Slide 1. Learning goals Coordination of individuals (PC) Costs & benefits of group (UF) Slide 2
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1 1 Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences Ethology Learning goals Coordination of individuals (PC) Costs & benefits of group (UF) 10.1 Group Hunters Dr. Jane M. Packard, L e a r n i n g, D i s c o v e r i n g a n d S h a r i n g K n o w l e d g e 2 PC: Group hunt: coordinated or cooperative? Q10.1 In the technical meaning, Cooperative requires evidence that both actors benefit from the interaction Very difficult to test outside controlled conditions Few studies actually provided sufficient evidence When in doubt, use the keyword coordinated Individuals learn from each other No implication about mutual benefits Roles are learned expectations of prey & companions Driver Flanker Ambusher Tagger Relay-racer (i.e. chase by light athletic female wolves) Bring-down (i.e. capture by heavy determined male wolves) Q10.1 For a group-hunting species of your choice, how are individuals coordinated in capturing prey? 3 Group hunt- wolf Q10.1 Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life chimp.mpg orca.mpg harris.mpg Lion Tales PBS lionstal.mpg Tundra Wolf
2 4 Group hunt- Harris hawk Q10.1 Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life harris.mpg Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life 5 PC: Group hunt: coordinated individual efforts Q10.1 Q10.1 For a group-hunting species of your choice, how are individuals coordinated in capturing prey? Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life chimp.mpg Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life 6 PC: Group hunt- orca Q10.1 Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life
3 7 UF: switch between group/solitary Q10.2 Benefits Help in hunting (search, pursuit, capture, consume) Defense against competitors outside group Costs Less food per individual (empty plate) Hard to compete within the group Q10.2 What are the costs and benefits of foraging in a group, for a species of your choice? As you watch the following clips, try to identify costs and benefits such as these. Think about species-specific items that should be added to this list. Trade School for young Risk of injury 8 UF: Group benefits/costs: coyote Q10.2 Coyotes of Yellowstone National Geographic coypack.mpg Coyotes of Yellowstone National Geographic 9 UF Solitary benefits/costs: coyote Q10.2 Coyotes of Yellowstone National Geographic coyotes.avi Coyotes of Yellowstone National Geographic
4 10 UF: Carcass defense: hyena, jackal Q10.2 "Scavenger Tales" PBS scavenge.mpg "Scavenger Tales" Public Broadcasting Service 11 SUMMARY- Group Hunters Q10.1, Q10.2 PC: coordinated roles : individuals learn what to expect from group members and consequences of their own actions H1: coordination- individual trial & error, observational learning H2: cooperation- requires evidence about mutual benefits Learning goals Coordination of individuals (PC) Costs & benefits of group (UF) UF: costs/benefits : individual decisions H3: hunt in groups when B>C H4: hunt alone when C>B 12 Action Items- Group hunting Prepare answers for In group hunt, how are individuals coordinated Costs & benefits of group foraging Some recommended searches on Web of Science: Boesch, CB Stanford, C Hofer, H, Packer, C Recommended searches on scholar.google.com coyote cooperative foraging Dialogue Volunteer to chat on Q10.1, Q10.2 Post examples/sources to Blog4 Unit 10
5 13 Want more? What are some more examples of the group hunting? 14 Group hunt: hyena Scavenger Tales PBS (Heribert Hofer) hyena.mpg Scavenger Tales PBS (Heribert Hofer)
