions. Food intakes were recorded by a self-compiled diary, which contained the following informations: 7-day purchase/wastage diary, 7-day recipe diary, 7-day eating diary. Besides, social-demographic anthropometric cultural and life-style characteristics were recorded. Table 6.3 Food Food name group code Italian seafood consumption. 9 fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms (MCE) 9,2 processed fish and fish products fresh fish, muscle meat of fish frozen fish, fish fillets and fish products Year Data by Consumer (g/day) Data by Population (g/day) Mean High consumers Mean High condiandian) (mesumers (me no data 31,8 no data no data 7,4 no data no data 15,2 no data no data 3,9 no data x1 pelagic fish, fresh no data 2,3 no data pelagic fish, frozen no data 0,1 no data x2 freshwater fish, fresh no data 2,4 no data freshwater fish, frozen no data 0,5 no data molluscs, fresh no data 4,2 no data molluscs, frozen no data 2,0 no data 9.4 crustaceans, fresh no data 1,0 no data crustaceans, frozen no data 0,4 no data 9.4 tuna, fully preserved no data 5,6 no data 9.4 mackerel, fully preserved no data 0,1 no data 9.4 salmon, fully preserved no data 0,5 no data 9.4 anchovies, fully preserved no data 0,2 no data 9.4 sardines, fully preserved no data 0,0 no data salted cod no data 0,7 no data dried fish no data 0,0 no data 9.4 clams, fully preserved no data 0,0 no data 9.4 other preserved fish products no data 0,2 no data

27 Seafood consumption data 25 References Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione INRAN (Food and Nutrition National Research Institute).Turrini et al. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55 (7), , 2001).

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29 Seafood consumption data Hungary Introduction The seafood consumption in Hungary is considered low. However, a stable and considerable increase in consumption has been observed since 1998 concerning not only the seafood but the freshwater species & products as well. Taking advantage of this tendency 2002 is declared the year of the fish by the Fish Product Council of the Office for Agricultural Market Regime. National promotions are going to be launched in March everywhere in the country in order to make Hungarian consumers acquainted with a wider spectrum of fish products, the benefits of fish consumption and culinary traditions of other European nations. Statistics Table 7.1 FAO-data (1999) on seafood supply for Hungary; species aggregated. Product Imports Exports Total Supply Feed Food Per capita supply Unit 1000 metric tons kg/year Demersal Fish Pelagic Fish Marine Fish, Other Crustaceans Cephalopods Molluscs, Other Aquatic Animals, Others Total Seafood As Hungary is a landlocked country, there is no seafood production. The import of fresh fish or other aquatic animals is not considerable. The structure of seafood consumption can be seen in Table 7.2. Figure 7.1 shows the import broken down to the most important 10 fish and mussel species. Table 7.2 Hungarian actual (2000) seafood consumption. Seafood Frozen Prepared or canned/bottled Total Consumption, kg/cap/year Table 7.2 : Hungarian seafood consumption in 2000 (g/cap/y). Source: Databases of (i) the Research and Information Institute for Agricultural Economics, (ii) the Fish Product Council of the Office for Agricultural Market Regime Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Budapest, Hungary)

30 28 Institute for Environmental Studies Table 7.3 Hungarian seafood consumption. Species g/cap/y Herring 317 Sardine 222 Hake 199 Walleye pollock 111 Tuna & skipjack loin 64 Mackerel 26 Saithe 16 Atlantic salmon 15 Atlantic cod 14 Blue mussel 8 Others 160 H ungarian seafood consum ption, g/cap/y Herring Sardine Hake W alleye pollock Tuna & skipjack loin M ackerel Saithe A tlantic salm on A tlantic cod B lue m ussel O thers Figure 7.1 Hungarian actual (2000) seafood consumption based on the 10 most frequently consumed fish/mussel species 2, 3. References FAO Database ( Database of the Research and Information Institute for Agricultural Economics, Budapest, Hungary Database of the Fish Product Council of the Office for Agricultural Market Regime Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hungary.

