LITHUANIAN VETERINARY ACADEMY. Snieguolė Veličkaitė

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1 LITHUANIAN VETERINARY ACADEMY The research work has been carried out at the Lithuanian Veterinary Academy, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, in Research supervisor Prof. at Incumbent dr. Linas Daugnora (Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine B), Lithuanian Veterinary Academy. Snieguolė Veličkaitė OSTEOMETRICAL ANALYSIS OF METACARPAL AND METATARSAL BONES OF V XVII C. LITHUANIAN HORSE AND BIOLOGICAL AGE DETERMINATION ACCORDING TO TEETH STRUCTURE SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES, VETERINARY MEDICINE (B) Chairman of the Veterinary Medicine Council Doc. dr. Albina Aniulienė (Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine B), Lithuanian Veterinary Academy. Members: Prof. dr. Bronius Bakutis (Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine B), Lithuanian Veterinary Academy; Prof. habil. dr. Vytautas Špakauskas (Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine B), Lithuanian Veterinary Academy; Prof. dr. Neringa Paužienė (Biomedical Sciences, Medicine 7 B), Kaunas University of Medical; Dr Laima Balčiauskienė (Biomedical Sciences, Ecology and Environmental Science 3B), Institute of Ecology of Vilnius University. Opponents: Dr. Ingrida Monkevičienė (Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine B), Lithuanian Veterinary Academy; Doc. dr. Rimantas Jankauskas (Biomedical Sciences, Medicine 7 B), Vilnius University. Public defense of Doctoral thesis in Veterinary Medicine Science Council will take place at Lithuanian Veterinary Academy I auditorium am on 3 th of November, 2. Address: Tilžės 1 LT-711, Kaunas, Lithuania. The abstract of doctoral dissertation has been send on 3 th of October, 2 to the confirmed address list. This dissertation is available at the libraries of the Lithuanian Veterinary Academy and Veterinary Institute of Lithuanian Veterinary Academy. KAUNAS, 2

2 LIETUVOS VETERINARIJOS AKADEMIJA Disertacija rengta 22-2 metais Lietuvos veterinarijos akademijos Anatomijos ir fiziologijos katedroje. Mokslinis vadovas E. prof. p. dr. Linas Daugnora (biomedicinos mokslai, veterinarinė medicina B), Lietuvos veterinarijos akademija. Disertacija ginama Lietuvos veterinarijos akademijos Veterinarinės medicinos mokslo krypties taryboje: Snieguolė Veličkaitė V XVII a. LIETUVOS ARKLIŲ PLAŠTAKŲ IR PĖDŲ OSTEOMETRINĖ ANALIZĖ BEI BIOLOGINIO AMŽIAUS NUSTATYMAS PAGAL DANTŲ STRUKTŪRĄ Daktaro disertacijos santrauka Biomedicinos mokslai, veterinarinė medicina ( B) Pirmininkė Doc. dr. Albina Aniulienė (biomedicinos mokslai, veterinarinė medicina B), Lietuvos veterinarijos akademija. Nariai: Prof. dr. Bronius Bakutis (biomedicinos mokslai, veterinarinė medicina B), Lietuvos veterinarijos akademija; Prof. habil. dr. Vytautas Špakauskas (biomedicinos mokslai, veterinarinė medicina B), Lietuvos veterinarijos akademija; Prof. dr. Neringa Paužienė (biomedicinos mokslai, medicina 7 B), Kauno medicinos universitetas; Dr. Laima Balčiauskienė (biomedicinos mokslai, ekologija ir aplinkotyra 3B), Vilniaus universiteto Ekologijos institutas. Oponentai: Dr. Ingrida Monkevičienė, (biomedicinos mokslai, veterinarinė medicina B), Lietuvos veterinarijos akademija; Doc. dr. Rimantas Jankauskas (biomedicinos mokslai, medicina 7 B), Vilniaus universitetas. Disertacija bus ginama viešame Veterinarinės medicinos mokslo krypties tarybos posėdyje 2 m. lapkričio 3 d. val. Lietuvos veterinarijos akademijos I auditorijoje. Adresas: Tilžės g. 1, 711 Kaunas, Lietuva. Kaunas, 2 Disertacijos santrauka išsiuntinėta 2 m. spalio mėn. 3 d. pagal patvirtintą adresų sąrašą. Disertaciją galima peržiūrėti Lietuvos veterinarijos akademijos ir LVA Veterinarijos instituto bibliotekose.

