Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Basketball

Transcription

1 Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Basketball EDITED BY DOUGLAS B. McKEAG MD, MS American United Life Professor of Preventive Health Medicine and Chairman, Department of Family Medicine Director, IU Center for Sports Medicine Department of Family Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN USA Blackwell Science

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3 Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Basketball

4 IOC Medical Commission Sub-Commission on Publications in the Sport Sciences Howard G. Knuttgen PhD (Co-ordinator) Boston, Massachusetts, USA Harm Kuipers MD, PhD Maastricht, The Netherlands Per A.F.H. Renström MD, PhD Stockholm, Sweden

5 Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Basketball EDITED BY DOUGLAS B. McKEAG MD, MS American United Life Professor of Preventive Health Medicine and Chairman, Department of Family Medicine Director, IU Center for Sports Medicine Department of Family Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN USA Blackwell Science

6 2003 by Blackwell Science Ltd a Blackwell Publishing company Blackwell Science, Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden, Massachusetts , USA Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia Blackwell Wissenschafts Verlag, Kurfürstendamm 57, Berlin, Germany The right of the Author to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2003 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Basketball / edited by Douglas B. McKeag. p. cm. (Handbook of sports medicine and science) ISBN Basketball injuries. 2. Basketball Physiological aspects. I. McKeag, Douglas, 1945 II. Series. RC1220.B33 B dc ISBN A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 8.75/12pt Stone by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed and bound in India by Replika Press PVT Ltd Commissioning Editor: Andrew Robinson Production Editor: Nick Morgan Production Controller: Kate Charman For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website:

7 Contents List of contributors, vi Forewords by the IOC, vii Foreword by the FIBA, viii Preface, ix Introduction, xi 1 Epidemiology of basketball injuries, 1 Jay R. Hoffman 2 Physiology of basketball, 12 Jay R. Hoffman 3 Nutrition guidelines for basketball, 25 Leslie J. Bonci 4 Preventive medicine in basketball, 38 Thomas J. Mackowiak 5 Preparticipation screening and the basketball player, 66 Andrew L. Pipe 6 The young basketball player, 75 Kevin B. Gebke and Douglas B. McKeag 7 The female athlete, 86 Margot Putukian 8 The special basketball player, 103 Kevin B. Gebke and Douglas B. McKeag 9 Psychological issues in basketball, 115 Christopher M. Carr 10 Basketball injuries: head and face considerations, 128 William F. Micheo and Enrique Amy 11 Cardiovascular considerations in basketball, 140 Andrew L. Pipe 12 Medical illness, 151 Margot Putukian 13 Spine and pelvis, 164 Jill Cook and Karim Khan 14 Basketball injuries: upper extemity considerations, 177 William F. Micheo and Eduardo Amy 15 Lower extremity considerations, 191 Karim Khan and Jill Cook Index, 217 v

8 List of contributors Eduardo Amy MD Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, PO Box , San Juan, Puerto Rico Enrique Amy DMD MDS Director and Assistant Professor, Center for Sports Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, PO Box , San Juan, Puerto Rico Leslie J. Bonci MPH RD UPMC Center for Sports Medicine, 3200 S. Water Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA Christopher M. Carr PhD Methodist Sports Medicine Center, 201 Pennsylvania Parkway, Suite 200, Indianapolis, IN 46280, USA Jill Cook PhD BAppSci (Phy) Musculoskeletal Research Centre, School of Physiotherapy, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia Kevin B. Gebke MD Assistant Professor of Clinical Family Medicine, and Fellowship Director, IU Center for Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1110 W. Michigan Street, LO-200, Indianapolis, IN , USA Jay R. Hoffman PhD Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, PO Box 7718, Ewing, NJ , USA Karim Khan MD PhD University of British Columbia, Department of Family Practice (Sports Medicine) & School of Human Kinetics, 211/2150 Western Parkway, Vancouver, BC V6T 1V6, Canada Thomas J. Mackowiak ATC Breslon Center, Z-22, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Douglas B. McKeag MD MS American United Life Professor of Preventive Health Medicine, and Chairman, Department of Family Medicine, Director, IU Center for Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1110 W. Michigan Street, LO-200, Indianapolis, IN , USA William F. Micheo MD Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, PO Box , San Juan, Puerto Rico Andrew L. Pipe MD University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada Margot Putukian MD Center for Sports Medicine, Penn State University, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Hershey Medical Center, 1850 East Park Avenue, University Park, PA 16802, USA vi

