Marine biological surveys of Ferry Pier Ma alaea Small Boat Harbor, Kīhei, Maui

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1 of Ferry Pier Ma alaea Small Boat Harbor, Kīhei, Maui September 14, 2012 Preliminary Report AECOS No. 1080C Stacey Kilarski and Susan Burr AECOS, Inc Kamehameha Hwy, Suite 104 Kāne ohe, Hawai i Phone: (808) Fax: (808) aecos@aecos.com Introduction Project Description As part of a larger effort to renovate Ma alaea Small Boat Harbor, the Hawai i Department of Transportation proposes to replace the pier and support beam of the ferry pier (Fig. 1) located on the west breakwater or south mole of the harbor. The design life of the ferry pier has been exceeded. Engineers explored the possibility of removing the spalls, cracks, and corroded reinforcement, but determined the pier is corroded beyond effective repair (Sakanashi, 2012). The chloride ion concentration has penetrated to the surface of the reinforcing steel, so the only effective alternative is to replace the pier rather than repair it. The 6 support piles have been determined to be structurally sound and do not require to be replaced; however, up to 160 cm (63 in) or approximately 70 percent of the length of the piles may be disturbed during construction to assume temporary load from the scaffolding and formwork for the pier (Sakanashi, 2012). An Environmental Assessment (EA) was prepared for the Ma alaea Small Boat Harbor Ferry Terminal Project in 2005 (Munekiyo & Hiraga, 2005). In 2004, AECOS biologists conducted marine and coastal surveys of potential impact areas in the harbor, including the ferry pier (AECOS, 2005; see Appendix C). Hawai i Department of Transportation is seeking a Categorical Exclusion from the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for this underwater work that was not completed from the 2005 EA. NOAA has asked that an Essential Fish Appendix B

2 Habitat (EFH) evaluation be made. In 2012, AECOS biologist conducted an EFH survey of the ferry pier to evaluate EFH habitat that will be affected by this portion of the project. Figure 1. Damaged ferry pier at Ma alaea Small Boat Harbor. Site Description As described in a previous survey (AECOS, 2005): Ma alaea Small Boat Harbor is located at Ma alaea on the southern shore of the Maui isthmus in the northwestern corner of Ma alaea Bay (Fig. 2). Original construction of the harbor occurred in phases throughout the 1950 s. The 11.9 hectare (29.5 acre) harbor was constructed on a narrow fringing reef flat at the western end of Ma alaea Bay. The harbor serves as the only public access point along the western side of Ma alaea Bay and consists of two breakwaters: the West Breakwater (South Mole)

3 extending east from the west shoreline approximately 1100 feet (335 m) with a width of 89 feet (27 m); and the East Breakwater extending south from the north shoreline approximately 850 feet (259 m) with a width of 26 feet (8 m). Currently the harbor accommodates approximately 93 berths/moorings (USFWS, 1993). The south-facing channel between the ends of the breakwaters is approximately 89 feet (27 m) wide and 13 feet (4 m) deep. Methods On August 31, 2012, AECOS biologists, Susan Burr and Stacey Kilarski, conducted an EFH survey of the ferry pier in Ma alaea Small Boat Harbor, Kīhei, Maui. The survey was of 6 piles, the pier beam, the deck, and the armored shoreline of the ferry pier. The pier was also investigated in 2004 (AECOS, 2005).