3 INTRODUCTION The first horse burials in Lithuania were found in the coastal burial ground dated to the 2d th centuries (Volkaitė -Kulikauskienė, 21; Michelbertas, 19). Most abundant data were available from Central Lithuania where horse burials were known since the middle of the 1 st century. Horse skeletons found in Marvelė burial ground (7th 11th centuries) were most thoroughly investigated. Many publications were prepared based on this material (Daugnora, 199; Daugnora, 199; Bertašius, Daugnora, 1997; Bertašius, Daugnora, 21). Horse s remains uncovered in other places than burial grounds hill forts, cities or castles have been less investigated by osteologists so far. The objects mentioned above must be studied for comprehensive and more objective knowledge and view about the types of horses bred in Lithuania and in the neighbouring countries (Poland, Russia, Latvia, etc.) in the past. Date of archaeological material from the 5th century included many well preserved horse bones what enabled following up the evolution of the Lithuanian horse until today. Material about horse height, constitution and is very rare. Metacarpal and metatarsal bones, and skull or at least the lower jaw with teeth could be pointed out as most valuable material. Teeth belong to the best preserved elements of excavations. Such factors as dentition or wear allow determining the animal. However solitary molars (as they found the most frequently) do not able to provide this kind of information. Therefore, the methods allowing determining the horse to the tooth height and number of cementum rings are very. The aim of the research The aim of the present work was to describe the whiter height, type and of horses bred in the 5th 17th centuries in the present territory of Lithuania and to specify and evaluate the methods of determining the biological of an individual. The tasks of the research 1. Determining the wither height of horses bred in the 5th 17th centuries in the territory of Lithuania. 2. Determining the types of horses to the relative width of metacarpus and metatarsus bones. 3. Assessment of the level of objectiveness of the methods used for determining the biological teeth structure. Originality of research: Osteological material from the 5th 17th centuries excavated in Lithuania was analysed and the whiter height and type of the then bred horses. The 5 of the excavated and present horses were determinate using the radiographic and computer tomography research methods and by counting rings of cementum. MATERIAL AND METHODS The osteological and osteometric bone analysis was performed at the Laboratory of Osteology, Department of Anatomy and Physiology of the Lithuanian Veterinary Academy (LVA). The analysed osteological material was collected from the following areas: Upper town of Kernavė (13th 15th century); Pakalniškiai (th 15th century); Obeliai (th th century); Taurapilis (5th th century); Skubėtai (9th th century); Plinkaigalis (5th th century); Degsnė Labotiškės (5th th century); Vilnius (th the first half of the 15th century and the second half of the 15th 17th century) and Marvelė (11th 17th century ). The skulls of present horses whose were known were collected in The horses were used for the purposes of students training. The used oseological material was stored at the repositories of the Laboratory of Osteology, Department of Anatomy and Physiology of the LVA. Osteometry and determining of the horse height The minimal number of individuals (MNI) was determined by T. White s (1953) method. According to the relative width of diaphysis of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (SD*/GL) the horses were classified into types within A. Brauner s classification. The wither height of horses was determined using the V. O. Vitt s (Vitt, 1952) methods. The metacarpal and metatarsal bones were measured by A. von den Driesch (197) method. The bones were measured with the calliper (precision.1 mm). Methods for determining the horse The horse was determined to the wear of incisors using Goody s (1997) schemes and corrected to tables given by Muyllei and others (1999), M. Levine (192), I. A. Silver (199), A. F. Klimov (1955), R. Getty (1955). Radiographic and computer tomographic ims of teeth The excavated material often contained individual molars or fragments of jaw without incisors what made more difficult to determine the horse. Using the radiographic and tomogramphic ims the teeth were measured and thus the horse determined. The lower jaws of present horses of known were taken and teeth measured to correct the radiographic and computer tomographic methods. The biological of horses was determined based on the teeth height data.

4 The height of teeth was statistically compared with the chronological. The excavated horse teeth were also measured in radiographic imaging. The horse determined by teeth measuring was compared with the horse determined by other methods. The radiographic imagings were made at the LVA Dr L. Kriaučeliūnas Clinics of Small Animals using Americomp spectra 325e apparatus (parameters of ray exposition 5 kv 3 ma). The height of all molars between the masticator surface and furcation of the root and the length of teeth on the left side of the jaw were measured on the radiographic ims. The computer tomograms were made at the Radiological Clinics of Kaunas Medical University using -ply Siemens Spamatom Emotion and 1-ply General Electric Light speed multi-section computer tomographic scanners. The jaws were scanned by 2.5 mm thick layers. The height of all molars between the masticator surface and furcation of the root and the length of teeth on the left side of the lower jaw were measured on the computer tomography ims. For correction of measuring data obtained from radiographic ims and computer tomography, molars were chiselled from the lower jaw and their height, width and length were measured. The of horses was determined to the height of measured molars by M. Levine (192) method. Histological examination of teeth Teeth sections were made at the Forensic Criminology Laboratory, Institute of Forensic Medicine of Mykolas Romeris University. The first molars (M 1 ) from the lower jaw of present and excavated horses were taken for examination. Horizontal sections of the roots of horse teeth were made by methods described in the works of S. Trumpickaitė-Dzekčiorienė (2) and R. Bojarun (23) and using microtome LEICA SP. For determining the reliability of the data obtained histological preparations of decalcinated teeth were made. These histological preparations were prepared by method described in C. Azorit et al. (22). Statistical data analysis Statistical data analysis was carried out at the Department of Applied Mathematics of Kaunas Technological University using the SPSS 9. statistical analysis system for Windows. The following methods of statistical analysis were applied in the present work: 1. Descriptive statistics. Digital characteristics for analysed dimensions were calculated (frequencies, relative frequencies, minimal and maximal values, arithmetic mean and standard deviation (SD)). 2. Hypotheses about compatibility of actual and normal pattern of ana- 7 lysed dimensions were checked using Kolmogorov Smirnov criterion. The Wilcockson s criterion of signs was used for examination of dependent data sets. Statistical significance of the differences of metacarpal and metatarsal bones length in different localities and data on teeth height and length obtained from roentgenograms and tomograms was determined. 3. Correlation analysis. The strength of the link between the metatarsal bones length and width, chronological of teeth and biological determined by measuring teeth with the aid of trammel and in roentgenograms and tomograms, as well as between the number of cementum rings and chronological was evaluated using Spiderman s ranking correlation coefficient. Hypotheses about significance of correlation coefficients (H o : correlation coefficient equals to zero) were checked. If zero hypothesis H o was rejected with significance value p<.5 the correlation was considered significant.. Regression analysis was employed for assessment of relationship between data sets. 5. The data were considered statistically significant when p<.5. RESULTS Osteometry and whiter height of horse The length of metacarpal bones ranged from 17.2 mm to 25 mm (Table 1) and the length of metatarsal bones varied from 19.9 mm to 291 mm (Table 2). Table 1. Length of the horse metacarpal bones Locality Aver Standard of bons value deviation Min Max Kernavė 13 25,7 1,2 179, 23 Vilnius th the1st half of the 15th c. 5 27,1 17,5 1, 229,9 Vilnius the 2d half of the 15th 17th c. 225, 17, 2, 25, Obeliai 2,5,7 17,5 19, Taurapilis 2 25,,5 2,7 2,1 Plinkaigalis 2 2,5,35 2, 2,9 Pakalniškiai 199,25 1,37,5 22, Degsnė Labotiškės 3 19,3 2,5 17,2 2,3 Marvelė ,,