6 1 Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences Ethology Questions about 4 stages of hunt (PC) evolutionary steps (UE) 10.2 Solitary Hunters Dr. Jane M. Packard, j-packard@tamu.edu L e a r n i n g, D i s c o v e r i n g a n d S h a r i n g K n o w l e d g e 2 PC: What are 4 stages of the hunt? Q10.3 Search Active (e.g. zig-zag), passive (e.g. lure) Pursuit Stealth (Ambush, stalk), chase Capture Weaken, suffocate, quick-kill (break neck) Consume Open carcass, slow/rapid, share/store Q10.3 For a solitary-hunter species of your choice, what happens at each stage of the hunt (search, pursuit, capture and consume)? NOTE: differs from Ginsberg & Chlode (1994) Search- finding the prey Pursuit- going after the prey Capture- making contact &/or killing prey (overcome anti-predator defenses) Consume- open the carcass? Eat slow or quick? Share with others? Store food for another time? 3 PC: Active search- track stars Q10.3 Leaf or Garter snake follow slug trail "Hunting & Escaping" Trials of Life snake.mpg "Tundra Wolf" wolfcari.mpg "Hunting & Escaping" Trials of Life
7 4 PC: Passive/active search stalk & ambush Q10.3 Solitary Lion-stalk ambush zebra foal "Hunting & Escaping" Trials of Life adder.mpg Lion Tales PBS lionzeb.mpg Lion Tales PBS 5 PC: Passive search sit & wait Q10.3 Death adder Tail-lure mimics worm "Hunting & Escaping" Trials of Life adder.mpg Lion Tales PBS lionzeb.mpg "Hunting & Escaping" Trials of Life 6 UE Hypotheses: Steps in evolutionary history Q10.4 Step 1. Solitary (i.e. fox, bobcat) Ancestral trait Specialize on small prey More instinctive, fixed action patterns (i.e. pounce) Step 2. Intermediate (i.e. coyote, cheetah) Derived: diverged from solitary as prey got larger/faster Switch between solitary and group hunting Instinct & learned (i.e. trial & error) Step 3. Group (i.e. wolf, African lion) Derived: diverged from intermediate as prey became social Obligatory group hunting of large defensive prey More learned (i.e. trial & error, observational, social transmission) Q10.4 What is an hypothesis about the evolutionary history of hunting behavior in a taxonomic group of your choice? e.g. canids Fox=>coyote=>wolf e.g. felids Leopard=>cheetah=>lion
8 7 UE: Stage 1 Solitary hunters Q10.4 "Coyote in Yellowstone" National Geographic fox.mpg SMALL FOX: Rodents carrion red fox - solitary (rodents) "Coyote in Yellowstone" National Geographic 8 UE: STEP 2 Intermediate semi-social Q10.4 COYOTE: rodents carrion calves "Coyote in Yellowstone" National Geographic coyelk.mpg coyote- intermediate (rodents & calves) "Coyote in Yellowstone" National Geographic 9 UE: STEP 3 Large social (delayed maturity) Q10.4 LARGE SOCIAL WOLVES: rodents calves large ungulates "White Wolf" National Geographic wolfmusk.avi wolf- group (rodents, calves & large ungulates) "White Wolf" National Geographic
9 10 SUMMARY- solitary hunters Q10.3, Q10.4 PC: Mechanisms need to be considered at each stage of hunt STAGES: search=>pursuit=>capture=>consume UE: Evolutionary history 3-step hypothesis STEPS: Solitary hunting=> intermediate=>group hunting Learning goals 4 stages of hunt (PC) evolutionary steps (UE) 11 Action Items- Solitary hunting Prepare answers for What are stages in solitary hunt Evolutionary history of hunting behavior in a taxonomic group Some recommended searches on Web of Science: search, pursuit, capture AND Animal Behavior Recommended searches on scholar.google.com Fox, M Packer, C Burghardt, G Mech, LD Bekoff, M Wayne, R Dialogue Volunteer to chat on Q10.3, Q10.4 Post examples/sources to Blog4 Unit Want more? Wouldn t wolves also be considered track stars?