4 Biologists surveyed the pier beam and piles for coral (species, class size, number, health, and location), invasive species, protected species, and other macro-invertebrate species. Marine algae, fishes, and macro-invertebrates were identified in the field and verified with various texts (Hoover, 1999; Huisman, et al., 2007). A list of species observed including relative abundance is presented as. Results Pier beam and piles General Observations Variable worm snail (Serpulorbis variabilis), various sponges, corals (described below), hydroids, and tunicates encrust the pier beam and piles. Various algal species are found on the piles and beam, including Ulva fasciata, Ulva reticulata, Codium arabicum, Hydrolithon onkodes, Halymenia stipitata, and Dictyota spp. Other macro-invertebrates seen on the pier beam and pilings include urchins (Tripneustes gratilla, Echinometra mathaei, and Echinothrix calamaris), sea frost (Salmacina dysteria), and snowflake coral (Carijoa riisei). Black nerite (Nerita picea), dotted periwinkle (Littoraria pintada), thin-shelled rock crab (Grapsus tenuicrustatus), and Hawaiian oyster (Ostrea sandvicensis) occupy the upper, splash zone segment of the pier beam. Photos of each of the six surveyed piles and pier beam are presented in Appendix B. Coral Size Class The coral community on the ferry pier consists of mostly small encrusting and plate coral colonies adhered to the concrete pier and piles. Additionally, coral colonies are attached to the hard substrate (including boulders from the mole and artificial materials such as chain-link fence) on the seafloor. A total of 98 coral colonies of 6 different taxa were identified and measured on the approximately 56 m 2 (600 ft 2 ) of the pier underwater: Montipora capitata (59), M. patula (6), Porites lobata (1), P. compressa (3), Pocillopora meandrina (1), and Pocillopora damicornis (28). Figs. 1 to 3 and Tables 1 to 3 present the size class distribution for all coral species observed on the ferry pier. Montipora capitata is the most frequently encountered coral species in the vicinity. Most M. captiata colonies are small: 17 colonies are 11 to 20 cm, 21 colonies are 6 to 10 cm, and 9 colonies are 1 to 5 cm. Small, newly recruited colonies of Poc. damicornis are also common in the survey area: 82% of the Poc. damicornis colonies are 1 to 5 cm. Several, mostly small (1 to 5 cm) Montipora patula colonies encrust the piles. Three small (1 to 5 cm) P. compressa colonies are present on the pier beam, one P. lobata colony (21 to 40 cm) is on a pile, and one Poc. meandrina colony (11 to 20 cm) is present on the pier beam.

5 Table 1. Number of coral colonies in each size class for coral species observed on the pier beam and piles. Size class (cm) Percent Taxa 1 to 5 6 to to to to 80 Total of total Poc. damicornis Poc. meandrina Montipora capitata Montipora patula Porties compressa Porties lobata Total count Percent of total n=28 n=1 n=59 n=6 n=3 n= cm 6 10 cm cm cm cm Figure 1. Coral size class distribution for coral species observed on the pier beam and piles.

6 Table 2. Number of coral colonies in each size class for coral species observed on the pier beam. Size class (cm) Percent Taxa 1 to 5 6 to to to to 80 Total of total Poc. damicornis Poc. meandrina Montipora capitata Montipora patula 0 Porties compressa Porties lobata 0 Total count Percent of total n=19 n=2 n=38 n=3 1-5 cm 6 10 cm cm cm cm Figure 2. Coral size class distribution for coral species observed on the pier beam.

7 Table 3. Number of coral colonies in each size class for coral species observed on the 6 piles. Size class (cm) Percent Taxa 1 to 5 6 to to to to 80 Total of total Poc. damicornis Poc. meandrina 0 Montipora capitata Montipora patula Porties compressa 0 Porties lobata Total count Percent of total n=9 n=21 n=6 n= cm 6 10 cm cm cm cm Figure 3. Coral size class distribution for coral species observed on the piles.

8 Fishes A total of 17 fish taxa was observed in the project area. The fishes seen include convict tang or manini (Acanthurus triostegus), butterflyfish (Chaetodon lunula, C. unimaculatus), damselfishes (Abudefduf abdominalis, A. vaigienensis, Dascyllus albisella, and Stegastes marginatus), parrotfishes (Chlorurus spilurus, Scarus rubroviolaceus, and S. psittacus). The piles provide shelter for spottedbox fish (Ostracion meleagris) and tobies (Canthigaster jactator and C. amboinensis). A large school of nehu (Encrasicholina purpurea) was observed swimming in the protected waters between the piles and the armored shore. A large school of nenue (Kyphosus bigibbus) swam along the sea floor in the project area. Rare, Protected, or Invasive Species All corals are protected by state law (DLNR, 2002) and as a special aquatic site under the Clean Water Act. Six Montipora patula colonies were found on the pilings. Snowflake coral was abundant in 2004, but now is only occasionally found on the ferry pier. Other fouling organisms typically found in harbors of Hawai i, such as the Christmas tree hydroid (Pennaria distans) and sea frost (Salmacina dysteria), are present on the ferry pier. Discussion Rare, Protected, or Invasive Species Coral A total of 98 coral colonies were measured in the 56-m 2 survey area on the ferry pier and piles. Only 3 percent of the observed colonies are large (> 40 cm diameter), and most of the colonies are encrusting or plate-forming Montipora capitata. 63 percent of the colonies are on the pier beam and the remaining 37 percent are on the 6 pilings. The 6 Montipora patula colonies are on the piles. Coral species are protected under Hawai i state law. State law prohibits the breaking or damaging, with any implement, any stony coral from the waters of Hawai i, including any reef or mushroom coral (HAR , DLNR, 2002). It is also unlawful to take, break or damage, with any implement, any rock or coral to which marine life of any type is visibly attached (HAR , DLNR, 2002). In February 2010, 83 species of corals world-wide were petitioned for listing as threatened or endangered under ESA (NOAA-NMFS, 2010). In response to the petition, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) completed a status review report (Brainard et al., 2011) in March 2011 and a draft management report of the candidate species (PIRO-NOAA, 2012) in April A public review process of the two reports began on April 13, 2012, and ended