9 Forewords by the IOC The birth date of basketball is usually identified as 21 December 1891, with the first game taking place in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA. Through the years, interest in the sport has appeared in practically every country in the world and participation spread internationally. The sport of basketball was first included in the Olympic Games as a full medal sport for men in 1936 and for women in Certainly one of the most popular sports internationally, basketball presently attracts great attention from fans and media around the world. The admission of professional basketball players to Olympic competition in 1992 has further enhanced the popularity of the sport and the quality of play internationally. The editor and contributing authors of this Handbook have covered in detail all of the basic science, the clinical aspects of injuries and other health concerns, and the practical information useful for the medical doctors and health personnel who care for basketball teams and players. The editor and authors are to be congratulated on this excellent contribution to sports medicine/sports science literature. My sincere appreciation goes to the IOC Medical Commission Chairman, Prince Alexandre de Merode, and to the IOC Medical Commission s Subcommission on Publications in the Sport Sciences for yet another high-quality publication. Basketball is one of the most demanding sports included in the Olympic programme as regards the many skills involved, the requirement for explosive muscle power, and the necessary combination of aerobic and anaerobic conditioning. Additionally, participation in the sport of basketball involves a unique constellation of injury risks and related health problems. Therefore, the health and medical care of every basketball team and each individual player requires an unusual assemblage of knowledge and skill on the part of every health professional involved. This Handbook not only presents basic scientific and clinical information, but the editor and authors address every aspect of the health and medical care of the participating athlete. This includes injury prevention, the special needs of unique groups, the immediate care of injuries, injury treatment and athlete rehabilitation. Professor Douglas McKeag and his international team of contributing authors have succeeded in producing this outstanding volume for the Handbooks of Sports Medicine and Science series. Prince Alexandre de Merode Chairman, IOC Medical Commission Dr Jacques Rogge IOC President vii

10 Foreword by the FIBA Among those who love the orange ball, the USA is widely regarded as the birthplace and the bastion of basketball. The sport, invented by James A. Naismith, has become a major Olympic event. The last Men s World Championships organised in Indianapolis showed a universalisation of the quality of the athletes and the game being played. FIBA has 212 national affiliated federations and, one could consider, by including the huge number of Chinese, that the number of people practising the sport in the world is about 450 million. The Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science on Basketball, which deals with players health problems, is a wholly new and opportune book which will interest those responsible for the well-being of teams: doctors, surgeons, orthopaedists, trainers, chiropodists, psychologists and, one hopes, coaches. The authors have approached the preventive and curative aspect for all age groups. Professionalisation has grown enormously. In this aspect, the reader can find a collection offering solutions to technical pathology, a real sports medicine. Citius, Altius, Fortius... Modern sport demands continuous self-improvement. To reinforce the intake and discharge of energy, specialists improve the fuel and the engine of the athlete. A well-balanced diet and muscle growth serve this purpose. The role of the doctor is to ensure that dangerous and prohibited supplementation methods are not used. The role of the doctor also consists of detecting, as much as possible, the risks induced by physical effortapreliminary medical examinations are a necessity at club and team level. Sudden death rarely strikes athletes and judges; however, it is our duty to evaluate this threat. The psychological aspect is also significant in the practice of basketball. The trainer is the provider of the right to participate. The dichotomic organisation of the game (five playing and five or seven watching them) has impacts on morale which interfere with motivation, performance and team spirit. Naismith wanted a non-violent sport. Basketball does not have a reputation for being dangerous, but the injury rates are not declining: a phenomenon linked to the progression of athletic qualities and defensive toughness. A basketballer injures him/ herself either alone or through contact, beneath the hoop most often. Sprained ankles are the most common accidents (around 30%), but new pathologies are appearing, in particular involving the arch of the footaprobably owing to repeated microtrauma, overuse by players or badly fitting shoes. FIBA congratulates the IOC Medical Commission for publishing this indisputably useful Manual for the Basketball Family. Jacques Huguet MD President, FIBA Medical Council viii