5 Table 2. Length of horse metatarsal bones Locality of bones Aver Comparison of the length of horse metacarpal bones from Marvelė with the items from Kernavė, Vilnius (the th the first half of the 15th century), Vilnius (the second half of the 15th the 17th century), Pakalniškiai, Obeliai, Taurapilis, Plinkaigalis, Degsnė Labotiškės showed that to Wilcockson s criterion the differences of the length of the horse metacarpal bones from these localities were statistically significant (z=-3.779, p<.1). Comparison of the length of metatarsal bones from Marvelė with the items from Kernavė, Vilnius (the th the first half of the 15th century), Vilnius (the second half of the 15th the 17th century), Pakalniškiai, Obeliai, Taurapilis, Plinkaigalis, Degsnė Labotiškės showed that to Vilkokson s criterion the differences of the length of the horse feet bones from these localities were statistically significant (z = , p<.1). According to the relative width of metacarpal bones (Table 3), horses of type III were dominant in Kernavė though remains but all five types of horses were found. The data about Vilnius in the th the first half of the 15th century were rare however they contain evidence about types I III of horses. The material about Vilnius in the second half of the 15th the 17th century contained remains of horse types III and IV. Only three metacarpal bones were uncovered in Obeliai. According to their size they belonged to horse type III. The horses buried in Taurapilis were of type IV, in Plinkaigalis III and IV, in Pakalniškiai dominated type III, and in Degsnė Labotiškės types II and V. According to the relative width of metatarsal (Table ), type II and III of horses were dominant in Marvelė and Kernavė. The same types were found in the material from Vilnius (the second half of the 15th the 17th century). Types II and III were dominant in Obeliai and 9 Standard deviation Min Max Kernavė 22 1,1 19,9 271, Vilnius th the1st half of the 15th c. 3 21,3 15,9 225,1 25, Vilnius the 2d half of the 15th 17th c. 25, 22,9 22, 291, Obeliai ,2 23 Taurapilis 2 2,7,2 2, 2, Plinkaigalis 1 2, Pakalniškiai 3 2, 5, 2,5 27, Degsnė Labotiškės 2 235,5 7, 23,1 2,9 Marvelė 23,, Pakalniškiai, IV in Taurapilis, III in Plinkaigalis, and II in Degsnė Labotiškės. The values of the length (GL) of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (Fig. 2) and the thinnest area of diaphysis (SD) arranged on different axes (Fig. 1) yielded the dispersion pattern of individual bone measurements. The data were widely dispersed. The data of individuals (points in the set) differed considerably from the data of main limb bone massifs. This implies that burials contained remains of different types of horses. The correlation coefficient of metacarpal bones length and width of diaphyses was high (r=., p<.1). The statistically correlation of length of metacarpal bones and width of diaphyses were significant (r=.5, p<.1). Locality Table 3. Relative width of metacarpal bones diaphysis (SD/GL) Width of diaphysis (SD/GL) to Brauner Type I (up to 13.5) Type II ( ) Type III ( ) Type IV ( ) Type V ( ) Vilnius, th 1st half of 15th c. Vilnius, second half of 15th 17th c. Obeliai Taurapilis Plinkaigalis Kernavė Marvelė Pakalniškiai Degsnė - Labotiškės 1 7, , ,7 1, , , ,3 2,7 2 15, 29 39,2 3 37,5 2 2,7 2,7 1 7,7 13,5 1, 1 33,3 Total

6 Locality Table. Relative width of metatarsal bones diaphysis (SD/GL) Width of diaphysis (SD/GL) to Brauner Type I (up to 11) Type II () Type III (- 13) Type IV (13- ) Vilnius, th 1st half of 15th c. Vilnius, 2d half of 15th 17th c. 11 Obeliai Taurapilis Kernavė Marvelė Plinkaigalis Pakalniškiai Degsnė - Labotiškės 3 25, , ,7 2, 2 2, ,3 22, , , ,1 2,7 Total Metacarpal and metatarsal bones were the most abundant and the best preserved items of archaeological material. Therefore, determining the height of horses was not a difficult task. The Lithuanian archaeological material from the 5th 17th c. contained remains of horses whose wither height ranged from less than 1 cm to cm (Table 5). Teeth measuring Radiographic and topographic ims of 2 present horses were made order to find out which of the methods was more helpful in teeth measuring. Assessment of obtained measuring data by Kolmogorov Smirnov test revealed that normal distribution was obtained only for measuring tooth length p>.5 and tooth height p>.5 in computer tomograms. Statistical significance of the differences between measuring values from tomograms and roentgenograms was determined by Vilkokson s criterion. The obtained statistical significance value of the differences between tooth length values from roentgenograms and tomograms was p<.1... Width of bone diaphysis, mm Metacarpus Bone lenght, mm Vilnius th -1 st half of 15 th c. Vilnius 2 d half of the 15 th - 17 th c. Kernavė Marvelė Pakalniškiai Fig. 1. Length of horse metacarpal bones (GL) versus width of hand diaphyses (SD) Width of bone diaphysis, mm Metatarsus Bone lenght, mm Vilnius th - 1 st half of 15 th c. Vilnius 2 d half of the 15 th - 17 th c. Kernavė Marvelė Pakalniškiai Fig. 2. Length of horse metatarsal bones (GL) versus width of feet diaphyses (SD)