9 July 31, Should NOAA Fisheries determine that listing is warranted, a proposed rule will be published in December 2012 for additional public comment. Sea Turtles The most common sea turtle in the Hawaiian Islands is the green sea turtle. In 1978, green sea turtle in Hawaiian waters became listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (USFWS, 1978, 2001). The National Marine Fisheries Service and Fish and Wildlife Service (NMFS-FWS, 1998) developed a recovery plan for U.S. Pacific populations of the green sea turtle, a document that aids management decisions to protect the population towards recovery. The green sea occurs in the waters of Ma alaea Harbor. Also a listed species, the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) may also appear on rare occasions in the vicinity. Monk Seal The majority of Hawaiian monk seal sighting information collected in the main Hawaiian Islands is reported by the general public and is highly biased by location and reporting effort. The only truly systematic monk seal count data available are from aerial surveys conducted by the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) in and Aerial surveys of all the main Hawaiian Islands were conducted in 2000, 2001 and in 2008 (Baker and Johanos 20042, PIFSC unpublished data). One complete survey of Maui was conducted for each of those years. The 2000 survey was conducted from an airplane, and the 2001 and 2008 surveys of Hawaii were conducted by helicopter. No Hawaiian monk seals were sighted in Ma alaea Harbor during any of the three surveys. Reports by the general public, which are non-systematic and not representative of overall seal use of main Hawaiian Islands shorelines, have been collected in the main Hawaiian Islands since the early 1980s. For the purposes of this report, a sighting is defined as a calendar day during which an individual seal was documented as present at a specific location. In total, 44 Hawaiian monk seal sightings have been reported in or near Ma alaea Harbor from (Table 4). Sightings recorded as Ma alaea Harbor were reported as either inside the harbor, just outside the harbor break wall, at the mouth of the harbor or the harbor in general. Two individual seals were identified in this area and account for nine of the total sightings. No seal births have been documented in or near Ma alaea Harbor (PIFSC, 2012).

10 Table 4. Number of reported Hawaiian monk seal sightings in Ma alaea Harbor on the island of Maui (2003 June 30, 2012). Location Total Ma alaea Currently, only the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are considered critical habitat for monk seal. The waters surrounding the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) have been proposed as monk seal critical habitat, excluding portions of the MHI coastal environments considered hardened shorelines or developed areas (e.g., boat harbors, cliffs, active lava, and large bays with extensive runoff) that do not have the essential features that would support Hawaiian monk seal use. HBH is an area that would not meet the definition of critical habitat for monk seal. Thus, this area, defined as the following locations and delineated by the identified boundaries: Ma alaea Harbor is delineated by all terrestrial coastlines between where the western hardened shoreline meets the coast ( N/ W) east to where the eastern hardened shoreline meets the coast ( N/ W) and all waters in the harbor located inshore of the line drawn from the seaward edge of the west breakwater at the harbor entrance ( N/ W) east to the seaward edge of the east breakwater at the harbor entrance ( N/ W) is not proposed designated as critical habitat area (50 CFR 226, June 2, 2011; NOAA-NMFS, 2011). Humpback Whale The humpback whale or koholā (Megaptera novaeangliae) was listed as endangered in 1970 under the ESA. In 1993 it was estimated that there were 6,000 whales in the North Pacific Ocean, and that 4,000 regularly came to the Hawaiian Islands. The population is estimated to be growing at between 4 and 7 percent per year and as many as 10,000 humpback whales may now visit Hawaiian waters each year (HIHWNMS, 2008). The waters of Ma alaea Harbor are within the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. The project will not directly affect humpback whales, and sounds generated from project activities are not anticipated to be substantial enough to cause an acoustic disturbance to protected species in nearshore waters. The following in-water acoustic impact thresholds are currently used by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to assess potential impacts to marine mammals (NOAA, 2005; D. Hubner, Pers. Comm., 2011): Onset of Injury (also known as the Permanent Threshold Shift) is 180