11 Preface The perfect sport I must have been around nine when it finally began to sink in. That is: why my brother smiled when he played, why my father smiled when he watched. At nine years old, it was just a game to me. I enjoyed playing it mainly because I enjoyed the socialization that took place with my friends. But to my father, it was like a beautiful choreographed dance. The slow motion that we so often see during televised games, he actually saw when he watched. He considered a successfully completed pick-and-roll play to be absolutely gorgeous. For the rest of my life as a high school and college basketball player it became apparent to me just what he was looking atathe perfect sport. It is, by all measure, a contact sport, really more of a subtle collision sport in which no protective equipment is routinely worn. The player s expressions can be seen on a court much closer for spectators than most athletic contests. The muscle twitch that comes just before a quick move to elude a defender amply displays the biomechanical demands of a sport that requires an athlete to be able to run, jump, and exhibit upper and lower body strength, hand eye coordination and most important, body control. This is also a sport that demands both aerobic endurance and anaerobic fitnessaa sport that requires muscular proprioception and enhanced visual fields. Basketball, when played right, is simply a beautiful thing to watch. This book, part of The Olympic Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science series attempts to present a sports-specific reference work for use by physicians, trainers and coaches for the care of their athletes. The demands of the sport create special problems for its players. Injuries and illnesses do occur. I have never seen a player yet who enjoys being injured or missing competition. The correct diagnosis and appropriate management in treatment of these injuries becomes of paramount importance to the athletes and teams they play for. As editor of this volume, it was indeed an honor to work with the authors represented here. On the world basketball scene, many of these names are familiar. Their work as reflected in this volume represents the most complete approach to the sport of basketball and its injuries yet published. I am proud to have edited this volume and want to take this opportunity to thank the authors for the excellence of their work. Thanks also to Howard G. Knuttgen who served as mentor in his role as overseer of the series and Julie Elliott and Nick Morgan, production editors at Blackwell. My wish is that you find this book as interesting to use as I found it fun to put together. The entire world seems to have embraced this sport, it can only get better. December 2002 Douglas B. McKeag, MD, MS Indianapolis, Indiana Dedication This book is dedicated to my basketball team, Diapoint guard and play maker Kellyashooting guard Heatherafinesse forward Ianapower forward and re-bounder ix

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13 Introduction Basketball: how it began* Basketball s origin is unique among world sports because it was actually invented. Who: Dr James A. Naismith When: December 21, 1891 at 11:30 a.m. Where: The YMCA Training School located at the corner of State and Sherman in Springfield, Massachusetts Why: The invention of Basketball was not an accident. It was developed to meet a need. Those boys simply would not play Drop the Handkerchief. Dr James A. Naismith Dr Naismith was a young 30-year-old instructor at the Springfield YMCA Training School when he accepted a challenge from his boss, Dr Luther Gulick, to invent a winter game to be played indoors. Those boys referred to in his quote were a class of 18 rowdy future YMCA directors that two previous instructors had given up on. Naismith had boasted that he could invent a sport. Now he had two weeks in which to accomplish this challenge before the first class. For 13 days he tried to adapt Rugby, Soccer, American Football and Lacrosseaall sports in which he excelled. This * This history is written by Ian Naismith, grandson of Dr James A. Naismith. Ian is currently the Founder and Director of the Naismith International Basketball Foundation, headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. Phone: (312) , Fax: (312) failed because of possible injuries from physical contact. The game started taking shape when he realized that the ball had to be passed or shot at some kind of goal without any running or walking which eliminated tackling. Next, he had to decide on a goal and decided on two 18-inch boxes at either side of the gym. Remembering a childhood game called Duck on a Rock where a rock had to be thrown in an arc at an opponent rock, he decided that he must elevate the boxes and put them on a horizontal plane so that the opposing team could not surround them. Now, with the fundamentals in place, he worked late into the night and drafted the 13 Original Rules (see Fig. 1 on pages xii and xiii). The first game of Basketball was played in my bed the night before the first class. Dr James A. Naismith Dr Naismith woke up in the morning and hurried to the Secretary, Mrs Lyons. Mrs Lyons was asked to type the Rules while he went to the Janitor, Mr Stebbins, to locate boxes. Mr Stebbins told Dr Naismith that he did not have any 18-inch boxes, but that he had two peach baskets in the basement. Naismith and Stebbins nailed the peach baskets to the lower track railing of the gymawhich happened to be exactly ten feet from the floor. The height of the basket today is still ten feet. Just think, we could all be playing Box Ball! Then, at 11:30 a.m. on December 21, 1891, James pinned the two typed sheets of the Original Rules to the bulletin board. The first game of Basketball xi

14 xii Introduction Fig. 1 The original Rules of basketball, typed and corrected by James A. Naismith himself. Anyone with an appreciation of the sport will be interested in how basketball has evolved from its origins. Reprinted here with permission from his grandson Ian Naismith.

15 Introduction xiii