Habitability (continued)

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1 Habitability (continued) Required Crew Volumes Human Physiological Adaptation to 0G Workstation Design Restraint Design Ideal Cabin Layout Habitability in Partial Gravity Stowage Various Examples David L. Akin - All rights reserved

2 Apollo Lunar Module Interior 107

3 Apollo Lunar Module Interior 108

4 Segmented Rover - Inboard Plan Bhardwaj et. al., Design of a Pressurized Lunar Rover - Final Report NASA CR , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,

5 Segmented Rover - Inboard Profiles Bhardwaj et. al., Design of a Pressurized Lunar Rover - Final Report NASA CR , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,

6 TURTLE Interior Mockup - ENAE

7 LER Interior - Driving Stations 112

8 Analysis of Sight Lines Bhardwaj et. al., Design of a Pressurized Lunar Rover - Final Report NASA CR , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,

9 Shuttle Windows (Fwd Flight Deck) 114

10 ISS Cupola (External) 115

11 ISS Cupola (Internal) 116

12 LER Interior - Bunks and Suitports 117

13 Minimum Functional Habitats 118

14 119

15 Design Space Subdivision Lunar Puptent Winnebago Igloo Concepts Available Systems None Altair Lander Outpost Purpose Standalone Contingency Initial Exploration Outpost Expansion Extended Crew (+4) Outpost Dependent 120

16 Exterior View 121

17 Interiors 122

18 VR Walkthrough 123

19 Exterior View 124

20 Interiors 125

21 VR Walkthrough 126

22 Exterior View 127

23 Interiors 128

24 VR Walkthrough 129

25 Lessons Learned VR is a useful tool for rapid evaluation of concepts Accurate registration in the head tracking is fundamental Models must be very detailed in order to give a feel for the environment Simultaneous hand tracking is a very desirable feature Horizontal cylinders give a sense of tunnel vision Vertical cylinders allow for better floor space usage, but provide less wall area In vertical cylinders, vertical ladder should not be located in the center of the floor space 130

26 Conclusions From Trades and Designs Minimum functional habitat is feasible across the spectrum of possible designs Inflatable Horizontal cylinder Vertical cylinder An MFH which meets the mass limitations of this study will be quite small Multilayer vertical configuration (clearly favored by parametric analysis) has much less design background (other than colonization concepts) Significant utility to a full-scale mockup for evaluation 131

27 Development of Final Design Synthesis from preliminary designs, trade studies, virtual reality, and full-scale mockup tended to 3.65 m diameter Two full-diameter levels Separation of operations and habitation functions Operational assumptions Four suitports for nominal ops plus inflatable airlock Premium on stowage, multipurpose space, functionality Design to MFH specifications for outpost; examine options in both growth (multihabitat) and isolated (self-sufficient habitat) directions 132

28 Habitat Orthogonal Views 3.65 m 5.5 m 133

29 Lower Deck Layout CTB Stowage Racks Air Handling/ CO2 Scrubbing/ Heat Exchanger Multipurpose Table Berthing Hatch Ladder to Upper Deck 134 Water Recycling

30 Upper Deck Layout Individual Crew Berths Galley Wall - Food Preparation Bathroom Table and Seats Opened for Meals; Stowed Otherwise 135 CTB Stowage Racks

31 ECLIPSE Mockup Main Structure 136

32 ECLIPSE Mockup Main Structure 137

33 ECLIPSE Mockup - Interiors 138

34 ECLIPSE Mockup - Interiors 139

35 ECLIPSE Crew 1 140

36 UMd Final MFH Design 3.65 m diameter 5.5 m tall 4:1 ellipsoidal endcaps Three module berthing ports (Cx standard) Four suitports (two in berthing hatches) Inflatable airlock 141

37 Lower Deck Layout 142

38 Upper Deck Layout 143

39 Crew Berths 144 Personal sleeping berths Individual stowage for 6 CTBs and 0.24 m 3 of loose gear Water wall kg of water provides 5 gm/cm 2 radiation shielding (polyethylene door not shown) Contingency waste management for 48 hours

40 Crew Berths 145

41 1-G Testing: HAVEN Habitat 146 Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014

1-G Testing: HAVEN Module Two story habitat module (currently limited to one level) Modular removable wall sections (8x45 sectors)enable total reconfiguration of the habitat Multiple vertical hatch

42 1-G Testing: HAVEN Module Two story habitat module (currently limited to one level) Modular removable wall sections (8x45 sectors)enable total reconfiguration of the habitat Multiple vertical hatch locations enables a wider variety of layouts to be implemented 5m outer diameter provides 20 m 2 floor area and 40 m 3 in current configuration; double if upper level is added 147 Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014