11 db for cetaceans (whales, porpoises) and 190 db for pinnipeds (seals). The Onset of Behavioral Disturbance (also known as the Temporary Threshold Shift/Areal Avoidance) is 160 db for an impulsive sound and 120 db for a continuous, non-impulsive sound. Best Management Practices Some potentially adverse indirect impacts may occur as a result of proposed repair work. The following best management practices (BMPs) may be applicable: Environmental Protection Specifications A detailed environmental protection specification document should be developed for the construction contractor. Site-specific BMPs are generally a requirement of NWP verifications, either directly or by state water quality certification conditions, which are incorporated by reference. A permittee risks delays or enforcement action if work is commenced pursuant to a site-specific BMP plan that includes regulated activities, such as temporary access fill or stream diversions, that were not authorized under the NWP verification. To facilitate efficient review of a project, site-specific BMPs must be submitted as part of the PCN required for any activity requiring authorization under a NWP. To the extent applicable, the following BMPs must be implemented to minimize the degradation of water quality and impacts to fish, coral reefs, and other aquatic resources (Corps, 2012): Turbidity and sediment from project-related work must be minimized and contained to the immediate vicinity of the authorized activity through the appropriate use of effective sediment containment devices. To the extent practicable, the work must be conducted in the dry season or when any affected stream has minimal or no flow. The site must be stabilized to prevent erosion and runoff and work must stop during flooding, intense rainfall, storm surge, or high surf conditions. To the extent practicable, shoreline work must be done during low tides. To the extent practicable, work in the aquatic environment must be scheduled to avoid coral spawning and recruitment periods and sea turtle nesting and hatching periods. Coordination with federal resource agencies (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and/or NOAA) can assist in identifying these time periods. Dredging and filling in the aquatic environment must be designed to avoid or minimize adverse impacts to or the loss of special aquatic sites (wetlands (swamps, marshes, bogs, etc.), mudflats, vegetated shallows/seagrass beds, coral reefs and/or riffle and pool complexes).

12 All project-related materials (fill, landscaping, etc.) and equipment (dredges, barges, backhoes, etc.) to be placed in any aquatic environment shall be inspected and cleaned of pollutants, organic matter, and invasive species (including snakes, frogs, and marine plants and animals, etc.) prior to use in any aquatic environment. No project-related materials (fill, revetment rock, pipe etc.) shall be stockpiled in the aquatic environment (intertidal zones, reef flats, stream channels, wetlands etc.) or in close proximity such that materials could be carried into waters by wind, rain, or high surf. All construction debris and material removed from the marine/aquatic environment shall be disposed of at an approved upland or alternative disposal site. No contamination (by trash, debris, sediment, non-native species introductions, attractions of non-native pests, etc.) of adjacent waters of the United States, including special aquatic sites, shall result from project-related activities. Special attention must be paid to the fouling level on barges, vessels, and equipment whereas to minimize the transport and potential introduction and spread of aquatic non-native species. In addition, if dredged or excavated material or structural members are removed from the water or placed in the water, measures must be taken to prevent the spread or introduction of any aquatic nonnative species. This shall be accomplished by implementing a littercontrol plan and on a site or project specific need basis, developing a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Plan to prevent attraction and introduction of non-native species. Fueling of project-related vehicles and equipment shall take place away from the water and a contingency plan to control petroleum products accidentally spilled during the project shall be developed. The plan shall be retained on site with the person charged with the responsibility of compliance with the plan. Absorbent pads and containment booms shall be stored on-site, if appropriate, to facilitate the clean-up of accidental petroleum releases. To minimize turbidity in the aquatic environment, any under-layer fills used in the project shall be protected from erosion with suitable material (such as precast concrete armor or mat units) as soon after placement as practicable. Any soil exposed near water as part of the project shall be protected from erosion (with suitable material such as geotextile, filter fabric, etc.) after exposure and stabilized as soon as practicable (with vegetation matting, hydroseeding etc.). Revegetation should follow the established standards in Regional Condition #10 (Minimization Measures). Silt fences, silt curtains, or other diversion or containment structures shall be installed to contain sediment and turbidity at the work site (a)

