Overview of Commercial Human Spaceflight

Transcription

1 Overview of Commercial Human Spaceflight FAA Center of Excellence for Commercial Spaceflight Research Roadmap Workshop 6 April 2011 Stanford University

2 FAA COE Human Spaceflight Team Principal Investigator James Vanderploeg, M.D., M.P.H. University of Texas Medical Branch Chief Medical Officer, Virgin Galactic Principal Investigator Richard Jennings M.D. University of Texas Medical Branch Medical Director, Space Adventures Principal Investigator David Klaus University of Colorado - Boulder Jonathan Clark M.D., M.P.H. NSBRI/ Baylor College of Medicine Chief Medical Officer, Excalibur Almaz

3 FAA Office of Commercial Spaceflight Center of Excellence Research Areas

4 Cross-Cutting Research Areas Three topics cross-cut the four primary research areas. Safety Testing Training

5 FAA Center of Excellence for Commercial Space Transportation ti Research Tasks Research Task Name RA PI Name (University) Wearable Biomedical Monitoring Equipment 3.1 Jennings (UTMB) Physiological Database Definition and Design 3.1 Vanderploeg (UTMB) Commercial Suborbital & Orbital Design Reference Missions Crew and Human Spaceflight Participant Medical Standards 3.1 Vanderploeg (UTMB) 3.1 Jennings (UTMB) Human Rating of Commercial Spacecraft Klaus (CU) Additional NASTAR Centrifuge Testing 3.5 Vanderploeg (UTMB)

6 Wearable Biomedical Monitoring Equipment Objectives: Identify requirements (operational and research) for biomedical monitoring during suborbital space flights Ease of use Unobtrusive Recommend design requirements and evaluate off the-shelf options for monitoring equipment Procure prototypes of equipment Conduct equipment testing using spaceflight G profiles in NASTAR centrifuge

7 NASA DSO 603 Entry Monitoring Crew-worn Cardiovascular Monitoring System

8 Parameters of Scientific Interest Parameter Heart rate (waveform morphology desired, not required) Cardiac stroke volume Arterial blood pressure Regional blood volume Oxygen saturation Thoracic Head Limbs Circulating immune and endocrine factors Brain waves Eye movements Technique Cardiovascular/cardiopulmonary ECG and/or pulse-meter Impedance plethysmography (alternatively: ABP wave-form) Non-invasive! (with hydrostatic correction) Finapres / Portapres (finger) Wrist (continuous or intermittent) Pulse oximeter Impedance plethysmography Micro-sampling via indwelling venous catheter (automated?) Sensory-Motor EEG EOG Spacecraft-related or non-physiological reference data Spacecraft Accelerations Body Voice and video Link to spacecraft accelerometers 3-axis body-worn accelerometers Provided by spacecraft

9 Personal Physiological Data Recording System (PPDRS) Body-worn sensors Unobtrusive Non-contact sensors wherever possible Concept: instrumented tunic for ease of donning and sensor fixation Low-profile System CSFP not tethered to spacecraft Battery-powered Compatible with spacecraft environment Rugged Reusable Easy to maintain i Inexpensive Body worn vs. spacecraft mounted If hard-mounted, then wireless, not tethered. If wireless, then why not telemeter in real time?

10 UTMB Crew Worn Accelerometer UTMB Residents in Aerospace Medicine have done work concerning measurement of head acceleration in aerobatic pilots (Leigh Lewis) and rough stock riders (Charles Mathers, Sharmi Watkins). The next phase is to develop a flight qualified system to measure accelerations in astronauts wearing the Sokol KV2 space suit during Soyuz reentry and landing (James Pattarini). This will also support Commercial Spaceflight.

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16 Medical & Physiological Database Objectives: Identify appropriate data elements about the health and physiological responses of commercial SFP Recommend a scalable design and hosting mechanism for a database system to house this data Define steps to make data anonymous and protect human privacy Define access criteria to conduct research using this data

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18 Human Space Flight 0g Experience G-transitions dominate Steady-state, slow acclimation # people 1 parabola 1 minute 5 minutes 10 minutes 1 orbit 1 day 1 week 1 month 1000 days 1 year Duration of weightlessness

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20 Commercial Suborbital & Orbital Design Reference Missions

21 Some Commercial Suborbital Flight Profiles Air-drop launch, horizontal landing SS2 (VG), Lynx (XCOR) Vertical launch, vertical landing New Shepard (Blue Origin) Black Armadillo (Armadillo Aerospace) Horizontal take-off, horizontal landing RocketPlane XP (RPI)

22 Typical suborbital flight characteristics weightlessness Flight Mechanics of Manned Sub-Orbital Reusable Launch Vehicles with Recommendations for Launch and Recovery. Marti Sarigul-Klijn Ph.D. and Nesrin Sarigul-Klijn*, Ph.D. AIAA , 0909, Jan (rev. April 2003)