43 HAVEN Outfitting HAVEN is designed to be highly modular and easily reconfigurable Each interchangeable wall section is separately wired for power and lighting Widespread use of pegboard panelling for quick additions of surface-mount items Designed with dual hatches to upper level (centerline and next to the wall) for comparison Potential access to storage volume between floor joists 148 Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014

44 2012 X-Hab: CHELONIA Concept 149 Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014

45 1G Habitat Infrastructure Status ECLIPSE and HAVEN habitats are outside in SSL Moonyard facility (i.e., parking lot) Access to Moonyard has been blocked by snow until this week Need to repair minor water damage, complete planned upgrades to HAVEN (e.g., doors, waterproofing, paint) Performed feasibility assessment, and concluded it is not practical to add upper level to HAVEN under X- Hab 2014 Human factors tests now feasible with moderating weather 150 Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014

46 Underwater Habitat Three-View 18 ft 8 ft 8 ft 14.5 ft 13.4 ft 151 Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014

47 UW Hab Shell Construction 152 Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014

48 Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014

49 Horizontal Configuration 5.54 ft 5.54 ft 3.93 ft 3.93 ft 9 ft 12 ft 5.09 ft 5.09 ft 12 ft 9 ft NBRF Floor Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014

50 Vertical Configuration 9 ft 12 ft NBRF Floor Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014

51 Schematic of Hab Deck Structure Standard 4ft. x 4 ft. grid pattern Fiberglass extrusion floor panels Specialized panels (e.g., passageways, equipment mounts) repositionable upon need Works for horizontal and vertical layouts 156 Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014

52 Partial Gravity Sims of Habitability 157

53 Ballasting An appropriate ballast distribution was calculated using body segment mass data for 50th percentile American males 31% on the chest 31% on the back 13% on each thigh 6% on each calf Arm masses only require ~1-2 kg and are not generally ballasted to preserve arm dexterity 158

54 Underwater Partial Gravity Simulation 159

55 Partial Gravity Anthropometrics Neutral body posture Jumping capability Access between levels Stairs/ramps (35, 67, 78 ) Vertical ladder Unencumbered and transporting 30-kg CTB at appropriate weight Body segment parametric ballasting Repeated at microgravity, 1/6 g (Moon), 3/8 g (Mars) 160

56 NBP: Microgravity Keith H. Miller, ed., Man-Systems Integration Standard" NASA-STD-3000, Rev. B July

57 NBP: Microgravity Overlay Additional markers are needed 162 Qualisys was able to successfully track markers Angle between wrist and elbow markers and horizontal: Underwater: 175 degrees Microgravity: 180 degrees Angles are about 20 degrees from theoretical, which are +/- 10

58 NBP: Lunar (1/6G) 163

59 NBP: Mars (3/8G) 164

60 NBP: Results Microgravity Lunar Mars 165

61 Vertical Translation with CTB: Mars 166

62 Steep (67 ) Stairs 167

63 Shallow (35 ) Stairs with CTB: Mars 168

64 Results on Vertical Transitions Test subjects prefer steep (67-78 ) stairs over vertical ladder or shallow (35 ) stairs Desired step spacing increases with lower gravity, but decreases again with crew burden Physical hardware used was quick and dirty - plans in work for system with variable slope, variable step spacing Need handrails on ladders Optical motion tracking difficult due to camera failures, lack of camera coverage at walls 169

65 NASA Concept of Mobile Habitats 170

66 NASA Habitat Demonstration Unit 171

67 Interior of Habitat Demo Unit (HDU) 172

68 HDU Robotics Workstation 173

69 HDU Glovebox 174

70 HDU Glovebox in Use 175

71 HDU General-Purpose Workstation 176

72 HDU Upper Deck (Habitation) Level 177

73 HDU Hygiene Module 178

74 Hygiene Module Overhead Lighting 179

75 HDU Toilet Area 180

76 HDU Sink and Water Dispenser 181

77 Mars Desert Research Station 182

78 MDRS Lower Level Floor Plan 183

79 MDRS Upper Level Floor Plan 184

80 HI-SEAS Mars Simulation Site 185

81 HI-SEAS Internal Visualization 186

82 HI-SEAS Lower Level Open Space 187

83 HI-SEAS Lower Level Floor Plan 188

84 HI-SEAS Upper Floor Plan 189

85 HI-SEAS Food Preparation Area 190

86 Halley VI Station - Antarctica 191

Introduction to Habitability

Introduction to Habitability Required Crew Volumes! Human Physiological Adaptation to 0G! Workstation Design! Restraint Design! Ideal Cabin Layout! Habitability in Partial Gravity! Stowage! Various Examples