13 parallel to, and within 10 feet of, the toe of any fill or exposed soil which may introduce sediment to an adjacent aquatic site; and (b) adjacent to any fill placed or soil exposed within an aquatic site. All silt fences, curtains, and other structures shall be installed properly and maintained in a functioning manner for the life of the construction period and until the impact area is permanently stabilized, self sustaining, and/or turbidity levels, elevated due to construction, have returned to ambient levels. When the discharge of fill material results in the replacement of wetlands or waters of the US with impervious surfaces, the authorized activity must not result in more than minimal degradation of water quality (in accordance with General Condition 25). To ensure NWPs do not cumulatively degrade water quality from increasing impervious area, projects should incorporate low impact development stormwater practices (e.g. native landscaping, bioretention and infiltration techniques, buffers, green roofs, and green spaces) to the extent practical to retain stormflows and pollutants on-site. Endangered Species Protection - The following endangered species BMPs may be applicable during the repair work (Corps, 2012): A survey of the project area shall be performed just prior to commencement or resumption of construction activity to ensure that no protected species are in the project area. If protected species are detected, construction activities shall be postponed until the animal(s) voluntarily leave the area. If any listed species enters the area during the conduct of construction activities, all activities shall cease until the animals(s) voluntarily depart the area. All on-site project personnel shall be apprised of the status of any listed species potentially present in the project area and the protections afforded to those species under Federal laws. The project foreman shall designate an appropriate number of competent observers to survey the area adjacent to the proposed action for protected species. The project foreman shall also have in his/her possession at the jobsite a handout with photographs of protected species that may enter the construction site to assist with identification of the protected species. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (PIFWO) will provide the informational handout). Surveys of the project area shall be made prior to the start of work each day, and prior to resumption of work following any break of more than one half hour, to ensure that no protected species are in the project area

14 (typically within 50 yards of the proposed work). All work shall be postponed or halted when protected species are present, and shall only begin/resume after the animals have voluntarily departed the area. In the case of sessile species, a conservation plan shall be developed and approved between the Regulatory Branch, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and PIFWO and/or National Marine Fisheries Service Pacific Islands Regional Office (PIRO). If an onsite protected species does not depart the area on its own for 3 days or more, we recommend that the permittee, or responsible contractor, contact PIFWO for further technical assistance and guidance (808) Any interaction with or incidental take of protected species shall be reported immediately to the Regulatory Branch, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (808) Additionally, pursuant to the ESA, any take of ESA-listed species (other than marine mammals) must be reported to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Office of Law Enforcement in Honolulu at Any incidental take of marine mammals shall be reported immediately to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s (NOAA) 24-hour hotline at Information reported must include the name and phone number of a point of contact, location of the incident, and nature of the take and/or injury. Note: Additional requirements may be designated by the Honolulu District as appropriate for specific projects, including all conservation measures and/or best management practices (BMPs) required by any ESA consultation for the project.