23 Space Ship 1 Composite Flight Trajectory Data weightlessness

24 Flight Crew Medical Standards & Passenger Acceptance ce Criteria Objectives: Collect and review existing documents addressing these issues (almost a dozen documents currently published) Seek to develop a consensus set of recommended medical standards for flight crew Seek to develop a consensus set of recommended passenger acceptance criteria that is operationally relevant to vehicle operators passengers Develop a template document for informed consent for use by vehicle operators to convey risks related to personal medical status

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26 Human Ratings Documents Human Rating NASA Standard 3000, NASA NPR B Human Rating Elements Failure Tolerance Design for Minimum Risk Human-System Interactions Safety of Flight Control Systems and Software Applicable Design Standards Crew Survivability Occupant Protection Abort Scenarios Suited Vs. Unsuited Crew/ Spaceflight Participants Crew Performance Optimization Launch/ Ascent Loads Reentry/ Landing Loads

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28 Micro-meteorite ORBIT RISKS WHAT WHERE WHEN Stage Separation & Ignition SAFE HAVEN Insertion Deorbit Burn Burn Range Maneuver / Turn CEM PERFORMANCE Deceleration ENTRY SPACEFLIGHT PHASES S Stabilization Hypersonic Supersonic Acceleration SEPARATION ABORT ESCAPE Transonic Subsonic Dynamic Pressure FAILURE CRITICAL CATASTROPHIC VEHICLE CONTROL - Effectors LOADS - Structural - Heat ESCAPE MODULE RECOVERY ENERGY MANAGEMENT APPROACH Plume Proximity ASCENT HUMAN FACTORS LANDING ESCAPE MODULE Explosion LIFTOFF TOUCHDOWN SAFE HAVEN LAUNCH PAD EGRESS SAFE HAVEN RESCUE EGRESS LAND OR WATER RUNWAY

29 Significant Incidents and Close Calls in Human Spaceflight

30 Comparing Risk of Loss of Life in Space Operations Suborbital Flight - Winged Reentry Vehicle 199 flights of X-15 1 fatality due to reentry breakup 1 serious injury due to roll over on landing Orbital Flight - Winged Reentry Vehicle 133 flights of Space Shuttle 2 events 7 fatalities t on ascent, 7 fatalities t on reentry Orbital Flight - Blunt Capsule 109 manned Soyuz flights, 1 ascent abort 4 fatalities in 2 reentry and landing events 2 serious injuries following ascent abort

31 Comparing Risk of Loss of Life in Aviation Operations Commercial airplane: 1 in 1,000,000 flights Military aircraft: 1 in 100, flights Combat mission in military jet aircraft: 1 in 10,000 flights Combat mission in WWII bomber aircraft: 1 in 100 flights

32 Close Calls in Human Spaceflight Launch Pad Fire Soyuz T-10A, STS 41D Ascent Abort Soyuz 18, STS 51F Loss of Vehicle Control Gemini 8, Apollo 10 LM, STS 32, Mir Medical Evacuations (Early Mission i Termination) from Space Russian - 3 missions Spacecraft Combustion Events 5 Salyut/ Mir, 4 Shuttle, 3 ISS Landing Events X-15 Rollover, Apollo 15, Soyuz

33 Orbital Outfitters Industrial Suborbital Space Suit for Crew (IS3C) Commercial Space Suits Contingency Hypobaric Astronaut Protective Suit (CHAPS) ILC Dover Space Suit

34 Orbital Launch Entry Space Suits Sokol KV2 Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES)

35 Survival Space Suit Drivers Protection against depressurization Protection against Toxic Atmosphere Thermal Protection Post Landing Survival Protection Water landing (dry suit)

36 Space Suit Constraints Suit Doff and Don time Restricted field of view Loss of dexterity and mobility Thermal load buildup and dissipation Access to medical care Suit trauma, hot spots Suit stowage and access Difficulty egressing vehicle Support system detachment

37 Commercial Spaceflight Crew Performance Concerns Space Motion Sickness Impaired visual performance and motor control during launch loads and vibrations Impaired visual performance and motor control during reentry

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39 Visual Performance Under Whole-Body X-Axis Vibration Plus G-Loading vibration chair 9 flown astronauts (3 long duration, 3 PLT, 8 MS) G-bias ( G x ) / Vibration ( g) Performance at 0.15 and 0.30 g s was deemed ACCEPTABLE. Numerous participants experienced significant performance degradation or lacked confidence in their ability to perform at 0.50 and 0.70 g s. Displays might either compensate for this Or launch vibration must be minimized i i below this level. l Several participants indicated lingering after effects post vibration at 0.70 g s lasting in excess of 15 seconds. These after effects were sufficient to impede confident performance.

40 Shuttle Landing Performance

41 Centrifuge Testing & Training Objectives: Characterize responses of passengers with known medical conditions to G environment of suborbital bit space flight Evaluate biomedical monitoring equipment under G profiles of commercial space flights Develop optimal G-training gprotocols for passengers Training and evaluation for flight crew in the G profiles of various vehicles

42 The National AeroSpace Training And Research Center Centrifuge

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45 NASTAR Physiologic Monitoring

46 FAA Office of Commercial Spaceflight Center of Excellence Research Areas