Ocean - estuary coupling. how does FW/estuary history affect ocean traits? (Hatchery rearing strategies)
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1 Ocean - estuary coupling or how does FW/estuary history affect ocean traits? (Hatchery rearing strategies) January 19, 2017 Brian Beckman, NWFWC brian.beckman@noaa.gov Focus on yearling Chinook salmon
2 Outline Brief review of NMFS juvenile salmon survey Hatchery yearling Chinook salmon vary in the Columbia River Hatchery yearling Chinook salmon vary in the Ocean Size, growth and ocean variability Size selective mortality Survival window
3 NOAA Juvenile Salmon Ocean Survey
4
5 Alaska Survey Grid Canada US Seattle Columbia River
6 NMFS/BPA Juvenile salmon - Plume Survey 1998 test sampling/el Nino May: June: Sept: May: June: Sept: June: 3 transects 5-9 transects 6-9 transects 5-7 transects 8-9 transects 7-9 transects 8 transects May: June: May: June: 4 days 8 transects 7 days 8 transects
7 Outline Brief review of NMFS juvenile salmon survey Hatchery yearling Chinook salmon vary in the Columbia River Hatchery yearling Chinook salmon vary in the Ocean Size, growth and ocean variability Size selective mortality Survival window
8 Traits that vary: Estuary and ocean entrance timing Estuary, Plume residence time Migration rate Size Growth rate many others... By stock! => survival
9 Hatchery variation
10 Genetic, geographic and phenotypic differences exist between Columbia River Chinook salmon populations West Cascades Rivers Spring GCD Columbia R. Mid & Upper Columbia River Spring Summer/Fall WFA BON HC Snake River Spring Fall Willamette River Spring from Myers et al. 1998, Waples et al. 2004
11 Km Weight (g) WestCSp WillRSp MUCRSp SnkSp SnkFa UCRSuFa WestCSp WillRSp MUCRSp SnkSp SnkFa UCRSuFa 150 May Release Date Fish Released (millions) 120 Apr Mar 6 Feb Jan Mar 10 Mar 7 Apr 29 Mar 31 Mar 22 Apr Migration Distance Release Size (g)
12 Ocean variation
13 WestCSp WillRSp MUCRSp SnkSp SnkFa UCRSuFa WestCSp WillRSp MUCRSp SnkSp SnkFa UCRSuFa CPUE CPUE Yearling Columbia River Chinook salmon* abundance in the survey varies by month, stock and year May ? June *6 major stocks of Chinook salmon with yearling migrants 5 are listed under the Endangered Species Act
14 Alaska UCR/Snake spring Chinook salmon quickly migrate north August July** **Jamal Moss, Joe Orsi, NMFS, Juneau Canada June* *Marc Trudel, DFO, Nanaimo May US Seattle Columbia River
15 Abundance proportion Release Relative proportion of yearling Chinook salmon by stock varies by in the ocean Proportion in Ocean May WC Sp Will Sp UCR Sp Snk Sp Snk F UCR SuF Proportion in Ocean June WCSp WillSp MUCRSp SnakeSp SnakeF UCR SuF
16 WestCSp WillRSp MUCRSp SnkSp SnkFa UCRSuFa WestCSp WillRSp MUCRSp SnkSp SnkFa UCRSuFa weight (g) weight (g) Weight of fish caught in the ocean varies > 2-fold by stock May June
17 Size in the ocean is correlated to size at release mean 06-11
18 Management implications?
19 Biomass (abundance x weight) varies by stock, month and year MAY JUNE Willamette Sp W Cascade Sp Snake Sp Mid&Up Col Sp Upper Col Su/Fa Snake Fa Ocean entry year
20 Management implications?
21 Technological advances have made it possible to assess growth rate and population of origin from individual fish caught at sea IGF1 = growth attgactg = population
22 The hormone IGF1 is a growth index 80 plasma IGF-I* level (ng/ml) Post-smolt coho salmon PIT-tagged 6 week growth interval seawater *TRF immunoassay r 2 = 0.62 p < N = instantaneous growth (% length/day) Beckman et al TAFS
23 Growth and survival
24 Growth varies inter-annually 90 IGF1 70 Snake River spring Chinook year June
25 Growth varies inter-annually 90 and by stock Snake R fall Chinook IGF1 70 Up Col R summer/fall Chinook 50 Snake R spring Chinook year Mid/Up Col R spring Chinook June
26 Growth is related to survival of spring Chinook (most years) Spring Chinook Bonneville r 2 =0.72 p< June SpChin IGF
27 Size and Growth
28 IGF1 Yearling Columbia R Chinook salmon: marine growth varies with size Length (mm) , May, all stocks p<0.001, r 2 =0.20
29 IGF1 - size relationships vary between years in May (slope of regression line) level slope + slope Snake River spring Chinook salmon
30 IGF1 - size relationships vary between years due to varying ocean conditions Snake River spring Chinook salmon
31 Snake R spring Chinook IGF vs length slope varies with ocean conditions Bad ocean >>> Good ocean ~
32 Management implications?
33 Size selective mortality of hatchery fish
34 50 N PIT-tagged spring Chinook are released from Carson NFH Latitude 46 N Carson NFH Bonneville Dam
35 Carson data Adult spring Chinook at Bonneville Return year
36 Queried PTAGIS PIT-tags at Bonneville Adult Ladder by release year minijacks jacks age 4 generated mean size at tagging by release year for surviving adults minijacks jacks age 4 mean size at tagging is a surrogate for smolt size => related mean size at tagging of returning adults to ocean conditions
37 Size selective mortality varies with ocean conditions Carson sp Chinook Ocean entry years
38 Management implications?
39 Survival window
40 June CPUE (#/km towed) Catch of yearling Chinook (CPUE) varies in June
41 Catch of yearling Chinook is correlated to Adult return (+2), ( ) 2014 F=7.2 p=0.02 r 2 =0.34
42 Survival Window
43 Age 2 male minijacks return 2-3 months post-release - 1 year prior to jacks SUMMER CHINOOK LIFEHISTORY? Minijack Spring, Summer, Fall Graphic by Justin Peters
44 Dam passage (% total fish passage) PIT-tagged minijacks migrate downstream and back upstream the same year they were released smolts downstream Bonneville Dam juvenile by-pass minijacks upstream Adult Ladder April May June July August Sept ~ 2 months between peaks Beckman & Larsen 2005
45 SE AK DE QCI HS QCS NVI MVI JF/SVI FS LP QR GH WB CR CM NH 0 minijacks of 314 fish caught between Vancouver Is. and S.E. AK June/July June May % minijack (of males) Minijack distribution centered around Columbia River Minijack distribution centered around Columbia River May June June/July
46 Willamette R. Willamette River Spring Chinook Salmon returns by age class Returns to Willamette Falls Dam Adults Minijacks Ocean entry year
47 Minijack counts are related to Adult counts Willamette Falls Adu lt Returns (+2 yrs after emigration ) x 2013 Ocean entry R 2 =.31 P = Minijack returns (same year as emigration)
48 50 N PIT-tagged spring Chinook are released from Carson NFH possible to calculate Smolt to adult return (SAR) Latitude 46 N Carson NFH Bonneville Dam
49 age 4 SAR Carson minijack SAR is correlated to age 4 SAR ( )
50 Dam passage (% total fish passage) Survival is set within two months of ocean entrance? smolts downstream Bonneville Dam juvenile by-pass minijacks upstream Adult Ladder April May June July August Sept ~ 2 months between peaks
51 Management implications?
52 What happens in the estuary?
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