ENAE 697 Overview and Introduction

Transcription

1 ENAE 697 Overview and Introduction Course overview Goals Web-based content Syllabus Policies Project content Overview of space human factors and life support History of humans and flight Brief overview of the space environment David L. Akin - All rights reserved

2 Contact Information Dr. Dave Akin Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility/Room 2100D

3 Goals of ENAE 697 Learn the fundamentals of human physiology in the context of space flight Learn the principles of life support system design Understand issues affecting the design of an effective habitat for long-duration human space flight Perform an open-ended design task for future human planetary exploration habitats and/or space vehicles 3

4 Web-based Course Content Data web site at Course information Syllabus Lecture notes Problems and solutions Interactive web site at Communications for team projects Lecture videos 4

5 Syllabus - Major Topic Overview History of Human Space Flight Human Factors Space Physiology Life Support Systems Extravehicular Systems Biomechanics Manual Control 5

6 Syllabus - Space Physiology Circulatory physiology Pulmonary and respiration Neurovestibular Musculoskeletal Sensorimotor Cellular biology Radiation effects Unit evaluation: problem sets/research project 6

7 Syllabus - Human Factors Human factors testing and analysis Space architecture Habitability Stowage and inventory Anthropometrics Psychosocial aspects Unit evaluation: term design project 7

8 Syllabus - Life Support Systems Air revitalization and handling Water regeneration Food and waste handling Bioregenerative life support Thermal modeling and control Unit evaluation: term design project 8

9 Syllabus - Extravehicular Systems History of extravehicular activity Suit design Fabrication technologies Human augmentation Future EVA systems Unit evaluation: research project 9

10 Syllabus - Biomechanics Fundamentals of kinematics Fundamentals of dynamics Strength Gait and mobility Restraint systems Unit evaluation: analytical modeling assignment 10

11 Syllabus - Manual Control Human-in-the-loop control fundamentals Fitts law Tracking tasks Human-computer interaction Human-robot interaction Unit evaluation: computer-based lab experiment 11

12 ENAE 697 Course Syllabus Date Subject 1 Subject 2 January 31 Introduction Cardiopulmonary February 7 Decompression Neurological February 14 Musculoskeletal Radiation February 21 Thermal control Psychosocial February 28 Anthropometrics Habitability March 7 Habitability Habitability March 14 Habitability Habitability March 21 Spring Break Spring Break March 28 Life Support Air Systems April 4 Water Systems Nutrition April 11 Suits Future suits April 18 PLSS Surface Operations April 25 Gaits Simulation May 2 Manual Control Manual Control May 9 Project Presentations Project Presentations 12

13 Grading Scheme 12.5% physiology 12.5% biomechanics 12.5% manual control 12.5% EVA research 50% life support/human factors term project 13

14 Term Design Project Goals Provide opportunity to use principles of class to perform open-ended realistic design Reinforce experiences with engineering in teams, making technical presentations Address a problem of real interest to NASA 14

15 2017 Term Projects Perform the crew systems design for one of the following concepts Minimum deep space habitat (e.g., high Earth orbit, lunar distant retrograde orbit) Minimum lunar habitat Small lunar surface pressurized rover Single-person microgravity space utility vehicle Lunar-capable launch and entry vehicle Work individually or in teams of 2-3 Presentations on last day of class 15

16 Small Mobility Vehicles 16

17 Surface and Orbital Habitats 17

18 Notional Content of Projects Life support systems Air systems Water systems Waste handling Food Habitability aspects Internal layout Windows, hatches, docking ports, and airlocks Crew accommodations Pressure vessel size, shape, and orientation 18

19 Highlights of Life on Earth Formation of the Earth 5,000,000,000 yrs January 1 Multicellular Organisms 500,000,000 yrs November 16 Mammals 200,000,000 yrs December 12 Humans 200,000 yrs December 31 11:33 pm 19

20 Highlights of Human (Flight) History Homo Sapiens 200,000 yrs 10,000 generations Agrarian Societies 10,000 yrs 500 generations Writing 5,000 yrs 250 generations First Human Flight 1500 yrs 75 generations Balloon Flight 200 yrs 10 generations Aircraft Flight generations Space Flight 60 3 generations 20