7 Statistical significance of the differences of tooth height data was p<.1. The difference between the aver tooth length values in roentgenograms and tomograms was.31 mm and as well as the aver values of tooth height was. mm. The obtained results showed that teeth measuring results obtained from roentgenograms were more accurate. The tomographic method was also applicable but the aver error of tooth width obtained by this method ranged from 2. to.7 and the aver error of tooth length ranged from 7.7 to Table 5. Distribution of data in horse wither height, Height to Vitt, cm Plinkai galis Degsnė - Labotiš kės < , very small, small 13, smaller than aver 13, aver 152, larger than aver 152, large Vilnius th 1st half of 15th c. Vilnius 2d half of 15th 17th c. Determining biological to the height of molars The determining of horses was based on tooth height values obtained from radiographic and computer tomography ims using calliper and re- Kernavė Pakalniškiai Obeliai Taurapilis Marvelė ,2,2 3, ,2,5 52, 2 13,3 25 2, 2 33,3 31,3 11,1 2,7 3,3 22,2 25,5,5 n count using A. Levine (192) method (Table ). All molars in the lower jaw of 2 present horses (whose was known) were measured. The smallest difference of biological horse determined to the height of second molars (P2) from the chronological determined by measuring the teeth with a calliper was 2 years and the greatest difference 2.7 years. The correlation coefficient between the chronological and biological determined by measuring with a calliper was also high (r=.9, p<.1). The chronological and biological determined based on tomograms were in no statistically significant correlation. The greatest difference of biological aver determined to the third molars (P3) on tomograms was 2. years. The correlation coefficient between the chronological and the determined using a trammel was high (r=,5, p<.1). The chronological and determined by teeth measuring on roentgenograms statistically significantly correlated (r=.75, p<.1). The correlation coefficient between the chronological and determined by tooth height on tomograms showed strong correlation of data r=.723, p<.5. The difference between the determined to the tooth height of fourth molars using a calliper and the chronological was 2.5 years. The greatest difference was determined when the was evaluated by measuring teeth on tomograms 2.2. The correlation coefficient between the chronological and determined by measuring teeth with a trammel was high (r=.35 p<.1). The correlation coefficient between the chronological and biological determined by a trammel was also high (r=.35, p<.1). The difference between the aver values of chronological of first molars and biological determined by measuring on tomograms was 2.7 years. The correlation coefficient between the chronological and the determined using a calliper was high (r=.27, p<.1). Statistically significant correlation was determined between the chronological and determined by measuring teeth on roentgenograms (r=.27, p<.1). The correlation coefficient between the chronological and determined by teeth measuring on tomograms was also high (r=.777, p<.1). The absolute difference of chronological of the second molars from the biological determined by roentgenograms was 1.9 years and from the biological determined by tomograms 2. years. The chronological and biological determined by teeth measuring in all cases was in strong correlation. 13

8 Table. Results of determining the biological of animals and differences from the chronological Statistical index Chronological Hs Difference from chronological 15 Hr Difference from chronological Ht Difference from chronological Aver(P2),5, 2,,5 2, 7,2 2,7 N Min 2,5 3 2 Max Standard deviation, 2,93 2,5 3,2 2, 2,3 2,1 Aver (P3) 9,7, 1,29 9, 1,57 9, 2, N Min Max Standard deviation 3,9 3, 2,2 3,21 2,3 2,72 2,55 Aver (P) 9,7,3 2,5,2 1,95 9, 2,2 N Min 5 5 Max Standard deviation 3,9 3,3 2,13 3,5 2,2 2,3 2,57 Aver (M1),5, 2,,5 2, 7,2 2,7 N Min 2,5 3 2 Max Standard deviation, 2,93 2,5 3,2 2, 2,3 2,1 Aver (M2) 9,7,3 1,7,29 1,9,7 2, N Min 5 5 Max Standard deviation 3,9 3,3 2,2 3,33 2,7 2,71 2,1 Aver (M3) 9,7 9, 2, 9, 2,33 9, 3, N Min Max Standard deviation 3,9,2 2,3,3 2,9 2,2 3,23 Hs biological to tooth height measured with the calliper; Hr biological to tooth height measured on radiographic ims; Ht biological to tooth height measured on computer tomography ims. The greatest difference of the biological of the third molars from the chronological was obtained when teeth were measured on topographic ims (3 years) and the smallest when teeth were measured using a calliper (2 years). The correlation coefficient between the chronological and biological determined by a calliper was high (r=.719 p<.1). There was no correlation between the chronological and biological determined by measuring teeth on computer tomography ims. The presented data showed that the smallest differences from the chronological were obtained when teeth were measured using a calliper. The greatest differences were obtained when teeth were measured on computer tomography ims. Determining the of excavated horse to the height of molars The of all excavated horses was determined to the wear of incisors (WI) and to the shift from milk-teeth to permanent teeth (MPTS). The of horses was determined based on tooth height values obtained from radiographic and computer tomography ims measuring data obtained using a calliper and counted by A. Levine (192) method (Table 7). All molars in the lower jaw of 1 exacvated horses were measured. The difference of of horses determined by measuring the second molars (P2) with a trammel and on roentgenograms from the determined to WI and MPTS was 2.13 years. The difference between the determined by measuring teeth on a tomogram and the chronological was 2.33 years. The correlation coefficient between the determined to WI and MPTS and the determined by teeth measuring showed no correlation between these values p>.5. However the data of individual measuring were in statistically significant correlation r=.921, p<.1. The smallest difference of 3.13 years was obtained between the of the third molars determined to WI and MPTS and the determined with the aid of a calliper. The greatest difference was obtained when teeth were measured on tomograms 3.5 years. The determined to WI and MPTS is in no correlation with the determined by measuring the teeth height p>.5. The greatest difference of 3.25 years was obtained between the of the fourth molars (P) determined to WI and MPTS and the determined by measuring tooth height on radiographic ims. The determined to WI and MPTS is in no correlation with the biological determined by measuring the teeth height p>.5. 1