31 Seafood consumption data The Netherlands Consumption data were collected in the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey with dietary records from a stratified probability sample of households in The Netherlands (Kistemaker et al., 1998). The survey comprises a description of the daily consumption over two consecutive days and recording of age, sex and body weight for each individual within the sampled households. Data have been collected from April 1997 until April Collection of data was evenly spread over the weeks of the year and the days of the week. In total 6250 persons aged 1 to 97 participated, belonging to 2774 households. The mean body weight of the subjects was 65.8 kg. From the food consumption data, which was originally not always broken down into species categories, the average consumption per species was calculated (see Table 8.1). Table 8.1 Consumption per species (grammes/capita/year). Species Amount Herring 696 Whiting 631 Pollack 516 Cod 496 Salmon 394 Plaice 192 Mussels 187 fish other low fat 161 Tuna 156 shrimps & prawns 121 Mackerel 109 Data from the SCOOP report Table 8.2 Dutch seafood consumption. Food group code Food name Year Data by Population (g/day) Mean high consumers Eel , Shrimp , X1 Herring X2 Cod , X4 Mackerel Mussel , X6 Plaice ,1 References Kistemaker, C., Bouman, M. & Hulshof; K.F.A.M.(1998). De consumptie van afzonderlijke producten door Nederlandse bevolkingsgroepen : voedselconsumptiepeiling ( ) / (The consumption of seperate products by population groups in the Netherlands: Food consumption Survey ); Published by: TNO Voeding, Zeist, The Netherlands.

32 30 Institute for Environmental Studies Statistisch Jaarrapport 2000; (2001)Productschap vis. (statistical yearly report 2000; published by the Fishery Products Board, Rijswijk, The Netherlands).

33 Seafood consumption data Portugal Portugal is one of the top world seafood consumers, with an estimate seafood consumption of 58 kg/cap/year (FAO, 1999). The landings are clearly insufficient to supply the market requirements, and therefore, Portugal imports a considerable amount of seafood. Since statistical data concerning seafood consumption is not available for Portugal, we have gathered information of landings, imports and exports for the most relevant species, and we have done an estimation of seafood consumption based in a total population of 10 millions inhabitants. All the statistical data was obtained at the National Institute of Statistic (INE) and at the General Management of Fisheries and Aquaculture (DGPA). Table 9.1 English name Cod Sardine Hake Octopus Horse mackerel Chub mackerel Pouting Tuna and similar species Clams Mussels Cockle The most relevant sea species for Portuguese consumers. Latin name Gadus morhua; G.ogac; G. macrocephalus Sardina pilchardus; Sardinops sp. Merluccius merluccius; Merluccius sp.; Urophycis sp. Octopus vulgaris Trachurus trachurus;caranx trachurus Scomber scombrus; S..japonicus; S. australasicus Trisopterus luscus Thunnus alalunga: T. albacares; T. thynnus; Euthynnus sp. Several species of Veneridae family Mytillus galoproviciallis; M. edulis; Perna sp. Cerastoderma edule Table 9.2 Seafood supply for Portuguese consumers in 2000 (INE and DGPA). Only the most relevant sea species for the Portuguese diet are represented. Product Landings (ton.) Import (ton.) Export (ton.) Aquaculture (ton.) Cons. per capita (Kg/year) Cod /30.10* Sardine Hake Octopus Horse mackerel Chub mackerel Pouting Tuna and similar species Clams Mussels cockle Shrimp * Value of consumption of cod using the equivalent live weight for 1999, following the methodology used by FAO (INE and DGPA).

34 32 Institute for Environmental Studies The Portuguese seafood consumption per capita (Kg/year) depends substantially on how cod is included in the statistical data. As an example, between the Portuguese seafood consumption per capita (Kg/year) was 37.4 if cod was included as dried fish, however if it was converted to fresh codfish (which is the normal procedure in FAO) then the Portuguese seafood consumption per capita would be 61.6 Kg/year. Another important factor that should be considered is the edible consumption. Taking the same example using dried cod for the estimations, if gross consumption per capita is used we would have a consumption per capita between of 37.4 Kg/year, however, if only the edible portion (the weight of the product which may be consumed entirely as food) is considered, then we would have a consumption per capita of 24.8 Kg/year. According to our information s the seafood consumption per capita elaborated by FAO takes in consideration only gross consumption. Figure 9.1 presents information concerning the most representative sea species for Portuguese consumers. Although bivalves are not among the most important food items, they have been included because they are target species from the point of view of TBT risk assessment.