21 Leonardo da Vinci 21

22 First Human Untethered Flight November 21, 1783 Pilatre de Rozier Marquis d Arlandes Peak altitude ~1000 m Traveled 9 km 22

23 Discoveries from Balloon Flight Temperature drop with altitude John Jeffries (1784) first publication of studies of upper atmosphere Loss of consciousness/death with altitude First oxygen mask 1794 (used to set altitude record of 30,000 feet) Paul Bert (1878) published first study of effects of altitude on humans Danger Death of de Rozier (1785) 23

24 Atmospheric Density with Altitude Ref: NOAA/NASA, U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976, NASA TM-X-74335,

25 Heavier-than-Air Flight 25

26 Discoveries from Early Aviation Limitations of human control Requirements for training Effects of acceleration Disorientation and airsickness Effects of hypothermia and hypoxia 26

27 Mid-Century Aviation 27

28 Discoveries from Golden Age of Aviation G-induced loss of consciousness Interactions of human control with aeroelasticity and compressible flow Crew restraints Survivability of bailout at speed and altitude 28

29 Alan Shepard and MR-7-5/5/61 29

30 Discoveries from Early Space Program Human survival in microgravity Eating/drinking Sleeping Cognitive functions Human performance Flight control Visual acuity Early extravehicular activities (EVAs) 30

31 Apollo Lunar Missions 31

32 Discoveries from Apollo Landing and launch from other body Surface EVA operations Driving mobility vehicles Survival in higher-radiation areas Communications/teleoperations with time delay 32

33 Long-Duration Space Flight 33

34 Discoveries from Skylab/Mir/ISS Adaptation to microgravity Role of exercise countermeasures Productivity and adaptability of humans Expanded boundaries for long-duration space flight Longest single flight: 438 days Longest cumulative time: 745 days Logistics and stowage In-space construction 34

35 Challenges for the Future 35

36 Future Challenges Long-duration space flight (2-4 years for Mars) Extended survival and operations in partial gravity Survival of solar particle events (SPEs) and galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) Extended operations without resupply In-situ resource utilization (ISRU) Medical treatment, including childbirth and aging Psychosocial aspects of isolation and small crew sizes 36

37 The Earth-Moon System L4 Note: Earth and Moon are in scale with size of orbits L3 Earth Geostationary Orbit L1 Moon L2 Photograph of Earth and Moon taken by Mars Odyssey April 19, 2001 from a distance of 3,564,000 km L5 37

38 In The Same Scale... Sun Venus Mercury Earth-Moon Mars 38

39 Still In The Same Scale Pluto Neptune Uranus Jupiter Saturn 39

40 Comparison of Basic Characteristics Quantity Earth Free Space Moon Mars Gravitational Acceleration 9.8 m/s 2 (1 g) m/s 2 (.16 g) m/s 2 (.38 g) Atmospheric Density 101,350 Pa (14.7 psi) 560 Pa (.081 psi) Atmospheric Constituents 78% N 2 95% CO 2 21% O 2 3% N 2 Temperature Range 120 F -100 F 150 F -60 F 250 F -250 F 80 F -200 F Length of Day 24 hr 90 min Infinite 28 days 24h 37m 22.6s 40

41 Closing Notes Verify that you have access to both the spacecraft.ssl.umd and Canvas (ELMS) web sites 41

42 Partial Bibliography DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine (2nd edition) Williams and Wilkins, 1996 Nicogossian, Huntoon, and Pool, Space Physiology and Medicine (3rd edition) Lea & Febiger, 1994 Larson and Pranke, Human Spaceflight: Mission Analysis and Design McGraw-Hill Johnson, Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology Wiley & Sons,

43 Partial Bibliography Nicogossian, Mohler, Gazenko, and Grigoryev, Space Biology and Medicine AIAA, 1994 Volume II: Life Support and Habitability Volume III, Books 1&2: Humans in Spaceflight Churchill, Fundamentals of Space Life Sciences (Volumes 1&2) Krieger Publishing, 1997 Stanton, Salmon, Walker, Baber, and Jenkins, Human Factors Methods Ashgate, 2005 Howe and Sherwood, ads., Out of This World: The New Field of Space Architecture AIAA,