9 Table 7. Results of determining the biological of excavated horses and differences from the chronological Statistical index Age determined to WI and MPTS Hs Difference from the determined to WI and MPTS 17 Hr Difference from the determined to WI and MPTS Ht Difference from the determined to WI and MPTS Aver(P2),25 9, 2,13 9,7 2,13 9,73 2,33 N Min 5 1 Max STDV 3,7 3,7 1, 3,9 1,9 2,9 1, Aver (P3),25 9, 3,13 3,3 9,9 3,5 N Min 5 1 Max STDV 3,9,19 3,99 3,93 3, 3,9 3, Aver (P),25 9,5 3,13 9,75 3,25 9,5 3,13 N Min 5 Max STDV 3,9 3,7 3, 3,9 3, 3,2 3,7 Aver(M1),25 9,13 2,3 9, 2,5 9, 2,9 N Min 5 5 Max STDV 3,7 3,32 3, 2,97 2,7 3,19 3,1 Aver(M2),25 9,9 2,9 9,19 2,9 9,3 2,9 N Min 5 5 Max STDV 3,9 2,77 1,9 2,7 2,32 2,55 2,32 Aver(M3),25 11,,13 11,27,13 11,, N Min Max STDV 3,9,5 3,,2 3,1 3, 3,2 Hs biological to tooth height measured with the aid of calliper; Hr biological to tooth height measured on radiographic ims; Ht biological to tooth height measured on computer tomography ims. The difference between the s of the first molars (M1) determined to WI and MPTS and the determined by measuring teeth height with a calliper was 2.3 years. There were no correlation between the of the first molars (M1) determined to WI and MPTS and the biological determined by teeth measuring p>.5. The greatest difference of 2.9 years was obtained between the of the second molars (M2) determined to teeth height measuring on radiographic and computer tomography ims. The aver biological determined by measuring with a calliper is 9.9 years. Its difference from the determined by WI and MPTS was 2.9 years. Statistically significant correlation was established only between the determined to WI and MPTS and biological determined by measuring with a trammel r=.35, p<.1. There were no correlation between the determined to WI and MPTS and the biological determined by measuring the teeth height on tomograms, p>.5. The difference between the aver values of the determined to WI and MPTS and biological determined by measuring the third molars (M3) with a calliper and on radiographic ims was.13 years. There were no correlation between the determined to WI and MPTS and the biological determined by teeth height measuring p>.5. The greatest determined difference was between the to WI and MPTS and the biological determined on the basis of tomograms. Counting of annual cementum rings in the teeth microstructure of present horses The main research results showed in Table. The annual cementum rings were counted on the teeth of 2 present horses based on 3 histological samples. The results of three counting methods of cementum rings correlated very high (r>.9, p<.1). This meaned that counting results of annual cementum rings were very objective and differences of counting produced no major effect on the data. Therefore the correlation coefficient between the determined by annual rings and chronological was high r=.9, p<.1. The absolute difference of the data set from the chronological was.7 years on the aver. The accuracy of determined for older animals decreased; the difference of the whole data set was.7 years (.7). For young (up to years of ) individuals this value was smaller.5 years (.32), for individuals d up to years.73 years (.5) and for individuals d more than ten years. (.3). 1

10 Table. Results of determining biological of present horses and difference from the chronological Statistical index Aver (all) N Min Max Standard deviation Aver (up to years) N Min Max Standard deviation Aver ( years) N Min Max Standard deviation Aver (more than years) N Min Max Standard deviation Chronological,5 2 2,5 17, 3,2 5 2,5,57, , 13, 17 2,37 Aver value of cementum rings,13 2 1,3 15,7, 2,1 5 1,3 3,3,77, 11 5,1 11 1,57,7,5 15,7 2,37 19 Determined biological,3 2 1, 1,2,3 2, 5 1, 3,,77 7,1 11 5, 11,5 1,57 13,22 9 1,2 2, Absolute difference from the chronological,7 2 2,,,5 5 1,7,73, , 1,1, 2,2,7 Dependence between the number of cementum rings and chronological used a non-linear character: the highest correlation was obtained using cubic (Y = b +b 1 X+b 2 X 2 +b 3 X 3 ) (Fig. 3) regression model (r=.93). Counting of annual cementum rings in the tooth microstructure of excavated horses The of excavated horses was determined to the shift of milk teeth permanent teeth (MPTS) and wear of incisors (WI). Cementum rings were counted in histological samples (). The obtained results (Table 9) correlated highly. The correlation coefficient is r>.922, p<.1. The s determined by counting cementum rings and by WI and MPTS also correlated highly r>.9, p<.1. The aver difference between the s determined cementum rings for the whole data set and WI and MPTS was. years Fig. 3. Mutual dependence of annual cementum rings on the teeth of present horses (axis X) and chronological (axis Y). Broken line marks individual cases and solid line stands for cubic regression. Table 9. Results of determining biological of excavated horses and difference from the chronological Statistical index Aver(all) N Min Max Standard deviation Age to WI and MPTS,1 5 1,72 Aver number of cementum rings,5,3 15,5, 2 Determined biological 11,, 1, Absolute difference from the determined to WI and MPTS, 2,2,91 1 Arithmetic difference from the determined to WI and MPTS -,2-2,2 1,2 1,2 Different regression models showed that the determined interdependence used a non-linear character: the highest correlation was obtained using cubic regression models (Y = b +b 1 X+b 2 X 2 ) (Fig. 5.) (r =.92) and (Y = b +b 1 X+b 2 X 2 +b 3 X 3 ) (Fig. ).