10 13 Active search- track stars (relay roles) "Tundra Wolf" wolfcari.mpg Wolf-focus on injured caribou "Tundra Wolf"
11 1 Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences Ethology Questions Diversity of anti-predator defenses UE: Coevolutionary arms race 10.3 Anti-predator Defenses Dr. Jane M. Packard, L e a r n i n g, D i s c o v e r i n g a n d S h a r i n g K n o w l e d g e 2 What is the co-evolutionary Arms Race? Q10.5 Prey adapts to change in predator & vice versa EVOLUTION: PREY EVOLUTION: PREDATOR Q10.6 Why has co-evolution resulted in a predator-prey arms race? Coevolution: stepwise change in heritable traits (genotypes) of prey, then predator, then prey, then predator Step 1.Vulnerable behavior Step 2. Search for vulnerable prey Step 3. Adapt- escape better Step 5. Adapt- fight better Step 4. Overcome escape mechanism Step 6. Overcome fight mechanism 3 UE: Arms Race- group ambush Q10.5 Lions ambush speedy Zebras "Lion Tales" PBS lionhog.mpg lionzeb.mpg lionbuff.mpg "Lion Tales" PBS
12 4 UE: Arms Race- prey size & group defense Q10.5 Larger water buffalo chase social lions "Lion Tales" PBS lionhog.mpg lionzeb.mpg lionbuff.mpg See also YouTube video: Battle at Kruger "Lion Tales" PBS 5 UF: Hypotheses- anti-predator functions Q10.6 Search stage (predator) Camouflage (prey) Pursuit stage (predator) Escape- active (prey) Escape- passive warning (prey) Q10.5 What are examples of anti-predator behaviors with the following functions: camouflage, escape, redirect attack, fight back, chemical? NOTE: See how each of these categories (for prey) relate to the stages of the hunt (for predator). Capture stage (predator) Redirect attack (prey) Fight back Chemical (poisons) 6 UF: SEARCH STAGE: Camouflage Q10.6 Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life camo.mpg Walking stick Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life
13 7 UF: PURSUIT STAGE: Escape- active Q10.6 Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life frilliz.mpg Frill-necked lizard 8 UF: PURSUIT STAGE: Escape- passive Q10.6 Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life salamand.mpg salamanders warnings 9 UF: CAPTURE STAGE: Redirect attack Q10.6 Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life titmoth.mpg Underwing moth (Catacola spp.)
14 10 UF: CAPTURE STAGE: Fight back Q10.6 "White Wolf" National Geographic muskox.mpg Musk ox (goat family) "White Wolf" National Geographic 11 UF: CAPTURE STAGE: Chemical Defenses Q10.6 "Hunting & Escaping" Trials of Life poison.mpg "Hunting & Escaping" Trials of Life 12 SUMMARY- Defenses Q10.5, Q10.6 Coevolutionary arms race (UE) Change in predator=> change in prey Change in prey=> change in predator Learning goals Coevolutionary arms race (UE) Diversity of defenses with anti-predator functions (UF) Anti-predator functions (UF) Search=> camouflage Pursuit=> escape (active, passive) Capture=> redirect, fight back, chemical
15 13 Action Items- Group hunting Prepare answers for Coevolution of Arms Race Functions of antipredator adaptations Some recommended searches on Web of Science: arms race anti-predator AND Animal Behaviour Dialogue Volunteer to chat on Q10.5, Q10.6 Post examples/sources to Blog4 Unit Want more? What are some more examples of the predator/prey arms race? 15 UE: Arms Race- prey speed "Lion Tales" PBS lionhog.mpg Warthog outruns lion "Lion Tales" PBS
16 16 UE: Arms Race- defense of carcass "Scavenger Tales" PBS scavenge.mpg Hyenas Lions Jackals vultures 17 What are some more examples of anti-predator adaptations? 18 UF: SEARCH STAGE - Camouflage Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life assasin.mpg Assassin bug Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life
17 19 UF: PURSUIT STAGE - Camouflage Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life mantis.mpg Praying mantispredator is camouflaged Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life 20 UF: CAPTURE STAGE- Redirect attack Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life frogeye.mpg Frog- eye spots Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life 21 UF: CAPTURE STAGE - Redirect attack Swallowtail caterpillar- eye & tongue Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life snakecat.mpg Hunting & Escaping Trials of Life
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