15 References AECOS, Inc Ferry terminal improvements at Ma alaea Small Boat Harbor: Marine and coastal survey of potential impact areas. Prep. for Munekiyo & Hiraga. AECOS No. 1080: 22 pp. Baker, J. D., and T. C. Johanos Abundance of the Hawaiian monk seal in the main Hawaiian Islands. Biological Conservation 116: Brainard, R. E., C. Birkeland, C. M. Eakin, P. McElhany, M. W. Miller, M. Patterson, and G. A. Piniak Status review report of 82 candidate coral species petitioned under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. U.S. Dep. Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo., NOAA-TM-NMFS-PIFSC-27, 530 p. + 1 Appendix. Available online at URL /04/docs/exec_sum_and_intro_corals_status%20review%20report.pdf; last accessed on September 9, Hawai i Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) Hawai i Administrative Rules, Title 13, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Chapter 99, Protected Marine Fisheries Resources, Rules Regulating the Taking and Selling of Certain Marine Resources. 14 pp. Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary Available online at URL: Hoover, J. P Hawai i s Sea Creatures: A Guide to Hawai i s Marine Invertebrates. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu, Hawai i. 366 pp. Hubner, D USFWS, pers. communication ( ). Huisman, J. M., I. A. Abbott, C. M. Smith Hawaiian Reef Plants. Hawai i Sea Grant College Program, Honolulu, Hawai i. 264 pp. Munekiyo & Hiraga, Inc Environmental Assessment proposed Ma alaea Small Boat Harbor Improvements. Prep. for: State of Hawai i, Department of Land and Natural Resources. 195 pp + Appendices. National Marine Fisheries Service and Fish and Wildlife Service (NMFS-FWS) Recovery plan for U.S. Pacific populations of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas). National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

16 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Small Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities; Low-Energy Seismic Survey in the Southwest Pacific Ocean. Federal Register, 70 (35; February 10, 2005): National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA-NMFS) Department of Commerce. 50 CFR 75. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife: Notice of 90-Day Finding on a Petition to List 83 Species of Corals as Threatened or Endangered Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Federal Register, 75 (27; February 10, 2010): Pacific Islands Fishery Science Center (PIFSC) Internal Report IR Issued 12 August Pacific Islands Regional Office (PIRO) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Management Report for 82 Corals Status Review under the Endangered Species Act: Existing Regulatory Mechanisms (per Endangered Species Act 4(a)(1)(D), 16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(1)(D)) and Conservation Efforts (per Endangered Species Act 4(b)(1)(A), 16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(1)(A)). 73 pp. Available online at URL: ort.pdf; last accessed September 9, Sakamashi, C. H September 5, 2012 letter to Andrew Amuro, Fukunaga and Associates, Inc. regarding Ma alaea Ferry Terminal, existing pier demolition and replacement, construction methodology to mitigate debris in water. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) Department of Defense, Reissuance of Nationwide Permits. Federal Register, 77 (34, February 21, 2012): Inventory of aquatic biota observed in the Ma alaea Project area, Kīhei, Maui on August 31, 2012.

17 APPENDIX A. Species checklist for Ma alaea Project area, Kīhei, Maui on August 31, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY Genus species Common name, Hawaiian name ALGAE Status Relative abundance CHLOROPHYTA GREEN ALGAE Codium arabicum a ala ula C Ulva fasciata sea lettuce, līpahapha C Ulva reticulata O RHODOPHYTA RED ALGAE Porolithon gardineri coralline algae O Porolithon onkodes coralline algae O Hydrolithon onkodes Halymenia stipitata cock s comb seaweed End. O OCHROPHYTA BROWN ALGAE Dictyota acutiloba Ind O Dictyota sandvicensis End. O INVERTEBRATES PORIFERA, DEMOSPONGIAE, sponges DYSIDEIDAE Dysidea cf. avara acquisitive sponge C CALCAREA, CLATHRINIDA, LEUCETTIDAE Leucetta sp. pink Leucetta C CNIDARIA, HYDROZOA, ANTHOATHECATA PENNARIIDAE Pennaria disticha CNIDARIA, ANTHOZOA, Christmas tree hydroid Nat. C OCTOCORALLIA XENIDAE SOFT CORALS Carijoa riisei snowflake coral Nat. O ZOANTHINARIA ZOANITHIDAE Palythoa caesia SCELRACTINIA blue-gray zoanthid HARD CORALS O