11 Fig.. Interdependence of annual cementum rings of excavated horse teeth (axis X) and chronological (axis Y). Broken line marks individual cases and solid line stands for cubic regression Analysis of excavated horse teeth showed high correlation between the annual cementum rings and horse determined to WI and MPTS, these results should be taken as preliminary ones because the data set was too small for reliable conclusions. The final assessment of teeth should be based on a greater number of investigations. 1 Fig. 5. Interdependence of annual cementum rings of excavated horse teeth (axis X) and chronological (axis Y). Broken line marks individual cases and solid line stands for square regression Table. Results of determining the biological of present horses and their difference from the chronological determined using histological preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin 1 Counting of annual cementum rings in the microstructure of horse teeth using stained histological preparations The annual cementum rings were also counted in stained histological preparations (Table ). Only in (3.5) out of 2 horse teeth histological preparations annual cementum rings were counted. Results of the counting of three annual cementum rings showed high correlation (r=.9, p<.1). The correlation coefficient of the counted cementum rings and chronological was high (Spearman s r=.; reliability <.1). The difference of the aver values of determined from the chronological was 1.2 years. The aver value of arithmetic difference was.2 years. Statistical index Aver (all) N Min Max Standard deviation Chronological 7,55 2,5 15,7 Aver number of cementum rings 7,7 1,,,9 Determined biological 7,57 2,3 15,1,9 Absolute difference from the chronological 1,2 2,,1 Arithmetic difference from the chronological -,2-2,2 1,2 1, 21 22

12 Testing by regression model showed that the determined interdependence used a non-linear character: the highest correlation was obtained using cubic regression model (Y = b +b 1 X+b 2 X 2 +b 3 X 3 ) (Fig. ) (r =.92). 1 THE LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 1. Baublienė J., Daugnora L., Trainienė R., Vaičiūnienė D., Veličkaitė S. XIV a. sodyboje (viršutinis Kernavės miestas) iškastos osteologinės medžiagos analizė. Lietuvos archeologija. 23. T Žymantienė J., Noreika A., Veličkaitė S. Sveikų ir sergančių chirurginėmis ligomis arklių hematologinių rodiklių palyginimas bei ligų prognozės analizė. Veterinarija ir zootechnika. T. 29 (51). 25. p G. Piličiauskienė, S. Veličkaitė, L. Daugnora. VII XVII a. Lietuvos arkliai (pagal plaštakų ir pėdų kaulų osteometrinę analizę). Veterinarija ir zootechnika. 2. T. 33 (55) Fig.. Interdependence of annual cementum rings of excavated horse teeth (counted in histological preparations) (axis X) and chronological (axis Y). Broken line marks individual cases and solid line stands for cubic regression The distribution pattern showed dependence of results on the. Not in a single one of 11 decalcinated histological slides of excavated horse teeth the number of cementum rings could be counted. CONCLUSIONS 1. The Lithuanian archaeological material contained horse remains from the 7th 17th centuries whose withers height were from to 1 cm. 2. The Lithuanian horses belonged to types II and IV. 3. The biological was most objectively determined by counting the annual cementum rings in the horse teeth microstructure. There was a high correlation between the number of annual cementum rings and chronological of an individual. 23 2