35 Seafood consumption data 33 Tunna and similars Cod 20% 17% 50% Spain Gana Belize 51% 5% 25% Spain Norow ay Russia 13% Others 19% Others Hake Horse mackerel 16% 7% Spain South Afr. Others 1% Spain Others 77% 99% Octopus Mussels 7% 18% 75% Spain Filipines Others 13% Spain Chile 20% N.Zeland. 63% Others Clams 18% 49% 33% Spain Netherland Others 41% 15% 26% 18% Spain Moçambique France Others Figure 9.1 Distribution of main Portugese seafood imports (INE). References FAO database ( Database of the National Institute of Statistics (INE). Database of the General Management of Fisheries and Aquaculture (DGPA). Anon, (1998). Portuguese fisheries National Institute of Statistics and General Management of Fisheries and Aquaculture, pp 279.

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37 Seafood consumption data Spain 10.1 Introduction Spain is perhaps one of the most coastal countries in Europe, which determines both the traditional consumption of seafood from people, and its character of seafood producer. Table 10.1 shows the Food Balance Sheet from FAO in which the seafood per capita supply is collected. Data from Table 10.1 are very general and information on seafood species consumption is poor. Only general data on demersal, pelagic, crustacean, etc is obtained. Therefore, additional information about actual seafood consumption from Health and Consumption Ministery in Spain (National Consumption Institute- INC) has been obtained and reported in the followings items Consumption data in Spain The Nutrition and Feeding National Study (1991) from INC reveals the seafood consumption habits from different groups in Spain. The data are expressed in g consumed per person and day. Although the previous study consider in detail the consumption for all the seafood species in the market, only the 10 more representative species are collected in Fig Whiting Squid Sole Sardine Anchovy Prawn Hake Horsemackere l Salad Cod Oil tunny fish g/person/day Figure 10.1 Seafood species more consumed in Spain. We consider as more interesting for the study the five species located on the top of the list, since they are the more consumed: whiting, squid, sole, sardine and anchovy. However following this criteria bivalves and crustacean would not be included Sites of study In order to choose the more suitable places to center the study and sampling we have reviewed the species consumption in the different regions of Spain, considering, in addition, their geographic situation and their socio-economic importance.

38 36 Institute for Environmental Studies Figure 10.2 shows the seafood consumption in the seventeen regions of Spain and its comparison with the national average. The following five regions in different geografic areas of Spain with a high seafood consumption have been chosen: Andalucía (south). With coast in the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas Cantabria (north). Coast in the Atlantic sea Cataluña (north-east). Mediterranean sea Galicia (north-west). Atlantic sea Madrid (center region). Without coast Figure compare the national consumption of the five selected species with that of each region. Most of species are consumed in the selected regions at similar or higher levels than national average. 120 g/person/day Galicia Castilla y La Rioja Cantabria Pais Vasco Madrid Asturias Aragón Andalucía Navarra Castilla La Cataluña Comunidad Extremadu Murcia Islas Islas Regional Consumption National Consumption Figure 10.2 Seafood consumption in different regions of Spain. 25 g/person/day Whiting Squid Sole Sardine Anchov y Andalucía Spain Andalucía Spain Figure 10.3 Selected species consumption in Andalucia.

39 Seafood consumption data g/person/day Whiting Squid Sole Sardine Anchovy Cantabria Spain Cantabria Spain Figure 10.4 Selected species consumption in Cantabria. 25 g/person/day Whiting Squid Sole Sardine Anchovy Galicia Spain Galicia Spain Figure 10.5 Selected species consumption in Galicia. 25 g/person/day Whiting Squid Sole Sardine Anchovy Cataluña Spain Cataluña Spain Figure 10.6 Selected species consumption in Cataluña.

40 38 Institute for Environmental Studies g/person/day Whiting Squid Sole Sardine Anchovy Madrid Spain Madrid Spain Figure 10.7 Selected species consumption in Madrid. References The Nutrition and Feeding National Study (1991). Consumption National Institute. Spain Health and Consumption Ministery. FAO Database (http: //apps.fao.org/page/collections?subset=nutrition)