18 PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY Genus species POCILLOPORIDAE Common name, Hawaiian name Status Relative abundance Pocillopora meandrina Pocillopora damicornis ACROPORIDAE cauliflower coral lace coral U O Montipora capitata Montipora patula PORITIDAE rice coral spreading coral C U Porites compressa finger coral R Porites lobata lobe coral R ANNELIDA, POLYCHAETA WORMS SABELLIDA SERPULIDAE Spirobranchus giganteus Christmas tree worm R Salmacina dysteri sea frost Nat. O TEREBELLIDAE Loimia medusa Medusa spaghetti worm, kauna oa R CHAETOPTERIDAE Chaetopterus variopedatus parchment worm O MOLLUSCA, GASTROPODA DORIDAE, CHROMODORIDIDAE Chromodoris vibrata trembling nudibranch End. R NERITIDAE Nerita picea black nerite End. A LITTORINIDAE Littoraria pintado dotted periwinkle C CYPRAEIDAE Cyprae maculifera VERMETIDAE reticulated cowry, leho kōlea R Serpulorbis variabilis variable worm snail O MOLLUSCA, BIVALVIA OSTREIDAE Ostrea sandvicensis Hawaiian oyster End. C ARTHROPODA, CIRRIPEDIA, CHTHAMALIDAE DIOGENIDAE

19 PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY Common name, Hawaiian name Status Genus species Chthamalus proteus Proteus rock barnacle U GRAPSIDAE Grapsus tenuicrustatus thin-shelled rock crab, a ama SEA URCHINS Relative abundance ECHINODERMATA, ECHINOIDEA DIADEMATIDAE Echinothrix calamaris banded urchin U ECHINOMETRIDAE Echinometra mathaei Heterocentrotus mammillatus TOXOPNEUSTIDAE Tripneustes gratilla VERTEBRATA, PICES ENGRAULIDAE Encrasicholina purpurea rock-boring urchin, ina kea red pencil urchin; hā uke uke ula ula collector urchin, hāwa e maoli VERTEBRATES BONY FISHES Hawaiian anchovy, nehu MICROCANTHIDAE Microcanthus strigatus stripey R KYPHOSIDAE Kyphosus sandwicensis gray chub, nenue U CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon lunula Chaetodon unimaculatus POMOCENTRIDAE Abudefduf abdominalis BUTTERFLYFISH raccoon butterflyfish, kīkākapu teardrop butterflyfish, lauhau Hawaiian sergeant, mamo End. O Abudefduf vaigienensis Indo-Pacific sergeant Dascyllus albisella Hawaiian dascyllus, End. O alo ilo i Stegastes marginatus Hawaiian gregory End. O SCARIDAE PARROTFISH Chlorurus spilurus bullethead parrotfish, R uhu Scarus rubroviolaceus redlip parrotfish, Ind R uhu pālukaluka Scarus psittacus Palenose parrotfish, R uhu ACANTHURIDAE SURGEONFISH Acanthurus triostegus convict tang, manini C A U R O C R R

20 PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY Common name, Hawaiian name Status Relative abundance Genus species OSTRACIIDAE BOXFISH Ostracion meleagris spotted boxfish, moa O TETRAODONTIDAE Arothron hispidus stripebelly puffer, R o opu hue Canthigaster jactator Hawaiian End. R whitespotted toby Canthigaster amboinensis Ambon toby R CHORDATA, ASCIDACEA ENTEROGONA Herdmania momus Herdman s sea squirt Nat. C Ascidea sydneiensis yellow sea squirt Nat. C KEY TO SYMBOLS USED: Abundance categories: R Rare only one or two individuals observed. U Uncommon several to a dozen individuals observed. O Occasional seen irregularly in small numbers C Common observed everywhere, although generally not in large numbers. A Abundant observed in large numbers and widely distributed. Status categories: End Endemic species found only in Hawaii Indigenous species found in Hawaii and elsewhere Nat. Naturalized species were introduced to Hawaii intentionally, or accidentally.

21 Appendix B Photos of project piles at Ma alaea Harbor, August 31, Appendix B

22 Appendix B. Photos of project piles at Ma alaea Harbor, August 31, Pile 1 Appendix B

23 Pile 2 Appendix B

24 Pile 3 Appendix B

25 Pile 4 Appendix B

26 Pile 5 Appendix B

27 Pile 6 Appendix B

28 Pile beams Appendix B

29 Appendix C AECOS, Inc (AECOS) Ferry terminal improvements at Ma alaea Small Boat Harbor: Marine and coastal survey of potential impact areas. Prep. for Munekiyo & Hiraga. AECOS No. 1080: 22 pp. Appendix C