13 REZIUMĖ Iškasama osteologinė medžiaga yra vertinga norint sudaryti kuo išsamesnį ir objektyvesnį vaizdą apie praeityje augintus arklius, pasekti lietuviškojo arklio raidą. Medžiagos kuri leistų nustatyti arklio ūgį, sudėjimą amžių, randama itin retai. Kaip pačius vertingiausius galima išskirti plaštakos ir pėdos kaulus bei kaukolę ar bent apatinį žandikaulį su dantimis. Dantys yra vieni iš geriausiai išsilaikančių elementų iškastinėje medžiagoje. Įvairūs metodai, kaip dantų dygimo laikas,kandžių nusitrynimas leidžia nustatyti gyvulio amžių. Tačiau dažniausiai randami pavieniai krūminiai dantys tokios informacijos nesuteikia. Todėl metodai, leidžiantys nustatyti arklio amžių pagal danties aukštį ir cemento žiedų skaičių yra itin vertingi. Darbo tikslas: Apibūdinti V XVII a. dabartinės Lietuvos teritorijoje augintų arklių ūgį, tipą ir amžių. Patikslinti ir įvertinti individo biologinio amžiaus nustatymo metodikas. Siekiant šio tikslo, iškelti tokie uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti V XVII a. arklių, augintų dabartinėje Lietuvos teritorijoje ūgį gogo srityje. 2. Pagal santykinį plaštakos ir pėdos kaulų plotį nustatyti arklių tipus. 3. Įvertinti biologinio amžiaus nustatymo metodų objektyvumą. Darbo naujumas ir reikšmė: Išanalizuota V XVII a. Lietuvos teritorijoje iškasta osteologinė medžiaga, nustatytas tuo laikotarpių augintų arklių ūgis, tipas. Pritaikius rentgeno, tomografinį tyrimo metodus ir cemento žiedų skaičiavimo metodikas nustatytas šiuolaikinių ir iškastinių arklių amžius. TYRIMO MEDŽIAGA IR METODAI Osteologinė medžiaga surinkta ir išanalizuota iš šių vietovių: Viršutinis Kernavės miesto (XIII XIV a.); Pakalniškių (XII XIV a.); Obelių (XII XIV a.); Taurapilio (V VI a.); Skubėtų (IX XII a.); Plinkaigalio (V VI a.); Degsnės Labotiškės (V XII a.); Vilniaus (XIV XV a. pirma pusė ir XV a. antra pusė XVII a.) ir Marvelės (XVII XI a.). Osteologinė ir osteometrinė kaulų analizė atlikta Lietuvos veterinarijos akademijos (LVA) Anatomijos ir fiziologijos katedros Osteologijos laboratorijoje. Plaštakos ir pėdos matuotos pagal A. von den Driesch (197) sudarytą kaulų matavimo metodiką. Matavimai atlikti naudojant slankmatį,,1 mm tikslumu. Arklių ūgis gogo srityje buvo nustatomas pagal V. O. Vitt (1952) parengtas metodikas. Pagal santykinį plaštakų ir pėdų diafizės plotį (SD*/GL) arkliai buvo suskirstyti į tipus naudojant A. Braunerio (191)klasifikaciją. 25 Arklių amžius buvo nustatomas keliais metodais: pagal pieninių nuolatinių dantų kaitą. Pagal kandžių nusitrynimo laipsnį arklių amžių nustatėme naudojant Goody (1997) pateiktas schemas. Rentgeno nuotraukos buvo daromos LVA Dr. L. Kriaučeliūno smulkių gyvūnų klinikoje, Americomp spectra 325e aparatu (spindulių ekspozicijos parametrai 5 kv 3 ma). Nuotraukoje buvo išmatuota kairės pusės žandikaulio visų krūminių dantų aukštis nuo danties trinamojo paviršiaus iki šaknies išsišakojimo ir jų ilgis. Tomografinės nuotraukos padarytos Kauno medicinos universiteto Radiologijos klinikoje, sluoksnių Siemens Spmatom Emotion ir 1 sluoksnių General Electric Light speed daugiapjūvio skenavimo kompiuteriniais tomografais. Žandikauliai skenuoti 2,5 mm sluoksniais. Nuotraukose buvo matuojamas arklių kairės pusės žandikaulio visų krūminių dantų aukštis, nuo danties trinamojo paviršiaus iki šaknies išsišakojimo, jų plotis bei ilgis. Norint patikslinti rentgeno ir tomografinėse nuotraukose atliktus matavimus krūminiai dantys buvo išimami iš žandikaulio plaktuko ir kaltuko pagalba ir išmatuotas jų aukštis, plotis ir ilgis slankmačiu. Naudodami M. Levine (192) pateiktas metodikas nustatėme arklių amžių pagal išmatuotų krūminių dantų aukštį. Dantų histologiniai pjūviai daryti Mykolo Romerio universiteto Teismo medicinos instituto Medicinos kriminalistikos laboratorijoje. Tyrimui paimti pirmi krūminiai (M 1 ) dantys iš šiuolaikinių ir iškastinių arklių apatinių žandikaulių. Remiantis S. Trumpickaitės-Dzekčiorienės (2), R. Bojarun (23) darbuose aprašyta metodika mikrotomu LEICA SP buvo padaryti horizontalūs arklių dantų šaknų pjūviai. Norint išsiaiškinti amžiaus nustatymo metodų patikimumą, buvo daromi ir dekalcinuotų dantų histologiniai preparatai. Dantų histologiniai preparatai buvo daromi pagal C. Azorit ir kt. (22) pasiūlyta metodiką. Duomenų statistinė analizė atlikta panaudojus statistinės analizės sistemą SAS.2 skirtą Windows. TYRIMŲ REZULTATAI Osteometrija ir arklių ūgis gogo srityje. Tirtuose objektuose plaštakų ilgis buvo nuo 17 iki 25 mm, o pėdų ilgis nuo mm. Palyginome plaštakos kaulų ilgius Marvelės arklių su Kernavės, Vilniaus XIV XV a.pirmos pusės, Vilnius XV a. antros pusės XVII a., Pakalniškių, Obelių, Taurapilio, Plinkaigalio, Degsnės-Labotiškių. Pritaikius Vilkoksono kriterijų, nustatyta, kad šių objektų arklių plaštakos kaulų ilgiai statistiškai reikšmingai skiriasi (p<,1). Palyginus Kernavės, Vilniaus XIV XV a.pirma pusė., Vilniaus XV a. antra pusė XVII a., Pakalniškių, Obelių, Taurapilio, Plinkaigalio, Degsnėje Labotiškėse rastų pėdos kaulų ilgius su Marvelėje iškastų pėdų kaulų ilgiu 2