41 Seafood consumption data Sweden Swedish consumption habits for fish and shellfish have been investigated by the National Food Administration of Sweden [1] persons aged years answered to a questionnaire. Consumers were asked how often different types of fish, shellfish or fish products had been eaten during the last year. The following options were given in the questionnaire: Consumed never any of the fishes or dishes given in the table Consumed a few times a year 1-3 times a month Once a week Several times a week Once or several times a day Don t know. The table in Appendix 1 gives thus no direct information about the amounts of fish or shellfish consumed but only how often seafood and fish had been consumed. Separate studies about the Swedish population food-consumption habits were performed 1989 [2] (households expenses for food and food habits) and [1] by Riksmaten (Country s food). Each investigation was based on 2000 households. With respect to vegetables, fat consumption and smoking habits significant changes had been observed between the two investigations. With respect to the consumption of fish and shellfish no changes were observed as can be seen from Table 11.1 below. Table 11.1 Consumption of fish and shellfish (g/day). Women Man The average yearly fish consumption based on this information is kg/person corresponding to tons/year for 8.9 million inhabitants of Sweden. This value is in reasonable agreement considering total food consumption in Sweden based on information from the European Commissions action program. Fish quality labelling and monitoring available at the Internet. Based on available data on export and import and catches including those from aquaculture, the total consumption was estimated to be tons/ year. Based on the fish consumption frequencies of Swedish population (Appendix 1) the amount of different types of fish and shellfish consumed has been estimated by us applying the following assumptions: Eat fish a few times per year equals to 4 meals a year 1-3 meals monthly equals to 1.5 meals monthly A few meals a week equals to 2 meals weekly One or several meals a day equals to 1.5 meals a day

42 40 Institute for Environmental Studies The amount of fish consumed was set to g per meal depending on the type of fish and this is indicated in Table 11.2 along with total consumption. In case less than 1% of the persons had indicated a preference the frequency was set to 0.5%. Table 11.2 Estimated Swedish seafood consumption per capita and year for different types of seafood. Consummation/person g/year g/meal Cod, Saithe, Haddock, Hake Sole, Mackerel, Turbot, Halibut Fish pins made of Saithe or Cod Herring from Baltic Sea Salmon, Whitefish from Baltic Sea Salmon from Norway (breed) Salmon from Pacific Shellfish Caviar from Cod and others Eel, smoked Pike, Bass, Croakey Canned Tuna, Mackerel, Sardines Canned Herring Smoked Herring from Skagerrak/Kattegatt Smoked Herring from Baltic Sea Total fish consumption (g/cap./year) Total fish consumption (g/cap./day) 33.4 The total fish and shellfish consumption per capita of 33.4g a day is in good agreement with the other investigations (see Table 11.1). Therefore Table 11.2 is likely to represent a reasonable estimate of Swedish fish and shellfish consumption habits. References Wulf Becker, Vår Föda, 1, 27 (1999). Wulf Becker (1989). Befolkningens kostvanor och näringsintag i Sverige. National Food Administration.

43 Seafood consumption data United Kingdom To determine the seafood species for use in this project it would have been better to use seafood consumption data directly attributable to species. Unfortunately, the UK does not have this data available. Seafood consumption data that is available is grouped into non-specific types such as white fish, shellfish and oily fish. Table The next best available dataset to enable selection of species is the fish/shellfish landings into the UK. This can be used to give an approximation of seafood consumption. However, not all fish landed will be used for human consumption some for example will be exported, some will be converted into animal food. Not all of the fish weight landed is used for food, items such as head; tail and gut will not be used. The total fish landings into the UK by species selection is given in Table 12.2, the data is taken from the United Kingdom Sea Fisheries Statistics 1999 and Shellfish figures from these tables do not show farmed and shore harvested numbers. To obtain more accurate figures the report published by DEFRA CEFAS, Shellfish News No10 giving data for 1999 was used. The most recent report giving figures for 2000, No 12 is incomplete due to the foot and mouth epidemic which prevented some data from being collected. These further shellfish figures are added to Table The FAO has compiled data on seafood production and per capita supply; Data for the UK is summarised in Table This shows that demersal fish are the highest consumed fish. The data in Table 12.2 shows that this is composed largely from cod and haddock, most whiting is exported. Shellfish, which include crustaceans, make up the next largest section. Pelagic fish form the third group with herring and mackerel the most landed species although these are mostly used in feed or exported. The data is presented in Figure 12.1 with some further detail on shellfish species. Whilst the above data indicates the most highly consumed fish, TBT concentrations in the various species also need to be considered. Little data exists for TBT in seafood in the UK, so average figures for TBT concentration from Belfroid et al, 1999 are used in conjunction with the few UK values available. The common whelk, Buccinum undatum is included, as this species is known to bioaccumalate TBT. It is also a species that is only consumed in localised areas giving rise to a possible higher consumer risk. Figures for consumption of whelks have already been studied in greater depth for radio-ecological reasons and can be applied to this study. We can therefore use this species for localised high consumption.