14 nustatyta, kad pėdos kaulų ilgis statistiškai reikšmingai skiriasi (p<,1). Išmatavę santykinį plaštakų plotį nustatėme, kad V XVII a. Lietuvos teritorijoje vyravo III ir IV, o pagal santykinį pėdų plotį II ir III tipo arkliai. Plaštakų ilgis ir diafizių plotis statistiškai reikšmingai koreliuoja (r=,, p<,1), tarp pėdų ilgio ir diafizių pločio koreliacijos koeficientas taip pat aukštas (r=,5, p<,1) tai rodo, kad ši priklausomybė yra tiesioginė. Plaštakos ir pėdos kaulai archeologinėje medžiagoje iš ilgųjų kaulų išlieka geriausiai ir daugiausia, tad nustatyti arklių ūgį pavyksta gana dažnai. Lietuvos archeologinėje medžiagoje V XVII a. aptinkame arklių, kurių ūgis svyruoja nuo 1 iki cm dažniausiai randami cm ūgio arkliai. Biologinio amžiaus nustatymas pagal krūminių dantų aukštį. Atlikus danties aukščio matavimus rentgeno nuotraukoje, tomografinėje nuotraukoje ir slankmačiu išėmus dantį iš žandikaulio pagal A. Levine (192) pateiktas metodikas apskaičiuotas arklių amžius. Išmatuota 2 šiuolaikinių arklių, kurių žinomas tikslus amžius, kairės pusės apatinio žandikaulio visi krūminiai dantys. Mažiausi skirtumai nuo chronologinio amžiaus beveik visais atvejais gauti matuojant dantis slankmačiu. Didžiausi skirtumai gauti matuojant dantis tomografinėse nuotraukose. Iškastinių arklių amžiaus nustatymas pagal krūminių dantų aukštį. Visų iškastinių arklių amžius buvo nustatytas pagal kandžių nusitrynimo laipsnį (KNL) ir pagal pieninių-nuolatinių dantų kaitą (PNDK). Pagal danties aukščio matavimus rentgeno nuotraukoje, tomografinėje nuotraukoje ir slankmačiu išėmus dantį iš žandikaulio pagal A. Levine (192) pateiktas metodikas nustatėme arklių amžių, duomenys pateikti 13 lentelėje. Viso buvo išmatuota šešiolikos iškastinių arklių apatinio žandikaulio kairės pusės krūminiai dantys. Gauti duomenys parodė, kad didžiausi skirtumai nuo amžiaus nustatyto pagal KNL ir PNDK gauti nustatinėjant biologinį amžių tomografinėse nuotraukose. Metinių cemento žiedų skaičiavimas šiuolaikinių arklių dantų mikrostruktūroje. Trijų skirtingų metinių cemento žiedų skaičiavimų rezultatai labai stipriai koreliuoja vienas su kitu (r>,9, p<.1). Tai reiškia, kad metinių žiedų vertinimas yra labai objektyvus ir atskirų skaičiavimų skirtumui esminės įtakos duomenims neturi. Žiedų skaičius stipriai koreliuoja su chronologiniu amžiumi, todėl pagal žiedus apskaičiuoti amžiaus ir chronologinio amžiaus koreliacijos koeficientas taip pat aukštas: r=,9, p<.1. Absoliutus skirtumas nuo tikrojo (chronologinio) amžiaus visoje imtyje buvo vidutiniškai,7 m. Vyresnių individų amžiaus nustatymo tikslumas mažėja; visos imties skirtumas,7 metų (,7 proc.), jaunų individų, iki metų jis mažesnis,5 metų (,32 proc.), vyresnių, iki metų amžiaus individų,73 metų (,5 proc.), o amžiaus grupėje virš metų amžiaus nustatymo tikslumas, metų (,3 proc.). Metinių cemento žiedų skaičiavimas iškastinių arklių dantų mikrostruktūroje. Iškastinių arklių amžius nustatytas pagal pieninių-nuolatinių dantų kaitą (PNDK) bei kandžių nusitrynimo laipsnį (KNL). Iš visų atliktų iškastinių arklių dantų histologinių šlifų metiniai cemento žiedai įvertinti atvejų ( ). Metinių žiedų skaičiavimų rezultatai labai stipriai koreliuoja vienas su kitu koreliacijos koeficientas r>,922, p<.1. Pagal žiedus apskaičiuotas amžiaus ir pagal KNL ir PNDK nustatyto amžiaus koreliacijos koeficientas taip pat aukštas: r>,9, p<.1. Visos imties amžiaus skirtumas nuo amžiaus nustatyto pagal KNL ir PNDK vidurkis, metų. Metinių cemento žiedų skaičiavimas arklių dantų mikrostruktūroje dažytuose histologiniuose preparatuose. Iš 2 šiuolaikinių arklių dantų histologinių preparatų metiniai cemento žiedai įvertinti tik atvejų (3,5 ). Trijų metinių cemento žiedų skaičiavimo rezultatai vienas su kitu koreliuoja (r=,9, p<,1). Apskaičiuoto žiedų skaičiaus ir chronologinio amžiaus koreliacijos koeficientas yra aukštas (r=,, p<,1). Nustatyto amžiaus vidurkių skirtumas nuo chronologinio amžiaus 1,2 metų, Iš 11 iškastinių arklių padarytų dekalcinuotų histologinių preparatų nei viename negalėjome įvertinti metinių cemento žiedų. IŠVADOS 1. V XVII a. Lietuvos archeologinėje medžiagoje randami arkliai, kurių ūgis gogo srityje svyruoja nuo iki 1 cm. 2. Lietuvos arklai priskiriami II IV tipui. 3. Objektyviausiai biologinis amžius nustatytas, skaičiuojant metinius cemento žiedus. Metinių cemento žiedų skaičius ir individo chronologinis amžius stipriai tarpusavyje koreliuoja. ŽINIOS APIE AUTORĘ Snieguolė Veličkaitė gimė 1977 m. liepos 27 dieną Kaune m. mokėsi Kauno Rasos vidurinėje mokykloje m. įstojo mokytis į Lietuvos veterinarijos akademiją, kurią baigė 2 m., įgydama veterinarijos gydytojo specialybę. 2 m. įstojo i Vilniaus universitetą, kur 22 m. baigė magistratūros studijų zoologijos programą ir įgijo biologijos magistro kvalifikacinį laipsnį. 22 metais įstojo į doktorantūrą Lietuvos veterinarijos akademijos, Anatomijos ir fiziologijos katedroje. Doktorantūros metu paskelbė mokslinius straipsnius. Dalyvavo 5 tarptautinėse mokslinėse konferencijose (tai patvirtina išduoti dalyvio pažymėjimai). Nuo 25 m. kovo 1 dienos pradėjo dirba Lietuvos veterinarijos akademijos Anatomijos ir fiziologijos katedroje asistente. 27 2

15 Maketavo: R. Trainienė Už teksto turinį ir redagavimą atsakinga autorė Spausdino LVA Spaudos ir leidybos skyrius Tilžės g. 1, LT-711 Kaunas Tiražas 5. 1,1 sp.l. Užs. Nr. d. 2 29